- Thermogravimetric study of GaAs chlorination between -30 and 900 °c
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Gallium (as GaAs) is at present an essential part of electronic devices, and the recovery of this element from electronic wastes is fundamental for the metallurgic industry. In this work, with the aim of recovering Ga by chlorination, the following reacti
- Tunez, Fernando M.,Gonzalez, Jorge A.,Ruiz, María Del C.
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- Kinetics of the reaction of gallium arsenide with molecular chlorine
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The reaction of Cl2 with the (100) face of a GaAs single crystal was studied in the temperature range from 25 to 150 deg C.The reaction was found to be first order in Cl2 at low pressures with an activation energy of 23.6 kcal.At pressures above 10 Torr it was found to reach a limiting rate with an activation energy of 14.2 kcal, attributable to the enthalpy of desorption of the GaCl3 product from this surface.
- Ha, J. H.,Ogryzlo, E. A.,Polyhronopoulos, S.
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- The binary Ph2PCl/GaCl3 system: A room-temperature molten medium for P-P bond formation
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An equimolar reaction mixture of Ph2PCl and GaCl3 at room temperature results in the formation of a melt M consisting of the donor-acceptor complex Ph2PCl→GaCl3 (1a), the chloro(diphenylphosphanyl)diphenylphosphonium cation (2a), and the counteranions [GanCl3n+1]- (n = 1, 2, 3). The melt has been characterized by Raman and NMR spectroscopy and is compared with the reaction mixture of Ph2PCl and GaCl3 observed in solution (CH 2Cl2). The melt provides a facile and reactive source of the diphenylphosphenium cation, as demonstrated with use for P-P bond insertion into (PhP)5, to give the 2,3,4,5-tetraphosphanyl-1,4-diphosphonium dication (3), and reductive coupling with gallium metal to give the diadduct Cl3GaPPh2PPh2GaCl3 (5). Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 2008.
- Weigand, Jan J.,Burford, Neil,Decken, Andreas
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- Thermodynamic characteristics of gaseous GaCl3pyz and GaCl 3pyzGaCl3 complexes
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Thermodynamic characteristics of vaporization and gas-phase dissociation of the complexes GaCl3pyz and GaCl3pyzGaCl3 (pyz is pyrazine) were determined by static tensimetry with a membrane zero gage. Structural and thermodynamic characteristics of the complexes were calculated by the B3LYP/pVDZ quantum-chemical method.
- Timoshkin,Berezovskaya,Suvorov,Misharev
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- Gallium alkoxides: Synthesis and properties
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Compounds Ga(OR)3 (R = Me, Et, Pri, Bun, C2H4OMe) were synthesized by exchange reactions between gallium chloride and alkali metal alkoxides, the reetherefication of Ga(OPr i)3 and Ga(OC2H4OMe)3 by other ROH (R = Me, Et), and anodic dissolution of metallic gallium in the presence of a electroconductive additive (LiCl, Bu4NBr). When solid GaCl3 is introduced into an alcoholic solution of NaOEt, stable soluble gallium oxoalkoxyhalides are formed. The same reaction with a GaCl 3 solution in toluene or electrochemical synthesis produces nonvolatile Ga(OEt)3 samples, which have the polymer zigzag configuration [Ga(OR)4/2(OR)]∞. Mass spectrometry shows that only Ga(OPri)3 and freshly prepared X-ray amorphous Ga(OEt)3 samples (produced by reetherefication) are transferred to the gas phase. The spectra of the latter contain ions generated by penta-and hexanuclear oxoalkoxide molecules, along with fragments of orthospecies [Ga(OEt)3]2-4. IR spectra are described for all compounds synthesized.
- Suslova,Turova,Mityaev,Kepman,Gohil
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- Rhenium trichloride dioxide, ReO2Cl3, preparation and reactions
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A one step synthesis of ReO2Cl3 is reported. ReO 2Cl3 reacts with [(C2H5) 4P]+Cl-, forming [(C2H 5)4P]+[cis-ReO2Cl4] -, a = 1257.0(2), b = 1026.8(2), c = 1277.9(2) pm, β = 106.659(3)°, P21/n. Also an unstable NO+[ReO 2Cl4]- can be obtained from NOCl and ReO 2Cl3. With the Lewis acid GaCl3 the zwitter ion [ReO2Cl2]+[GaCl4]- is formed, a = 1184.0(3), b = 829.2(2), c = 1100.8(2) pm, β = 112.98(1)°, P21/c.
