60-29-7 Usage
Chemical Description
Diethyl ether is a common organic solvent.
Chemical Description
Diethyl ether is a solvent used to wash a product in the article.
Chemical Description
Diethyl ether is a colorless, highly flammable liquid with a sweet, fruity odor.
Chemical Description
Diethyl ether is used for extraction purposes.
Chemical Description
Diethyl ether is a colorless, volatile, and highly flammable liquid that is commonly used as a solvent.
Chemical Description
Diethyl ether is an organic solvent commonly used for extractions.
Chemical Description
Diethyl ether is used as a solvent in the reaction with compound 5 to form compounds 6-8.
Chemical Description
Diethyl ether and THF are used as solvents.
Chemical Description
Diethyl ether and dichloromethane are solvents used in the reactions, while sodium-benzophenone ketyl and calcium hydride are used to remove oxygen and water from the solvents.
Uses
1. Used in Chemical Synthesis:
Diethyl ether is used as an intermediate in the production of monoethanolamine (MEA, C2H7NO) and as a solvent in the production of Grignard reagents. Grignard reagents, which have the general form RMgX (where R is an alkyl or aryl group and X is a halogen), are widely used in industrial organic synthesis. Diethyl ether serves as an anhydrous, inert reaction medium for Grignard and Wurtz-Fillig synthesis reactions.
2. Used in Solvent Applications:
Diethyl ether is an excellent solvent for various substances, including waxes, fats, oils, gums, resins, nitrocellulose, natural rubber, and other organic compounds. It is used as an extracting agent for plant and animal compounds in the production of pharmaceuticals and cosmetics. Approximately 65% of ether production is utilized as a solvent.
3. Used in the Production of Gunpowder:
Diethyl ether is used in the manufacture of gunpowder and as a primer for gasoline engines.
4. Used in Anesthetic Applications:
Diethyl ether has been used extensively as a general anesthetic. However, it was replaced by other substances in the 1960s due to its side effects and the development of safer alternatives.
5. Used in the Plastic and Cellulose Acetate Industry:
Diethyl ether is used in the recovery of acetic acid from aqueous solutions in the cellulose acetate and plastic industry.
6. Used as a Starter Fluid for Diesel Engines:
Diethyl ether is a common starting fluid, especially for diesel engines.
7. Used as a Denaturant in Denatured Ethanol Formulations:
Diethyl ether is used as a denaturant to make ethanol unsuitable for consumption, primarily for industrial applications.
8. Used in the Manufacture of Synthetic Dyes and Plastics:
Diethyl ether is a component of starting fluids and is used as a solvent in the production of synthetic dyes and plastics.
9. Used in the Production of Guncotton and Pyroxylin Plastics:
Blends of diethyl ether and ethanol are excellent solvents for cellulose nitrate, which is used in the manufacture of guncotton, collodion solutions, and pyroxylin plastics.
10. Used as an Extractant of Active Principles from Plant and Animal Tissues:
Diethyl ether is an easily removable extractant of active principles, such as hormones, from plant and animal tissues.
Medical uses
It can be used to test the arm-to-lung blood circulation time. After being injected into the upper arm vein, the drug liquid goes from the right atrium, passes right ventricle to reach the lungs, and is then discharged from the respiratory tract. It normally takes 4 to 6 seconds for the patients to smell ether odor from the infusion moment (or 3 to 8 seconds).
【Usage and Dosage】
Take 1ml of ether and 2ml of 0.9% sodium chloride solution, mix them and then inject from the arm vein.
Adverse reactions such as temporary chest discomfort, cough, and local pain may occur.
【Precautions】
Patients with potential heart failure are banned.
Do not inject Diethyl ether outside the blood vessels mistakenly.
Exposure to air or in storage for long, ether forms an explosive mixture of ether peroxides and aldehydes etc.
【Specifications】 Injection: 3ml.
