- Synthesis and characterization of the iron-containing magnetic ionic liquids
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Three species of room temperature magnetic ionic liquids (ILs) including 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrachloroferrate ([bmim]FeCl4), N-butylpyridium tetrachloroferrate ([bPy]FeCl4) and 1-butyl-1-methylpyrrolidium tetrachloroferrate ([bmP]FeCl4) were synthesized via two-step in this paper. The intermediates and magnetic ILs were characterized by ultimate analysis, 1H NMR, ESI-MS, FT-IR and Raman. In addition, the three magnetic ILs were quantitatively tested by magnetic property measurement system (superconducting quantum interference device), and the results indicated that they had similar magnetic susceptibilities and paramagnetic properties. This research expanded cationic types of magnetic ILs, and supplied fundamental data to application of magnetic ILs.
- Wang, Jieli,Yao, Hongwei,Nie, Yi,Zhang, Xiangping,Li, Jianwei
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- Decolorization of ionic liquids for spectroscopy
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It has been widely recognized that although ionic liquids should be colorless, they are frequently not. Colored samples appear to be pure by most analytical techniques (e.g., NMR spectroscopy, mass spectrometry, HPLC, and ion chromatography), and there have been many attempts to identify the source of color in our own laboratories and others-after 20 years the best that can be said is that the impurities are at a very low level (probably parts per billion) with very high molar extinction coefficients. In this paper, we do not identify these impurities but describe a practical method for removing them for spectrochemical applications. We clearly note that the method is not "green", but we anticipate that it will only be applied to the small volumes of ionic liquids required for fundamental spectroscopic studies in academia but not in industrial processes.
- Earle, Martyn J.,Gordon, Charles M.,Plechkova, Natalia V.,Seddon, Kenneth R.,Welton, Thomas
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- Design and synthesis of basic ionic liquids for the esterification of triterpenic acids
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Abstract: We present the design and synthesis of Br?nsted-basic ionic liquids and investigate their application in the microwave-assisted esterification of betulinic acid, aiming towards a benign and pyridine-free manufacturing process of the anti-HIV drug, bevirimat. Graphical abstract: [Figure not available: see fulltext.]
- Ressmann, Anna K.,Schneider, Maria,Gaertner, Peter,Weil, Matthias,Bica, Katharina
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- Does alkyl chain length really matter? Structure-property relationships in thermochemistry of ionic liquids
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DSC was used for determination of reaction enthalpies of synthesis of ionic liquids [Cnmim][Cl]. A combination of DSC with quantum chemical calculations presents an indirect way to study thermodynamics of ionic liquids. The indirect procedure for vaporization enthalpy was validated with the direct experimental measurements by using thermogravimetry. First-principles calculations of the enthalpy of formation in the gaseous phase have been performed for the ionic species using the CBS-QB3 and G3 (MP2) theory. Experimental DSC data for homologous series of alkyl substituted imidazolium, pyridinium, and pyrrolidinium based ionic liquids with anions [Cl] and [Br] were collected from the literature. We have shown that enthalpies of formation, enthalpies of vaporization, and lattice potential energies are linearly dependant on the alkyl chain length. The thermochemical properties of ILs generally obey the group additivity rules and the values of the additivity parameters for enthalpies of formation and vaporization seem to be very close to those for molecular compounds.
- Verevkin, Sergey P.,Zaitsau, Dzmitry H.,Emel'Yanenko, Vladimir N.,Ralys, Ricardas V.,Yermalayeu, Andrei V.,Schick, Christoph
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- Solvent-mediated photoinduced electron transfer in a pyridinium ionic liquid
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The dynamics of electron transfer reactions in butyl pyridinium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide (BuPyr-NTf2) and other solvents have been explored using laser flash photolysis. In these experiments, benzophenone (BP), duroquinone (DQ), and 9-cyanoanthracene (9CA) were used as excited-state acceptors, 1,4-diazabicyclo[2.2.2]octane and hexamethylbenzene were used as ground-state donors, and methyl viologen (MV2+) was used as a probe molecule. Analysis of kinetic and spectroscopic data from these experiments shows that electron transfer from photoreduced acceptors to the probe occurs via one or more solvent ions in cases where the acceptor anion radical has a reduction potential that is more negative than the solvent ions (BP?- and 9CA?- in BuPyr-NTf2). Mediated electron transfer was demonstrated to significantly enhance quantum efficiencies of photoinduced electron transfer in cases where back electron transfer would otherwise predominate. Copyright
- Vieira, Rebecca C.,Falvey, Daniel E.