- Supel, Joanna,Seppelt, Konrad
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- Porous fluorinated aluminum and mixed gallium/aluminum oxide pillared tin phosphate materials with acid properties
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Fluorinated aluminum and mixed gallium/aluminum oligomers of high nuclearity have been intercalated into α-tin phosphate by refluxing fluorinated Al and mixed Ga/Al oligomeric solutions in the presence of colloidal tin phosphate. 31P and 27Al MAS NMR spectroscopy has revealed the existence of strong interactions between the phosphate layers and the oligomeric guest species, conferring to these expanded materials a high thermal stability, as confirmed by XRD studies. Formation of Al and mixed Ga/Al oxide nanoparticle pillars in the interlayer region of tin phosphate, upon calcination at 400 °C, gave rise to porous materials with specific surface areas between 160 and 304 m2 g-1 and micropore volumes close to 0.1 cm3 g-1. The pillared materials are highly acidic solids and behave as dehydrating catalysts for the decomposition reaction of isopropyl alcohol. The Lewis acid sites, believed to be mainly responsible for the catalytic activity, are associated with low coordination sites of Al ions present in the interlayer oxide pillars.
- Braos-Garci?a, Pilar,Rodri?guez-Castello?n, Enrique,Maireles-Torres, Pedro,Olivera-Pastor, Pascual,Jime?nez-Lo?pez, Antonio
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- GALLIUM DICHLORIDE. COMPOSITION OF SATURATED VAPOR. GEOMETRIC STRUCTURE AND VIBRATIONAL FREQUENCIES OF THE GaGaCl4 MOLECULE
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The saturated vapor above gallium dichloride at 445 K was studied by electron-diffraction and mass-spectrometric methods.It was established that four molecular forms GaCl3, GaCl, GaGaCl4, and Ga2Cl6 are present in the vapor.The structural parameters of th
- Giricheva, N. I.,Girichev, G. V.,Titov, V. A.,Chusova, T. P.,Pavlova, G. Ya.
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- Controlled synthesis of monodispersed AgGaS2 3D nanoflowers and the shape evolution from nanoflowers to colloids
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Monodispersed AgGaS2 three-dimensional (3D) nanoflowers have been successfully synthesized in a soft-chemical system with the mixture of 1-octyl alcohol and cyclohexane as reaction medium and oleylamine as surfactant. The crystal phase, morphology and chemical composition of the as-prepared products were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and high-resolution TEM (HTEM), respectively. Results reveal that the as-synthesized AgGaS2 nanoflowers are in tetragonal structure with 3D flower-like shape. Controlled experiments demonstrated that the shape transformation of AgGaS2 nanocrystals from 3D nanoflowers (50 nm) to nanoparticles (1020 nm) could be readily realized by tuning the reaction parameters, e.g., the ratio of octanol to cyclohexane, the length of carbon chain of fatty alcohol, the concentration of oleylamine, etc. The UVvis and PL spectra of the obtained AgGaS2 nanoflowers and colloids were researched. In addition, the photoelectron energy conversion (SPV) of AgGaS 2 nanoflowers was further researched by the surface photovoltage spectra.
- Yuan, Yanping,Zai, Jiantao,Su, Yuezeng,Qian, Xuefeng
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- Chemical and electrochemical behavior of gallium in the room-temperature ionic liquid of the composition [C6H11N 2][N(SO2CF3)2]
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The behavior of gallium trichloride in the room-temperature ionic liquid of the composition [C6H11N2][N(SO 2CF3)2] at 298-308 K in an inert gas atmosphere was studied by linear and cyclic v
- Smolenskii,Bove,Khokhryakov,Osipenko
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- Activation of metallic aluminum by tin and gallium chlorides in oxidation with water
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We have studied the effect of gallium chloride and tin chloride solutions on the water oxidation of aluminum at SnCl2 concentrations of 0.68 and 6.32 wt %, GaCl3 concentrations of 0.56 and 2.67 wt %, and MCln : Al(M = Sn, Ga; n = 2, 3) molar ratios from 0.017 to 0.3. The results indicate that, when aluminum is oxidized in the presence of these salts, the reaction rate and hydrogen yield increase with reaction temperature and salt concentration and reach the highest levels when a mixture of gallium and tin chlorides is used. The reaction products are identified and the likely mechanism of the processes involved in the oxidation of aluminum is discussed. Pleiades Publishing, Ltd., 2012.