【Warning】
Patients with severe intracranial hypertonia, acute inflammation of the upper respiratory tract, active tuberculosis, severe respiratory disease, cardiovascular disease, liver and kidney functional impairment, severe metabolic disorders and uncontrolled diabetes are strictly prohibited for Ether anesthesia. If the administration is excessive during the operation, respiratory dangers such as weakness of breathing, fall of blood pressure, rapid pulse and pupil dilation will occur.
Inhalation at 10% concentration can result in death. The maximum allowable concentration in the workplace is 400×10-6.
First-aid
Rinse with soap when contact with eyes and skin.?
Help with the breathing using oxygen gas containing 5% carbon dioxide when breathing is abnormal and the face turns blue.
Drink hot tea and coffee to prevent vomiting.
Production
Diethyl ether is produced by dehydrating ethanol at 300 °C in the presence of catalyst.
History
Ether was supposedly discovered by Raymundus Lullus (1232–1315) around 1275,
although there is no extant evidence of this in his writings. The discoverer of ether is often
credited to the German physician and botanist Valerius Cordus (1515–1554), who gave the
first description of the preparation of ether in the mid-16th century. Cordus called the substance
oleum vitrioli dulce, which is translated as sweet oil of vitriol. Cordus used sulfuric acid
(oil of vitriol) to catalyze the conversion of alcohol to ether. At approximately the same time
Paracelsus (1493–1541), a Swiss physician who is also cited as a discoverer of ether, observed
that chickens were safely put to sleep by breathing vapors from sweet oil of vitriol. In 1730,
August Siegmund Frobenius changed the name of sweet vitriol to ether.
Production Methods
Ether is produced by the dehydration of ethanol using sulfuric acid: 2CH3CH2OH +2H2SO4 → (CH3CH2)2O + H2SO4 + H2O.the temperature of the reaction is carriedout at about 140°C to control for unwanted products.the volatile ether is distilled from themixture. Ether can also be prepared by Williamson synthesis. In this reaction, ethanol reactswith sodium to form sodium ethanolate (Na+C2H5O?). Sodium ethanolate then reacts withchloroethane to form ether and sodium chloride: Na+C2H5O? +C2H5Cl → C2H5OC2H5 +NaCl. Ether is also produced as a by-product in the production of ethanol.
Air & Water Reactions
Highly flammable. Oxidizes readily in air to form unstable peroxides that may explode spontaneously [Bretherick, 1979 p.151-154, 164]. A mixture of liquid air and Diethyl ether exploded spontaneously, [MCA Case History 616(1960)].
Reactivity Profile
Occasional explosions have occurred when aluminum hydride was stored in ether. The explosions have been blamed on the presence of carbon dioxide impurity in the ether, [J. Amer. Chem. Soc. 70:877(1948)]. Diethyl ether and chromium trioxide react violently at room temperature. Solid acetyl peroxide in contact with ether or any volatile solvent may explode violently. A 5-gram portion in ether detonated while being carried, [Chem. Eng. News 27:175(1949)]. Nitrosyl perchlorate ignites and explodes with Diethyl ether. A mixture of ether and ozone forms aldehyde and acetic acid and a heavy liquid, ethyl peroxide, an explosive, [Mellor 1:911(1946-1947)].
Hazard
CNS depressant by inhalation and skin
absorption. Very flammable, severe fire and explosion hazard when exposed to heat or flame. Forms
explosive peroxides. Explosive limits in air 1.85–
48%.
Health Hazard
Vapor inhalation may cause headache, nausea, vomiting, and loss of consciousness. Contact with eyes will be irritating. Skin contact from clothing wet with the chemical may cause burns.
Health Hazard
The acute toxicity of diethyl ether is low. Inhalation of high concentrations can
cause sedation, unconsciousness, and respiratory paralysis. These effects are usually
reversible upon cessation of exposure. Diethyl ether is mildly irritating to the eyes
and skin, but does not generally cause irreversible damage. Repeated contact can
cause dryness and cracking of the skin due to removal of skin oils. The liquid is not
readily absorbed through the skin, in part because of its high volatility. Diethyl ether
is slightly toxic by ingestion. Diethyl ether is regarded as having adequate warning
properties.