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- Reaction kinetics in ionic liquids as studied by pulse radiolysis: Redox reactions in the solvents methyltributylammonium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide and N-butylpyridinium tetrafluoroborate
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Rate constants for several reduction and oxidation reactions were determined by pulse radiolysis in three ionic liquids and compared with rate constants in other solvents. Radiolysis of the ionic liquids methyltributylammonium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide (R4NNTf2), N-butylpyridinium tetrafiuoroborate (BuPyBF4), and N-butyl-4-methylpyridinium hexafluorophosphate (BuPicPF6) leads to formation of solvated electrons and organic radicals. In R4NNTf2 the solvated electrons do not react rapidly with the solvent and were reacted with several solutes, including CCl4, benzophenone, and quinones. In the pyridinium ionic liquids the solvated electrons react with the pyridinium moiety to produce a pyridinyl radical, which, in turn, can transfer an electron to various acceptors. The rate constant for reduction of duroquinone by the benzophenone ketyl radical in R4NNTf2 (k = 2 × 107 L mol-1 s-1) is much lower than that measured in water (k = 2 × 109 L mol-1 s-1) due to the high viscosity of the ionic liquid. Rate constants for electron transfer from the solvent-derived butylpyridinyl radicals in BuPyBF4 and BuPicPF6 to several compounds (k of the order of 108 L mol-1 s-1) also are lower than those measured in water and in 2-PrOH but are significantly higher than the diffusion-controlled rate constants estimated from the viscosity, suggesting an electron hopping mechanism through solvent cations. Electron transfer between methyl viologen and quinones takes place 3 or 4 orders of magnitude more slowly in BuPyBF4 than in water or 2-PrOH and the direction of the electron transfer is solvent dependent. The driving force reverses direction on going from water to 2-PrOH and is intermediate in the ionic liquid. Radiolysis of ionic liquid solutions containing CCl4 and O2 leads to formation of CCl3O2. radicals, which oxidize chlorpromazine (ClPz) with rate constants near 1 × 107 L mol-1 s-1, i.e., much lower than in aqueous solutions and close to rate constants in alcohols. On the other hand, the experimental rate constants in the ionic liquids and in water are close to the respective diffusion-controlled limits while the values in alcohols are much slower than diffusion-controlled.
- Behar,Neta,Schultheisz, Carl
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- Photoelectrochemical Behavior of n-GaAs Electrodes in Ambient-Temperature Molten-Salt Electrolytes
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Photoelectrochemical (PEC) characterization of n-GaAs electrodes was carried out in room-temperature molten-salt electrolytes by using the aluminium chloride- butylpyridinium chloride (AlCl3-BPC) system as a representative example.The working potential limits for the above electrodes in the melts, containing varying ratios of AlCl3 and BPC, were established by cyclic voltammetry.Flat-band potential (Vfb) measurements on n-GaAs in the same melts enabled location of the semiconductor band edge positions relative to the melt stability windows.In electrolytes containing AlCl3 and BPC in the 1:1 molar ratio, the available range of potential was wide enough to probe the entire band-gap region.On the other hand, the potentials corresponding to the conduction band edges of n-GaAs were beyond the cathodic stability limit of both the 2:1 and 0.75:1 AlCl3-BPC compositions.The electrode dissolution behavior of illuminated n-GaAs electrodes was investigated by cyclic voltammetry in melts of varying composition containing no intentionally added electroactive species.The onset of photoanodic corrosion currents was significantly positive of the values observed in aqueous electrolytes.The redox behavior of ferrocene-ferricenium ion couple (Fe(Cp)2/Fe(Cp)2+) was studied by cyclic voltammetry on vitreous carbon electrodes in the 2:1, 0.75:1, and 1:1 AlCl3-BPC electrolytes.This couple was electrochemically reversible in the above melts.Photogenerated holes on n-GaAs electrodes were competitively captured by the electrochemically active ferrocene species in the 1:1 AlCl3-BPC electrolyte.This redox reaction occurred quite efficiently at the expense of the parasitic electrode dissolution process as judged by the constancy of photocurrents in a n-GaAs1:1 AlCl3-BPCFe(Cp)2/Fe(Cp)2+C PEC cell under short-circuit conditions for periods up to ca. 1 month.The uderpotentials developed for the photoanodic process on n-GaAs relative to the reversible (dark) thermodynamic values on vitreuos cabon were direct evidence for the sustained conversion of light energy to electrical energy.Rectifying behavior was observed on n-GaAs electrodes, with the reduction waves corresponding to the dark reduction of ferricenium chloride.The occurence of this process at potentials positive of Vfb indicated the mediation of surface states in the electron transfer process.Nonoptimized n-GaAs1:1Fe(Cp)2/Fe(Cp)2+C PEC cells typically showed open-circuit potentials of 680 mV, fill factors around 0.49, and a net optical-to-electrical conversion efficiency of ca. 1percent under illumination with a tungsten lamp at 40 mW/cm2.