- Burlakova,Shilkin,Kravchenko,Dremova,Kravchenko,Ivanov,Bulychev
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p. 238 - 243
(2012/07/02)
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- The synthesis and deep purification of GaEt3. Reversible complexation of adducts MAlk3 (M = Al, Ga, In; Alk = Me, Et) with phenylphosphines
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Optimal parameters of organomagnesium technique of synthesis of triethylgallium have been defined. Various techniques of deep purification of triethylgallium to the extent required in metalorganic vapor-phase epitaxy MOVPE have been studied: by way of residue ether displacement through high-performance rectification and interaction with high pure aluminum and gallium trichloride, and by way of reversible complexation with triphenylphosphine, 1,3-bis(diphenylphosphine)propane and 1,5- bis(diphenylphosphine)pentane. Advantages and disadvantages of each technique have been identified. We have shown high performance of adduct purification technique covering trimethyl and triethyl derivatives of aluminum, gallium and indium. The structure of donor-acceptor complexes between metal alkyls and the above-mentioned phosphines have been verified using H and 31P NMR spectroscopy and X-ray studies, as well as quantum chemical calculations. Thermal stability of triethylgallium and oxidation of its adducts with phosphines have been studied.
- Shatunov,Korlyukov,Lebedev,Sheludyakov,Kozyrkin,Orlov, V.Yu.
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p. 2238 - 2251
(2011/06/22)
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- Hydrogallation of alkynes with H-GaCl2: Formation of organoelement dichlorogallium compounds potentially applicable as chelating lewis acids
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Treatment of trimethylsilylethynylbenzenes C6H 6-x(C≡C-SiMe3)x (x = 1-3) with the hydridodichlorogallium compound H-GaCl2 afforded, almost quantitatively, the alkenylphenyl compounds C6Hsu
- Uhl, Werner,Claesener, Michael
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p. 4463 - 4470
(2009/02/02)
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- Crystal structure and physical properties of conducting molecular antiferromagnets with a halogen-substituted donor: (EDO-TTFBr2) 2FeX4 (X = Cl, Br)
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The crystal structure and physical properties of radical ion salts (EDO-TTFBr2)2FeX4 (X = Cl, Br) based on halogen-substituted organic donor and magnetic anions are investigated, including the comparison with the isomorphous compounds (EDO-TTFBr 2)2GaX4 with nonmagnetic anions. The crystal structure of these four salts consists of uniformly stacked donor molecules and tetrahedral counter anions, and the Br substituents of the donor molecules are connected to halide ligands of anions with remarkably short intermolecular atomic distances. These salts show metallic behavior around room temperature and undergo a spin-density-wave transition in the low-temperature range, as confirmed with the divergence of the electron spin resonance (ESR) line width. Although close anion-anion contacts are absent in these salts, the FeCl 4 salt undergoes an antiferromagnetic transition at TN = 4.2 K, and the FeBr4 salt shows successive magnetic transitions at TN = 13.5 K and TC2 = 8.5 K with a helical spin structure as a candidate for the ground state of the d-electron spins. The magnetoresistance of the FeCl4 salt shows stepwise anomalies, which are explained qualitatively using a π-d interaction-based frustrated spin system model composed of the donor π-electron and the anion d-electron spins. Although on the ESR spectra of the FeX4 salts signals from the π- and d-electron spins are separately observed, the line width of the π-electron spins broadens under the temperature where the susceptibility deviates from the Curie-Weiss behavior, showing the presence of the π-d interaction.