There is no evidence for carcinogenicity of diethyl ether, and no reproductive effects
have been reported. Chronic exposure to diethyl ether vapor may lead to loss of
appetite, exhaustion, drowsiness, dizziness, and other central nervous system effects.
Health Hazard
Ethyl ether is a narcotic substance and a mildirritant to the skin, eyes, and nose; at lowconcentrations, <200 ppm in air, exposure tothis compound does not produce noticeableeffects in humans. Eye and nasal irritationmay become intolerable at 250–300 ppm.Repeated exposure can cause drying andcracking of skin, due to extraction of oils.Inhalation of its vapors at high concentra tions, above 1% (by volume in air), couldbe hazardous to human health. A concen tration of 3.5–6.5% could produce an anes thetic effect; respiratory arrest may occurabove this concentration (Hake and Rowe1963). Inhalation of 10% ethyl ether by vol ume in air can cause death (ACGIH 1986).Repeated exposure to this compound exhib ited the symptoms of exhaustion, loss ofappetite, sleepiness, and dizzinessAcute oral toxicity of ethyl ether wasfound to be low to moderate, varying withspecies. Ingestion of 300–350 mL can befatal to humans.LC50 value, inhalation (mice): 6500 ppm/100 minLD50 value, oral (rats): 1215 mg/kgIn a comparison with other anestheticagents, diethyl ether was reported to beless toxic than methoxyfluorane [76-38-0], halothane , and isoflurane on test animals upon repeatedexposures at subanesthetic concentrations(Chenoweth et al. 1972; Stevens et al. 1975).At 2000 ppm it did not cause hepatotoxicresponses. Matt et al. (1983) reportedthat ether exposure for 6 minutes inducedsignificant and variable elevations of serumprolactin in female goldenhamstersIn contrast to volatile hydrocarbons, therespiratory arrest caused by ethyl etherwas reversible (Swann et al. 1974). Suchreversibility, however, was observed at alower concentration, about 105 ppm for a 5-minute exposure period in mice. There is noreport of its carcinogenicity in animals orhumans.
Fire Hazard
Diethyl ether is extremely flammable (NFPA rating = 4) and is one of the most
dangerous fire hazards commonly encountered in the laboratory, owing to its
volatility and extremely low ignition temperature. Ether vapor may be ignited by hot
surfaces such as hot plates and static electricity discharges, and since the vapor is
heavier than air, it may travel a considerable distance to an ignition source and flash
back. Ether vapor forms explosive mixtures with air at concentrations of 1.9 to 36%
(by volume). Carbon dioxide or dry chemical extinguishers should be used for ether
fires. Diethyl ether forms unstable peroxides on exposure to air in a reaction that is
promoted by light; the presence of these peroxides may lead to explosive residues
upon distillation.
Fire Hazard
Behavior in Fire: Vapor is heavier than air and may travel considerable distance to a source of ignition and flash back. Decomposes violently when heated.
Flammability and Explosibility
Diethyl ether is extremely flammable (NFPA rating = 4) and is one of the most dangerous fire hazards commonly encountered in the laboratory, owing to its volatility and extremely low ignition temperature. Ether vapor may be ignited by hot surfaces such as hot plates and static electricity discharges, and since the vapor is heavier than air, it may travel a considerable distance to an ignition source and flash back. Ether vapor forms explosive mixtures with air at concentrations of 1.9 to 36% (by volume). Carbon dioxide or dry chemical extinguishers should be used for ether fires. Diethyl ether forms unstable peroxides on exposure to air in a reaction that is promoted by light; the presence of these peroxides may lead to explosive residues upon distillation.