- Singh, P.,Rajeshwar, K.,DuBow, J.,Job, R.
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- Ionic liquids on the basis of 2,3,4,6,7,8,9,10-octahydropyrimido-[1,2-a] azepine (1,8-diazabicyclo[5.4.0]undec-7-ene)
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New ionic liquids containing alkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substituents and various anions were synthesized from 2,3,4,6,7,8,9,10-octahydropyrimido[1,2-a] azepinium ion (1,8-diazabicyclo[5.4.0]undec-7-en-8-ium). Their NMR spectra and miscibility with water and organic solvents were studied. Pleiades Publishing, Inc., 2006.
- Tolstikova,Shainyan
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- Ionic liquids of chelated orthoborates as model ionic glassformers
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Ionic liquids based on various chelated orthoborate anions of different N-containing onium cations have been synthesized using an economic synthesis strategy. Most orthoborates do not crystallize. They are found to have much higher glass transition temperatures and room-temperature viscosities than those with perfluorinated anions such as TFSI-, BF4-, and CF3SO3- (Tf-), as predicted from anion polarizability arguments. The ambient conductivities of the new ionic liquids are low relative to those with perfluorinated anions. The transport properties all show that cohesion in these liquids increases, and ionic mobilities decrease, as anion size increases, implying that van der Waals interactions, not Coulomb interactions, have become the controlling influence. In view of their resistance to crystallization, the large range of temperature over which these liquids can be studied, their hydrophobic properties, and their high fragilities, these liquids may provide good model systems for fundamental liquid state investigations and interesting solvents for large-molecule dissolution.
- Xu, Wu,Wang, Li-Min,Nieman, Ronald A.,Angell, C. Austen
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- Thermochemistry of the pyridinium- and pyrrolidinium-based ionic liquids
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We applied DSC for the determination of enthalpies of synthesis reactions of pyridinium- and pyrrolidinium-based ionic liquids (ILs) from pyridine (or N-methyl-pyrrolidine) and n-alkyl bromides (with n = 4, 5, 6, 7, and 8). The combination of reaction enthalpy measurements by DSC with modern high-level first-principles calculations opens valuable indirect thermochemical options to obtain values of enthalpies of the formation and vaporization enthalpies of ILs.
- Verevkin, Sergey P.,Ralys, Ricardas V.,Emel'Yanenko, Vladimir N.,Zaitsau, Dzmitry H.,Schick, Christoph
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- Microwave-assisted synthesis of room-temperature ionic liquid precursor in closed vessel
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We report here the synthesis of various alkylpyridinium and 1-alkyl-3-methylimidazolium halides on a large scale under microwave irradiation, in a closed vessel. The reaction time was drastically reduced as compared to conventional methods, and good yields were obtained.
- Khadilkar, Bhushan M.,Rebeiro, Geeta L.
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- Polyoxomolybdate based ionic-liquids as active catalysts for oxidative desulfurization of simulated diesel
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This work compares the stability and the catalytic efficiency of different ionic liquid phosphomolybdates ([BPy]3[PMo12O40] and [BMIM]3[PMo12O40]) with a cationic (propylpyridinium) functionalized mesoporous silica nanoparticle composite (PMo12O40@PPy-MSN). These were used as solid catalysts for the oxidative desulfurization of a multicomponent model diesel using hydrogen peroxide as oxidant and a polar immiscible extraction solvent. Ionic liquid ([BMIM][PF6] was successfully used as solvent to extract sulfur compounds from model diesel. The ionic liquid phosphomolybdates showed partial solubility in the ionic liquid phase, occurring some decomposition of their Keggin structure in the soluble reaction media, probably caused by their interaction with oxidant. On the other hand, the phosphomolybdate composite PMo12O40@PPy-MSN presented high structural stability and only negligible leaching occurrence after various consecutive reaction cycles. The model diesel was near complete desulfurized after 3 h and consecutive desulfurization cycles were performed without loss of activity. Therefore, the immobilization of Keggin phosphomolybdate structure [PMo12O40]3? using cationic propylpyridinium silica nanoparticle is an assertive strategy to produce stable and active heterogeneous catalysts.
- Mirante, Fatima,Gomes, Neide,Corvo, Marta C.,Gago, Sandra,Balula, Salete S.