- Miyazaki,Yamazaki,Aimatsu,Enoki,Watanabe,Ogura,Kuwatani,Iyoda
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p. 3353 - 3366
(2008/10/09)
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- Structure and properties of dibutylamine complexes with aluminum and gallium halides: The role of hydrogen bonds
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Reactions of aluminum and gallium halides MX3 (M = Al, Ga; X = Cl, Br) with dibutylamine in benzene solutions were studied by calorimetry, dielectrometry, and cryoscopy. The formation of molecular complexes Bu 2NH?MX3 (1:1), 2Bu2NH?MX3 (2:1) and 6Bu2NH?MX3 (6:1) was established. In the 1:1 complexes, the donor-acceptor bond is formed by the lone electron pair of the nitrogen atom and a vacant orbital of the metal. Hydrogen bonds strongly affect the structure and properties of the 2:1 and 6:1 complexes. Complexes of the composition 2Bu2NH?MX3 are present in solution as six-membered metallacycle with a four-coordinate metal atom, and the second amine molecule linked with the complex Bu2NH?MX3 with N-H???N and N-H???X hydrogen bonds. Pleiades Publishing, Inc., 2006.
- Mal'kov,Petrushchenko,Minyaeva,Lebedev,Romm
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p. 563 - 569
(2008/02/07)
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- A triazadiphosphole
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Two GaCl3 adducts of 4-bis(trimethylsilyl)amino-1,2,4,3,5- triazadiphosphole were formed in simple high-yielding reactions. The adducts were fully characterized (see structure of the monoadduct) and shown to be stable at ambient temperature. The structure, bonding, and NMR spectra of the triazadiphosphole adducts are discussed on the basis of MO, NBO, and DFT calculations. (Chemical Equation Presented).
- Herler, Sebastian,Mayer, Peter,Schmedt Auf Der Guenne, Joern,Schulz, Axel,Villinger, Alexander,Weigand, Jan J.
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p. 7790 - 7793
(2007/10/03)
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- Adducts of the heavier group 13 element halides with aminoiminoboranes [1]
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2,2,6,6-Tetramethylpiperidino-tert-butylimino borane, 1a, and 2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-piperidino-2,6-diisopropylphenylimino borane (1b), react with the trichlorides of Al, Ga and In or with AlBr3 to 1:1 to give the addition products tmp=B=N(ECl3)tBu (E = Ga (2a), In (2b) and tmp = B = N(EHal3)(C6H3,2,6-iPr2), (E = Al, Hal = Cl, (2c), E = Al, Hal = Br (2d)). E = Ga, Hal = Cl (2e). All these compounds have an allene type structure with short BN bonds as shown by the determination of the crystal structures of 2a, b. NMR data are in accord with this structure. No isomerization to tmp-BHal-NR-EHal2 has been observed at temperatures up to their melting points.
- B?ck, Barbara,Braun, Ulrike,Habereder, Tassilo,Mayer, Peter,N?th, Heinrich
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p. 681 - 684
(2007/10/03)
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- Design of p-T-x diagrams for gallium chalcogenides with the use of an ancillary component
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A new null-gage method has been developed to study p-T-x diagrams of binary systems with low-fugacity compounds. This method consists of measuring the equilibrium vapor pressure, created by the selective interaction of a third (ancillary) component with one of the components of a test sample, as a function of temperature. Iodine and chlorine (in the form of GaHaI3) were used to study Ga-Se and Ga-S phase diagrams. At temperatures up to about -1080 K, the GaSe homogeneity range is 0.12 ± 0.04 mol % and is displaced to gallium. Gallium monosulfide has a narrower homogeneity range comparable to the error in composition determination (0.04 mol %). The Ke values have been calculated as a function of temperature for heterogeneous equilibria of condensed gallium chalcogenides and gallium halides, as well as the partial gallium vapor pressure of solid gallium selenides and gallium sulfides. For the equilibrium of GaSe, Ga2Se3, and vapor, the gallium partial pressure has been shown to be independent of an ancillary component. The results have been used to calculate the thermodynamic parameters for gallium chalcogenides.