Chemical Reactivity
Reactivity with Water No reaction; Reactivity with Common Materials: No reaction; Stability During Transport: Stable; Neutralizing Agents for Acids and Caustics: Not pertinent; Polymerization: Not pertinent; Inhibitor of Polymerization: Not pertinent.
Safety Profile
Moderately toxic to
humans by ingestion. Poison experimentally
by subcutaneous route. Moderately toxic by
intraperitoneal and intravenous routes.
badly toxic by inhalation. Human systemic
effects by inhalation: olfactory changes.
Mutation data reported. A severe eye and
moderate skin irritant. Ethyl ether is not
corrosive or dangerously reactive. It must
not be considered safe for indlviduals to
inhale or ingest. It is a depressant of the
central nervous system and is capable of
producing intoxication, drowsiness, stupor,
and unconsciousness. Death due to
respiratory failure may result from severe
and continued exposure.
A very dangerous fire and explosion
hazard when exposed to heat or flame. A
storage hazard. It auto-oxidizes to form explosive polymeric 1 -oxy-peroxides.
Explosive reaction with boron triazide,
bromine trifluoride, bromine pentafluoride,
perchloric acid, uranyl nitrate + light, wood
pulp extracts + heat. Violent reaction or
igmtion on contact with halogens (e.g.,
bromine, chlorine), interhalogens (e.g.,
iodine heptafluoride), oxidants (e.g., silver
perchlorate, nitrosyl perchlorate, nitryl
perchlorate, chromyl chloride, fluorine
nitrate, permanganic acid, nitric acid,
hydrogen peroxide, peroxodisulfuric acid,
iodine(VⅡ) oxide, solum peroxide, ozone,
and liquid air), sulfur and sulfur compounds
(e.g., sulfur when dried with peroxidzed
ether, sulfuryl chloride). Can react
vigorously with acetyl peroxide, air,
bromoazide, ClF3, CrO3, Cr(OCl)2, LiAlH2,
NOClO4,02, NClO2, (H2so4 +
permanganates), K2O2, [(C2H5)3di + air],
[(CH3)d + air]. To fight fire, use alcohol
foam, CO2, dry chemical. Used in
production of drugs of abuse. When heated
to decomposition it emits acrid smoke and
irritating fumes. See also ETHERS.
Potential Exposure
Ethyl ether is used as a solvent for
waxes, fats, oils, perfumes, alkaloids, dyes, gums, resins,
nitrocellulose, hydrocarbons, raw rubber, and smokeless
powder. It is also used as an inhalation anesthetic; a refrigerant; in diesel fuels; in dry cleaning; as an extractant; and
as a chemical reagent for various organic reactions
Environmental fate
Photolytic. The rate constant for the reaction of ethyl ether and OH radicals in the atmosphere at
300 K is 5.4 x 10-12 cm3/molecule?sec (Hendry and Kenley, 1979).
Chemical/Physical. The atmospheric oxidation of ethyl ether by OH radicals in the presence of
nitric oxide yielded ethyl formate as the major product. Minor products included formaldehyde
and nitrogen dioxide. In the absence of nitric oxide, the products were ethyl formate and
acetaldehyde (Wallington and Japar, 1991).
Ethyl ether will not hydrolyze (Kollig, 1993).
storage
ether should be used only in areas free of ignition sources (including hot plates, incandescent light bulbs, and steam baths), and this substance should be stored in tightly sealed metal containers in areas separate from oxidizers. Because of the tendency of diethyl ether to form peroxides on contact with air, containers should be dated upon receipt and at the time they are opened. Diethyl ether is generally supplied with additives that inhibit peroxide formation; distillation removes these inhibitors and renders the liquid more prone to peroxide formation. Material found to contain peroxides should be treated to destroy the peroxides before use or disposed of properly.