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p. 762 - 770
(2019/07/17)
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- Enhanced activity and modified substrate-favoritism of Burkholderia cepacia lipase by the treatment with a pyridinium alkyl-PEG sulfate ionic liquid
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Three types of pyridinium salts, i.e., 1-ethylpyridin-1-ium cetyl-PEG10 sulfate (PYET), 1-butylpyridin-1-ium cetyl-PEG10 sulfate (PYBU), and 1-(3-methoxypropyl)pyridin-1-ium cetyl-PEG10 sulfate (PYMP), have been prepared and evaluated for their activation property of Burkholderia cepacia lipase by comparison to the control IL-coated enzymes, 1-butyl-2,3-dimethylimidazolium cetyl-PEG10 sulfate-coated lipase PS (IL1-PS). Among the tested pyridinium salt-coated lipases, the PYET-coated lipase PS (PYET-PS) exhibited the best results; the transesterification of 1-(pyridin-2-yl)ethanol, 1-(pyridin-3-yl)ethanol, 1-(pyridin-4-yl)ethanol, or 4-phenylbut-3-en-2-ol proceeded faster than those of the IL1-PS-catalyzed reaction while maintaining an excellent enantioselectivity (E > 200). This improved efficiency was found to be dependent on the increased Kcat value.
- Kadotani, Shiho,Nokami, Toshiki,Itoh, Toshiyuki
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p. 441 - 447
(2019/01/04)
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- DABCO-catalyzed Knoevenagel condensation of aldehydes with ethyl cyanoacetate using hydroxy ionic liquid as a promoter
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N-(2-Hydroxy-ethyl)-pyridinium chloride ([HyEtPy]Cl) was synthesized and explored as a novel promoter for 1,4-diazabicyclo [2.2.2] octane (DABCO)-catalyzed Knoevenagel condensation reactions, which showed better catalytic activity compared to other ionic liquid (IL) that had no hydroxyl group attached to the IL scaffold. The effect of hydrogen bond formation between the hydroxyl group of [HyEtPy]Cl and the carbonyl group of aldehyde played an important role in the Knoevenagel condensation reaction. In the [HyEtPy]Cl-H2O-DABCO composite system, Knoevenagel condensation reactions proceeded smoothly and cleanly, and the corresponding Knoevenagel condensation products were obtained in good to excellent yields in all cases examined. This protocol provides a versatile solvent-catalyst system, which has notable advantages such as being eco-friendly, ease of work-up and convenient reuse of the ionic liquid.
- Meng, Dan,Qiao, Yongsheng,Wang, Xin,Wen, Wei,Zhao, Sanhu
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p. 30180 - 30185
(2018/09/11)
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- Preparation method of alkylsalicylic acid and/or alkylsalicylate
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The invention provides a preparation method of alkylsalicylic acid and/or alkylsalicylate. The preparation method of alkylsalicylic acid and/or alkylsalicylate comprises the following steps: alpha-olefin, salicylic acid and/or salicylate are subjected to an alkylation reaction under the action of a catalyst, and a product is collected, wherein the catalyst is prepared from an ionic liquid, polyphosphoric acid and organic acid salt by mixing at 30-100 DEG C for 1-12 h. The method has the advantages of high conversion rate, good product selectivity, relatively mild reaction conditions, easily recovered catalyst and the like, and is a green and pollution-free preparation process.
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Paragraph 0045-0047
(2018/05/30)
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- Preparation method of low-molecular olefin polymer
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The invention provides a preparation method of a low-molecular olefin polymer. The preparation method comprises the following steps: low-molecular olefin is subjected to a polymerization reaction under the action of a catalyst, and a product is collected; the catalyst is prepared from ionic liquid, polyphosphoric acid and heteropolyacid by mixing at 30-100 DEG C for 1-12 h. The preparation methodhas the advantages of mild reaction conditions, high conversion rate and good selectivity, and the catalyst is easy to recover and can be recycled; the preparation method is green and pollution-free.