- Zavrazhnov
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p. 1577 - 1590
(2008/10/09)
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- Silyltrielane R'nEHal3-n (E = Al, Ga, in; R' = SitBu2Ph): Synthesen, charakterisierung, strukturen [1]
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Water- and oxygen-sensitive compounds of the type R'nEHal3-n (R' = SitBu2Ph; E = Triel) with or without donors, viz. R'AlBr2, R'3Al, R'GaCl2 'THF, R'GaCl2, R'3Ga, R'InCl2?THF and R'3 In have been synthesized by reaction of EX3 with NaSitBu2Ph (prepared for this purpose) in the absence or presence of donors. The dihalides R'EHal2 have also been obtained by reaction of R'3E with EHal3, whereas monohalides R'2EHal are not accessible via these and other routes up to date. All trielanes have been characterized by NMR and the structures of the R'3E compounds have been determined by X-ray analyses.
- Wiberg, Nils,Blank, Thomas,Lerner, Hans-Wolfram,N?th, Heinrich,Habereder, Tassilo,Fenske, Dieter
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p. 652 - 658
(2007/10/03)
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- Specific Heat and Thermodynamic Functions of GaCl3 at 5.8 - 302 K
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Specific heats of GaCl3 at temperatures from 5.85 to 302 K are measured in a vacuum adiabatic calorimeter.The values of the entropy, enthalpy, and reduced Gibbs energy are calculated from the measurements.
- Amitin, E. B.,Minenkov, Yu. F.,Paukov, I. E.,Stenin, Yu. G.
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p. 1206 - 1207
(2007/10/02)
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- Metal chelation with natural products: Isomaltol complexes of aluminum, gallium, and indium
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The Al, Ga, and In complexes (M(ima)3) of the naturally occurring starch byproduct isomaltol (Hima) have been prepared in, and isolated from, aqueous solution. They have been characterized by IR and NMR spectroscopy and mass spectrometry; the 7Al NMR spectrum of the Al complex (2.9 ppm, W1/2 = 200 Hz) suggested that the three ligands are coordinated in a facial arrangement around the Al center, at least in aqueous solution. Solution equilibrium studies (μ = 0.15 M (NaCl) 25°C) show that isomaltol is relatively weak complexing agent for the group 13 (IIIA) metal ions (log β3 = 14.45 (5) (Al), 16.36 (1) (Ga), 14.80 (2 (In)). The complex Al(C6H5O3)3 has been studied by single-crystal X-ray diffraction. Considerable disorder (two out of three ligands) was found. It crystallized in the monoclinic space group C2/c with the crystal parameters a = 29.215 (2) A?, b = 8.2211 (7) A?, c = 15.052 (2) A?, β = 98.775 (7)°, and Z = 8. The data were refined by using 2091 reflections with I ≥ 3[σ(I)] to R and Rw values of 0.065 and 0.080, respectively.
- Lutz, Tammy G.,Clevette, David J.,Rettig, Steven J.,Orvig, Chris
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p. 715 - 719
(2008/10/08)
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- Sinthesis and High-Pressure Behaviour of Quaternary Chalcogenide Halides M2M'X3Y (M = Zn, Cd; M' = Al, Ga, In; X = Se, Te; Y = Cl, Br, I)
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Quaternary chalcogenide halides M2M'X3Y (M = Zn, Cd; M' = Al, Ga, In; X = Se, Te; Y = Cl, Br, I) can be synthesized by heating stoichiometric amounts of the binary components MX, MY2, and M'2X3 in evacuated sealed quartz ampoules.In the case of aluminium and gallium compounds, a mixture of the M' and X elements rather than the binary compounds has been used.The products are typical tetrahedral compounds, crystallizing with either the defect wurtzite-type or the defect zinc-blende-type structure.At 25 kbar, and 1400 deg C, Cd2InSe3Cl, Cd2InSe3Br, and Cd2InSe3I transform from the defect wurtzite-type structure to quenchable high-pressure phases with defect NaCl-type structure.The retransformation to the ambient-pressure phases proceeds via intermediates having the defect zinc-blende-type structure.Some aspects of the apparent nonstoichiometry in the high-pressure phases are discussed. - Keywords: Quaternary Chalcogenide Halides, Synthesis, Crystal Structure, High-Pressure Reactions
- Range, Klaus-Juergen,Handrick, Karin
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p. 153 - 158
(2007/10/02)
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