Shipping
UN1155 Diethyl ether or Ethyl ether, Hazard
Class: 3; Labels: 3-Flammable liquid
Purification Methods
Usual impurities are water, EtOH, diethyl peroxide (which is explosive when concentrated), and aldehydes. Peroxides [detected by liberation of iodine from weakly acid (HCl) solutions of KI, or by the blue colour in the ether layer when 1mg of Na2Cr2O7 and 1 drop of dilute H2SO4 in 1mL of water is shaken with 10mL of ether] can be removed in several different ways. The simplest method is to pass dry ether through a column of activated alumina (80g Al2O3/700mL of ether). More commonly, 1L of ether is shaken repeatedly with 5-10mL of a solution comprising 6.0g of ferrous sulfate and 6mL of conc H2SO4 in 110mL of water. Aqueous 10% Na2SO3 or stannous chloride can also be used. The ether is then washed with water, dried for 24hours with CaCl2, filtered and dried further by adding sodium wire until it remains bright. The ether is stored in a dark cool place, until distilled from sodium before use. Peroxides can also be removed by wetting the ether with a little water, then adding excess LiAlH4 or CaH2 and leaving to stand for several hours. (This also dried the ether.) Werner [Analyst 58 335 1933] removed peroxides and aldehydes by adding 8g AgNO3 in 60mL of water to 1L of ether, then 100mL of 4% NaOH and shaking for 6minutes. Fierz-David [Chimia 1 246 1947] shook 1L of ether with 10g of a zinc-copper couple. (This reagent is prepared by suspending zinc dust in 50mL of hot water, adding 5mL of 2M HCl and decanting after 20seconds, washing twice with water, covering with 50mL of water and 5mL of 5% cuprous sulfate with swirling. The liquid is decanted and discarded, and the residue is washed three times with 20mL of ethanol and twice with 20mL of diethyl ether). Aldehydes can be removed from diethyl ether by distillation from hydrazine hydrogen sulfate, phenyl hydrazine or thiosemicarbazide. Peroxides and oxidisable impurities have also been removed by shaking with strongly alkaline-saturated KMnO4 (with which the ether was left to stand in contact for 24hours), followed by washing with water, conc H2SO4, water again, then drying (CaCl2) and distillation from sodium, or sodium containing benzophenone to form the ketyl. Other purification procedures include distillation from sodium triphenylmethide or butyl magnesium bromide, and drying with solid NaOH or P2O5. [Beilstein 1 IV 1314.] Rapid purification: Same as for 1,4-dioxane.
Toxicity evaluation
Inhalation is the main route of exposure to diethyl ether.
Occupational exposure to diethyl ether may occur through
inhalation and dermal contact with this compound at workplaces
where diethyl ether is used. Exposure to this chemical
may also occur via inhalation of ambient air and ingestion
of contaminated drinking water. Although rare, intentional
(suicidal) exposure is also reported.
The industrial use of diethyl ether may result in its release to
the environment through various waste streams. In air, diethyl
ether will exist as a vapor and will be degraded in the atmosphere
after reacting with hydroxyl and nitrate radicals. Halflives
of these reactions in air are estimated to be 1.2 and
5.8 days, respectively. In soil and water, diethyl ether is expected
to volatilize and biodegradation is likely to be a slow process.
Bioconcentration of diethyl ether in aquatic organisms is low.
Incompatibilities
May form explosive mixture with air.
Incompatible with strong acids; strong oxidizers halogens,
sulfur, sulfur compounds, causing fire and explosion hazard. Can form peroxides from air, heat, sunlight; may
explode when container is unstoppered or otherwise
opened. Attacks some plastics, rubber and coatings. Being
a nonconductor, chemical may accumulate static electric
charges that may result in ignition of vapor.
Waste Disposal
Concentrated waste containing no peroxides-discharge liquid at a controlled rate near a
pilot flame. Concentrated waste containing peroxidesperforation of a container of the waste from a safe distance
followed by open burning. Consult with environmental
regulatory agencies for guidance on acceptable disposal
practices. Generators of waste containing this contaminant
(≥100 kg/mo) must conform with EPA regulations governing storage, transportation, treatment, and waste disposal
Check Digit Verification of cas no
The CAS Registry Mumber 60-29-7 includes 5 digits separated into 3 groups by hyphens. The first part of the number,starting from the left, has 2 digits, 6 and 0 respectively; the second part has 2 digits, 2 and 9 respectively.