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Paragraph 0057
(2018/06/26)
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- Anion Analysis of Ionic Liquids and Ionic Liquid Purity Assessment by Ion Chromatography
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The simultaneous determination of halide impurities (fluoride, chloride, bromide, and iodide) and ionic liquid (IL) anions (tetrafluoroborate, hexafluorophosphate, and triflimide) using ion chromatography was developed with a basic, non-gradient ion chromatography system. The non-gradient method uses the eluent Na2CO3/NaHCO3in water/acetonitrile (70:30 v:v) on the AS 22 column to enable a rapid and simultaneous analysis of different IL and halide anions within an acceptable run-time (22 min) and with good resolution R of larger than 2.4, a capacity k′ between 0.4 and 5.1, selectivities α between 1.3 and 2.1, and peak asymmetries Asof less than 1.5. Halide impurities below 1 ppm (1 mg·L–1of prepared sample solution) could be quantified. A range of ionic liquids with tetrafluoroborate [BF4]–, hexafluorophosphate [PF6]–, and bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide (triflimide) [NTf2]–anions combined with cations based on imidazole, pyridine, and tetrahydrothiophene could be analyzed for their anion purity. The IL-cations do not influence the chromatographic results. With the analysis of 18 ILs differing in their cation-anion combination we could prove the general applicability of the described method for the anion purity analysis of ionic liquids with respect to halide ions. The IL-anion purity of most ILs was above 98 wt %. The highest IL-anion purity was 99.8 wt %, implying anion impurities of only 0.2 wt %. The used halide anion from the synthesis route was the major anion impurity, yet with chloride also bromide and fluoride (potentially from hydrolysis of [BF4]–) were often detected. When iodide was used, at least chloride but sometimes also bromide and fluoride was present. However, even if the IL-anion content is above 99 wt %, it does not necessarily indicate an ionic liquid devoid of other impurities. From the IC analysis, one can also deduce a possible cation impurity if one takes into account the expected (calculated) IL-anion content. A matching experimental and theoretical IL-anion content excludes, a higher experimental content indicates the presence of residual KBF4, NH4PF6, or LiNTf2salt from the halide to IL-anion exchange.
- Rutz, Christina,Schmolke, Laura,Gvilava, Vasily,Janiak, Christoph
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supporting information
p. 130 - 135
(2017/02/05)
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- Cl-H2O: An efficient and versatile solvent system for the DABCO-catalyzed Morita-Baylis-Hillman reaction
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An efficient and versatile solvent-catalyst system, [HyEtPy]Cl-H2O-DABCO, has been developed and used in the Morita-Baylis-Hillman reaction. Under the mild reaction conditions, Morita-Baylis-Hillman proceeds very quickly and efficiently. This protocol has notable advantages such as eco-friendliness, ease of work-up and reuse of ionic liquid conveniently, which could help reduce disposal costs and contribute to the development of a new solvent-catalyst system for use in green and continuous chemical processes.
- Zhao, Sanhu,He, Meiyan,Guo, Zhaonan,Zhou, Na,Wang, Dou,Li, Jinlong,Zhang, Liwei
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p. 32839 - 32845
(2015/04/27)
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- New pyridinium-based ionic liquid as an excellent solvent-catalyst system for the one-pot three-component synthesis of 2,3-disubstituted quinolines
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The synthesis of a variety of 2,3-disubstituted quinolines has been achieved successfully via a one-pot three-component reaction of arylamines, arylaldehydes and aliphatic aldehydes in the presence of butylpyridinium tetrachloroindate(III), [bpy][InCl4], ionic liquid as a green catalyst and solvent. Mild conditions with excellent conversions, and simple product isolation procedure are noteworthy advantages of this method. The recyclability of the ionic liquid makes this protocol environmentally benign.
- Anvar, Salma,Mohammadpoor-Baltork, Iraj,Tangestaninejad, Shahram,Moghadam, Majid,Mirkhani, Valiollah,Khosropour, Ahmad Reza,Landarani Isfahani, Amir,Kia, Reza
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supporting information
p. 93 - 100
(2014/04/03)
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- Densities and viscosities of imidazolium and pyridinium chloroaluminate ionic liquids
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The chloroaluminate ionic liquids are used in various types of reactions. However, due to their particular vulnerability on water, their physical properties have not been previously investigated very extensively. The densities and viscosities of series imidazolium and pyridinium chloroaluminate ionic liquids having alkyl (butyl, hexyl, octyl) or aralkyl (benzyl, ethylphenyl) chain at the cation, various effective molar fraction of AlCl3 (χAlCl3 = 0.5, 0.65, 0.7), as well as they mixture and mixture with common organic solvents (hexane, toluene) were measured at the temperature range 293.15-343.15 K (20-70 °C). Densities, and particularly viscosities decrease with the increase of temperature. The density decreases with the increase of the length of the alkyl chain. The type of cation also influences the density, however, the order is different than for non-haloaluminate ionic liquids and depends on the alkyl chain length. Viscosity increases with increasing alkyl chain length, but it is not a linear trend. The ionic liquid with meta position of the alkyl chain is considerably more dense and more viscous than para isomer. The presence of aromatic phenyl ring at the side chain of the cation increases both density and viscosity. Higher effective molar fraction of AlCl3 increases density and decreases viscosity, however, for the imidazolium ionic liquid the change of viscosity diminishes at higher temperatures. Organic solvents decrease both density and viscosity of the ionic liquids, but aliphatic hexane imposes much smaller effect than aromatic toluene. The mixture of two ionic liquids has density and viscosity between those for constituents. This extends the application of the aralkyl ionic liquids over temperatures, in which they are in solid state.