Calculate Digit Verification of CAS Registry Number 60-29:
(4*6)+(3*0)+(2*2)+(1*9)=37
37 % 10 = 7
So 60-29-7 is a valid CAS Registry Number.
InChI:InChI=1/C4H10O/c1-3-5-4-2/h3-4H2,1-2H3
60-29-7Relevant articles and documents
Novel amorphous mesoporous 0.25Cr2O3–0.75ZrO2nanomaterials synthesized by a surfactant-assisted hydrothermal method for ethanol oxidation
Mahmoud, Hala R.
, p. 954 - 963 (2016)
Novel mesoporous 0.25Cr2O3–0.75ZrO2nanomaterials were successfully synthesized via hydrothermal method in the presence of anionic, cationic and non-ionic surfactants, namely, SDS, CTAB and Triton X-100, respectively. The effect of different surfactants and their concentrations on the physicochemical properties and the catalytic activity of the catalysts were studied by the XRD, HR-TEM, FT-IR, BET, UV–vis/DR, NH3-TPD and ethanol oxidation techniques. XRD results indicated that all the as-prepared nanomaterials were amorphous materials. The morphology study demonstrated that the sample with CTAB has the smallest particle size while that with SDS has the largest value. The catalysts prepared with non-ionic and cationic surfactants have the highest surface area and the pore volume while those prepared with anionic or without surfactant have the smallest values. Additionally, the surface area of the catalysts decreases with increasing the surfactant content. The optical study indicated that the absorption peak of the nanomaterials shifts towards the short wavelength by changing the various surfactants. It is well-observed by NH3-TPD that the non-ionic and cationic surfactants enhanced the amount of acidic sites on the catalyst surface. These results indicate that the catalytic activity of mesoporous catalysts can be improved effectively by the addition of non-ionic and cationic surfactants.
Oniumsilica-immobilized-Keggin acids: Acidity and catalytic activity for ethyl tert-butyl ether synthesis and acetic acid esterification with ethanol
Kovalchuk,Kochkin,Sfihi,Zaitsev,Fraissard
, p. 247 - 257 (2009)
Keggin heteropolyacids were immobilized on functionalized silica as their onium (γ-propyl-N-pyridinium, γ-propyl-N-methyl and γ-propyl-N-butyl-imidazolium) salts. Interaction between HPA and the surface-grafted onium cations affords acid salts. In contrast to bare silica, impregnated with HPA, these materials have monoanionic dispersions of HPA on the surface and superior resistance to HPA leaching in polar media. The greatest stability of the Keggin structure and resistance to leaching were found for H4SiW12O40-(SiW)-, and the lowest for H3PMo12O40-(PMo)-based samples. In the two model reactions tested, the liquid-phase synthesis of ETBE and the esterification of AcOH with EtOH, these solids display good catalytic performance (activity per anion, up to 150 and 25 h-1, respectively) and relative high structural stability. Catalysts having a greater coverage of organic functions (revealed by comparing two pyridinium salts) and hydrophobic cations (by comparing two imidazolium salts) have the best performance. Amongst the heteropolyacids studied, H4SiW12O40 is the most active and promising for catalyst design.
Heterogeneous Parahydrogen-Induced Polarization of Diethyl Ether for Magnetic Resonance Imaging Applications
Salnikov, Oleg G.,Svyatova, Alexandra,Kovtunova, Larisa M.,Chukanov, Nikita V.,Bukhtiyarov, Valerii I.,Kovtunov, Kirill V.,Chekmenev, Eduard Y.,Koptyug, Igor V.
, p. 1316 - 1322 (2021)
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) with the use of hyperpolarized gases as contrast agents provides valuable information on lungs structure and function. While the technology of 129Xe hyperpolarization for clinical MRI research is well developed, it requires the expensive equipment for production and detection of hyperpolarized 129Xe. Herein we present the 1H hyperpolarization of diethyl ether vapor that can be imaged on any clinical MRI scanner. 1H nuclear spin polarization of up to 1.3 % was achieved using heterogeneous hydrogenation of ethyl vinyl ether with parahydrogen over Rh/TiO2 catalyst. Liquefaction of diethyl ether vapor proceeds with partial preservation of hyperpolarization and prolongs its lifetime by ≈10 times. The proof-of-principle 2D 1H MRI of hyperpolarized diethyl ether was demonstrated with 0.1×1.1 mm2 spatial and 120 ms temporal resolution. The long history of use of diethyl ether for anesthesia is expected to facilitate the clinical translation of the presented approach.
THE SURFACE STRUCTURE AND CATALYTIC PROPERTIES OF ONE-ATOMIC LAYER AMORPHOUS NIOBIUM-OXIDE ATTACHED ON SiO2
Asakura, Kiyotaka,Twasawa, Yasuhiro
, p. 859 - 862 (1986)
A SiO2-attached one-atomic layer amorphous niobium-oxide catalyst was prepared by the two-stage attaching reaction between silanol groups and Nb(OC2H5)5 followed by chemical treatments with H2O and O2.The one-atomiclayer Nb oxide catalyst was found to be active and selective for ethene formation from ethanol.
Solvent effects in liquid-phase dehydration reaction of ethanol to diethylether catalysed by sulfonic-acid catalyst
Vanoye, Laurent,Zanota, Marie-Line,Desgranges, Audrey,Favre-Reguillon, Alain,De Bellefon, Claude
, p. 276 - 280 (2011)
The liquid-phase dehydration of ethanol to diethylether over heterogeneous sulfonic-acid catalysts was carried out in a stirred batch reactor. The different Amberlyst catalysts were found to have similar activities for this reaction; even though Amberlyst 70 showed a lower acid capacity compensated by a higher specific activity. By comparing the conversion of ethanol as a function of reaction mixture composition, it was found that reaction rates greatly depended on ethanol concentration but also on reaction mixture polarity. The swelling of the used resins could not explain the observed variations of initial reaction rate since this effect was observed both with resins and with homogeneous catalyst, i.e. p-toluenesulfonic acid. The initial ethanol concentration has a complex effect on initial reaction rates that could not be correlated by usual kinetic models. Taking account of the intrinsic reactivity trends of the SN2 etherification reaction, a strong dependence was found between solvent properties and initial reaction rate.
Conversion of ethanol and glycerol to olefins over the Re- and W-containing catalysts
Zharova,Chistyakov,Zavelev,Kriventsov,Yakimchuk,Kryzhovets,Petrakova,Drobot,Tsodikov
, p. 337 - 345 (2015)
The catalytic conversion of a mixture of ethanol and glycerol over the Re - W/Al2O3 catalysts was studied. The Re - W binary system exhibits a non-additive cocatalytic effect in the conversion of ethanol and its mixture with glycerol into the fraction of olefins C4 - C9. The non-additive increase in the catalytic activity is associated with the specific structure of the binuclear metallocomplex precursors, due to which the supported metals are arranged in the immediate vicinity from each other on the support surface and intensively interact to form Re7+. The study of the combined conversion of ethanol and glycerol made it possible to find an optimum ratio of the reactants in the initial mixture. The yield of target hydrocarbons attains 50 wt.% based on the amount of carbon passed through the reactor.