- Och?dzan-Siod?ak, Wioletta,Dziubek, Katarzyna,Siod?ak, Dawid
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- Parallel microwave-assisted synthesis of ionic liquids and screening for denitrogenation of straight-run diesel feed by liquid-liquid extraction
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Fifty-six ionic liquids were efficiently synthesized in parallel format under one-pot, solvent-free microwaveassisted synthesis. These compounds were evaluated as extracting agents of nitrogen-containing compounds from a real Diesel feed before being submitted to the hydrodesulfurization process to obtain ultralow sulfur Diesel. Our results showed that halogenated ionic liquids are an excellent alternative due to these ionic liquids are relatively inexpensive, presenting a high selectivity for the extraction of nitrogen-containing compounds and can be regenerated and recycled.
- Ceron, Miguel A.,Guzman-Lucero, Diego J.,Palomeque, Jorge F.,Martinez-Palou, Rafael
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experimental part
p. 427 - 432
(2012/07/01)
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- STABILIZED IONIC LIQUID CATALYZED PROCESSES
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Methods and compositions for stabilizing the activity of catalytic compositions during catalytic processes, such as alkylation. A catalytic composition comprising a partially deactivated ionic liquid catalyst may be regenerated by reaction with a metal to form reactivated catalyst and an inorganic catalyst precursor; and the catalytic composition may be amended in-process by addition of an organic catalyst precursor for reaction with the inorganic catalyst precursor to form fresh ionic liquid catalyst. The organic catalyst precursor may be protected from water, e.g., during handling, by hydrophobic material(s).
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(2011/05/08)
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- IONIC LIQUID CATALYZED ALKYLATION WITH ETHYLENE IN ETHYLENE CONTAINING GAS STREAMS
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An alkylation process comprising contacting in an alkylation zone under alkylation conditions an olefin containing gas stream with an isoparaffin in the presence of an ionic liquid catalyst composition to provide an alkylate product. In an embodiment, the olefin stream may comprise offgas containing ethylene together with one or more non-condensable and/or inert gases, and the offgas may be fed in its native state to an alkylation reactor containing the ionic liquid catalyst for the alkylation of isoparaffins to provide low volatility, high octane gasoline blending components.
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(2012/01/13)
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- PROCESS FOR ABSORBING METHYLACROLEIN WITH IONIC LIQUID
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Disclosed is a process for absorbing methylacrolein, characterized in that it absorbs methylacrolein by an absorbent comprising an ionic liquid. The absorbent can absorb methylacrolein effectively, and it is easy to be separated from methylacrolein, regenerated and recycled. It is a green absorbent. The technique is a green methylacrolein absorbing and separating technique.
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(2011/02/18)
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- Extraction and oxidative desulfurization of diesel fuel catalyzed by a Bronsted acidic ionic liquid at room temperature
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The Bronsted acidic ionic liquids 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium hydrogen sulfate ([BMIM][HSO4]) and N-butylpyridinium hydrogen sulfate ([C4Py][HSO4]) were used as extractant and catalyst for desulfurization of diesel. The results show that [BMIM][HSO 4] is better as extractant and catalyst than [C4Py] [HSO4] during the desulfurization process. The sulfur removal of dibenzothiophene (DBT) in n-octane was 99.6% in 90 min under the conditions of Vmodel oil/VIL = 2:1 and H2O2/DBT molar ratio at 5 (O/S = 5), at room temperature. The sulfur removal of four sulfur compounds by extraction and catalytic oxidation process followed the order of DBT > benzothiophene (BT) > thiophene (TS) > 4,6-dimethyldibenzothiophene (4,6-DMDBT). Moreover, the [BMIM][HSO4] can be recycled for at least 6 times with a little decrease in the desulfurization activity. The sulfur removal of diesel fuel containing sulfur content of 97 ppm is 85.5%, which was much better than desulfurization performance by simple extraction with IL (11.0%). In this extraction and oxidative desulfurization process, DBT was oxidized to corresponding sulfone by H2O2 with Bronsted acidic IL [BMIM][HSO 4] which served as not only extractant but also catalyst. The Royal Society of Chemistry 2010.