Catalytic activity of heteropoly tungstate catalysts for ethanol dehydration reaction: Deactivation and regeneration
Verdes, Orsina,Sasca, Viorel,Popa, Alexandru,Suba, Mariana,Borcanescu, Silvana
, p. 123 - 132 (2021)
The pure and palladium doped 12-tungstophosphoric acid - H3PW12O40 (HPW) and its cesium salts CsxH3-xPW12O40 (x = 1, 2, 2.25 and 2.5) were prepared and characterized by thermal analysis, FTIR, XRD, BET and XPS methods. In this paper were determined the optimal reaction temperature and the effect of palladium on the coke content during the dehydration of ethanol in the temperature range of 200?350 °C. Above 300 °C, a strong deactivation of the catalysts was caused by coke formation. The catalytic tests demonstrate that by supporting the HPW and PdyPW (y = 0.15, 0.2 and 0.25) on mesoporous molecular sieve SBA-15 the catalytic activity in ethanol dehydration reaction was improved. Palladium doping of HPW/SBA-15 significantly decreases the formation of coke deposit. The formation of coke during the ethanol dehydration does not affect the Keggin structure which led us to conclude that such catalysts can be regenerated in air and regain their catalytic activity for a short time.
One-pot synthesis of inorganic-organic hollow microsphere solid-acid catalysts in a W/O microemulsion system
Okada, Tomohiko,Mishima, Shozi,Yoshihara, Shingo
, p. 32 - 33 (2009)
Acid-supporting hollow microspheres were successfully prepared through a novel synthetic procedure on the introduction of a catalytic active species in the void space; one-pot synthesis was achieved by addition of 12-tungstophosphoric acid to the aqueous phase in a water-in-oil emulsion and simultaneous formation of a polyorganosiloxane shell (precursors are in oil phase) through sol-gel reactions. The resulting solid was porous and was active as solid-acid catalyst as shown by vapor-phase dehydration of ethanol. Copyright
An Unusually Acidic and Thermally Stable Cesium Titanate CsxTi2- yMyO4 (x = 0.67 or 0.70; M = vacancy or Zn)
Maluangnont, Tosapol,Wuttitham, Boonyawat,Hongklai, Panisa,Khunmee, Pongsatorn,Tippayasukho, Sorawat,Chanlek, Narong,Sooknoi, Tawan
, p. 6885 - 6892 (2019)
Proton-free, alkali-containing layered metal oxides are thermally stable compared to their protonic counterparts, potentially allowing catalysis by Lewis acid sites at elevated temperatures. However, the Lewis acidic nature of these materials has not been well explored, as alkali ions are generally considered to promote basic but to suppress acidic character. Here, we report a rare example of an unusually acidic cesium-containing oxide CsxTi2-yMyO4 (x = 0.67 or 0.70; M = Ti vacancy or Zn). These lepidocrocite-type microcrystals desorbed NH3 at >400 °C with a total acidity of 410 μmol g-1 at a specific surface area of only 5 m2 g-1, without the need for lengthy proton-ion exchange, pillaring, delamination, or restacking. The soft and easily polarized Cs+ ion essentially drives the formation of the Lewis acidic site on the surfaces as suggested by IR of sorbed pyridine. The two-dimensional layered structure was preserved after the oxide was employed in the ethanol conversion at 380 °C, the temperature at which the protonic form could have converted to anatase. The structure was also retained after the NH3 temperature-programmed desorption measurement up to 700 °C. The production of ethylene from ethanol, well-known to occur over acid sites, unambiguously confirmed the acidic nature of this cesium titanate.
Preparation and Catalytic Properties of New SiO2-attached Nb-dimer Catalyst: Regulation of Acidity-Basicity by the number of Metal Atoms in Surface Active Sites
Ichikuni, Nobuyuki,Asakura, Kiyotaka,Iwasawa, Yasuhiro
, p. 112 - 113 (1991)
New Nb dimers on an SiO2 surface, prepared from the reaction between 5-C6H5)H-μ-(η5,η1-C5H4)>2 and surface OH groups, are found to have an oxygen-bridged dimeric structure, as characterised by extended X-ray fine structure (EXAFS), which is active and selective for the dehydratation of ethanol in contrast to the dehydrogenation ability of the Nb monomer catalyst.
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