- Gao, Hongshuai,Guo, Chen,Xing, Jianmin,Zhao, Junmei,Liu, Huizhou
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experimental part
p. 1220 - 1224
(2010/10/20)
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- An efficient ultrasonic-assisted synthesis of imidazolium and pyridinium salts based on the Zincke reaction
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A mild and efficient method has been developed using ultrasound irradiation for the synthesis of imidazolium and pyridinium salts based on the Zincke reaction. Tertiary nitrogen nucleophiles such as pyridines and imidazoles can be alkylated with primary amine by simply using their ammonium form Zincke salts. In almost all cases, a clear yield increase results and a dramatic reduction of the reaction time accompanied by an improved quality of the products occurs.
- Zhao, Sanhu,Xu, Xiaoming,Zheng, Lu,Liu, Hai
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experimental part
p. 685 - 689
(2011/02/23)
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- ALKYLATION PROCESS USING AN ALKYL HALIDE PROMOTED IONIC LIQUID CATALYST
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A process for the production of a high quality gasoline blending components from refinery process streams by the alkylation of light isoparaffins with olefins using an ionic liquid catalyst is disclosed. The alkylation process comprises contacting a hydrocarbon mixture comprising at least one olefin having from 2 to 6 carbon atoms and at least one isoparaffin having from 3 to 6 carbon atoms under alkylation conditions, said catalyst comprising a mixture of at least one acidic ionic liquid and at least one alkyl halide. The alkylhalide by reacting to at least a portion of the olefin with a hydrogen halide.
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(2008/12/06)
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- Alkylation of oligomers to make superior lubricant or fuel blendstock
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A process and method for making a superior lubricant or distillate fuel component by the oligomerization of a mixture comprising olefins to form an oligomer and the alkylation of the oligomer with isoparaffins to produce an alkylated (“capped”) olefin oligomer preferably using an acidic chloroaluminate ionic liquid catalyst system. Preferably the ionic liquid catalyst system comprises a Br?nsted acid.
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Page/Page column 4
(2008/06/13)
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- Process for making and composition of superior lubricant or lubricant blendstock
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A process for making and a composition of a superior lubricant or lubricant component by the oligomerization of a mixture comprising olefins and isoparaffins to produce an alkylated (“capped”) olefin oligomer having a very high VI and a low cloud point. The process preferably uses an acidic chloroaluminate ionic liquid catalyst system. Preferably the ionic liquid catalyst system comprises a Br?nsted acid.
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(2008/06/13)
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- Alkylation of olefins with isoparaffins in ionic liquid to make lubricant or fuel blendstock
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A process and method for making a superior lubricant or distillate fuel component by the alkylation of C5+ olefins with isoparaffins to produce a “capped” (alkylated) olefin using an acidic chloroaluminate ionic liquid catalyst system. Preferably the catalyst system includes a Br?nsted acid.
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(2008/06/13)
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- Process for the formation of a superior lubricant or fuel blendstock by ionic liquid oligomerization of olefins in the presence of isoparaffins
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A process and method for making a superior lubricant or distillate fuel component by the oligomerization/alkylation of a mixture comprising olefins and isoparaffins to produce an alkylated (“capped”) olefin oligomer using an acidic chloroaluminate ionic liquid catalyst system. Preferably the ionic liquid catalyst system comprises a Br?nsted acid.
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(2008/06/13)
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- Alkylation process using an alkyl halide promoted ionic liquid catalyst
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A process for the production of a high quality gasoline blending components from refinery process streams by the alkylation of light isoparaffins with olefins using an ionic liquid catalyst is disclosed. The alkylation process comprises contacting a hydrocarbon mixture comprising at least one olefin having from 2 to 6 carbon atoms and at least one isoparaffin having from 3 to 6 carbon atoms under alkylation conditions, said catalyst comprising a mixture of at least one acidic ionic liquid and at least one alkyl halide. In one embodiment, the acidic ionic liquid is chloroaluminate ionic liquid prepared by mixing aluminum trichloride (AlCl3) and a hydrocarbyl substituted pyridinium halide, a hydrocarbyl substituted imidazolium halide, trialkylammonium hydrohalide or tetraalkylammonium halide of the general formulas A, B, C and D, respectively, where R═H, methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl, pentyl or hexyl group and X is a halide and preferably a chloride, and R1 and R2═H, methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl, pentyl or hexyl group and where R1 and R2 may or may not be the same, and R3, R4, and R5 and R6=methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl, pentyl or hexyl group and where R3, R4, R5 and R6 may or may not be the same.
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Page/Page column 4
(2008/06/13)
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- Alkylation process using chloroaluminate ionic liquid catalysts
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A process for the production of a high quality gasoline blending components from refinery process streams by the alkylation of light isoparaffins with olefins using an ionic liquid catalyst is disclosed. The process includes reacting a refinery stream containing isopentane and/or isobutane with a refinery stream containing ethylene and/or propylene and butylenes under alkylation conditions in the presence of a chloroaluminate ionic liquid catalyst comprising a hydrocarbyl substituted pyridinium halide or a hydrocarbyl substituted imidazolium halide of the general formulas A and B, respectively. Where R=H, methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl, pentyl or hexyl group and X is a halide and preferably a chloride, and R1 and R2=H, methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl, pentyl or hexyl group and where R1 and R2 may or may not be the same.
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Page/Page column 3
(2008/06/13)
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- Process of telomerizing conjugated dienes
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The present invention is related to a process for telomerizing a conjugated diene which comprises reacting said conjugated diene with a compound containing active hydrogen in the presence of a catalyst system comprising at least one transition metal compound, at least one phosphorus-containing compound, and at least one salt which forms a liquid under the conditions of the telomerization process.
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- Separation of olefins from paraffins using ionic liquid solutions
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Methods for separating olefins from non-olefins, such as parafins, including cycloparaffins, oxygenates and aromatics, are provided. The methods use metal salts to complex olefins, allowing the non-olefins to be separated by a variety of methods, including decantation and distillation. The metal salts are dissolved in ionic liquids, which tend to have virtually no vapor pressure, and which poorly solubilize the non-olefins. Accordingly, the non-olefins phase separate well, and can be distilled without carrying over any of the ionic liquid into the distillate. Preferred salts are Group IB salts, more preferably silver salts. A preferred silver salt is silver tetrafluoroborate. Preferred ionic liquids are those which form stable solutions or dispersions of the metal salts, and which do not dissolve the non-olefins. Further, if the olefins are subject to isomerization, the ionic liquid is preferably relatively non-acidic. The methods involve forming a solution of a suitable olefin-complexing salt in an appropriate ionic liquid. An olefin-containing mixture is contacted with the ionic liquid/salt solution, and the olefins are adsorbed. After the paraffins are removed, the olefins can be isolated by desorption. The olefin-containing mixture can be in the gas phase, or in the liquid phase. The flow of olefin-containing mixtures over/through the ionic liquid can be, for example, co-current, counter-current, or staged in stirred tanks. Countercurrent is preferred as it is the most efficient. The methods can be optimized using combinatorial chemistry.
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Page column 9
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- Chloroaluminate ionic liquid for Fischer indole synthesis
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The Fischer indole synthesis of different ketones using chloroaluminate ionic liquid as a solvent as well as a catalyst is described.
- Rebeiro,Khadilkar
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p. 370 - 372
(2007/10/03)
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- Recognition of quaternary ammonium salts with tetrapeptides containing α-aminoisobutyric acid as a conformational constraint
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Tetrapeptides Trp-Aib-Gly-Leu-NH-Ar (Aib:α-aminoisobutyric acid, 2-amino-2-methylpropanoic acid, Ar = phenyl or 3,5-dimethylphenyl) were synthesized. The peptides bound quaternary ammonium salts as guests in CDCl3. For every guest, the binding constant K of the peptide host which has a 3,5-dimethylphenyl group was larger than that of the host which has a phenyl group. ROESY analysis of the complex revealed that the N+-CH3 groups of the guests were close to the aromatic moieties of the host in the complex. The charge in cation guests, the φ-basicity of the host, and the turn conformation of the peptides were important factors for the complexation.
- Yanagihara, Ryoji,Katoh, Masaki,Hanyuu, Masayuki,Miyazawa, Toshifumi,Yamada, Takashi
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p. 551 - 556
(2007/10/03)
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- Alkylation process
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This invention relates to a process for the alkylation of aromatics by reacting an aromatic hydrocarbon with an olefin in the presence of an ionic liquid comprising (a) a compound of the formula Rn MX3-n wherein R is a C1-C6 alkyl radical, M is aluminium or gallium, X is a halogen atom and n is 0, 1 or 2 and, (b) a hydrocarbyl substituted imidazolium halide or a hydrocarbyl substituted pyridinium halide wherein at least one of the said hydrocarbyl substituents in the imidazolium halide is an alkyl group having 1-18 carbon atoms. The process allows ready separation of reaction products from the ionic liquid and improves selectivity to alkylated products.
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- Method for the preparation of 1-alkyl pyridinium chlorides
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A method for preparing alkyl pyridinium chlorides by effecting a direct reaction between the corresponding alkyl chloride and pyridine.
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