18197-25-6Relevant articles and documents
Ozone and ozone/vacuum-UV degradation of diethyl dithiocarbamate collector: Kinetics, mineralization, byproducts and pathways
Fu, Pingfeng,Ma, Yanhong,Yang, Huifen,Li, Gen,Lin, Xiaofeng
, p. 23579 - 23588 (2019/08/12)
The diethyl dithiocarbamate (DDC) collector, a precursor of toxic N-nitrosamines, is detected in flotation wastewaters usually at the ppm level. In this study, the O3 and O3/Vacuum-UV (O3/VUV) processes were compared to investigate the efficient removal of DDC with a low risk of N-nitrosamine formation. The results showed that 99.55% of DDC was removed at 20 min by O3/VUV, and the degradation rate constant was 3.99 times higher than that using O3-alone. The C, S and N mineralization extents of DDC using O3/VUV reached 36.36%, 62.69% and 79.76% at 90 min, respectively. O3/VUV achieved a much higher mineralization extent of DDC than O3-alone. After 90 min of degradation, O3/VUV achieved lower residual concentrations of CS2 and H2S, and released lower amounts of gaseous sulfur byproducts compared to O3-alone. The solid phase extraction and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (SPE/GC-MS) analysis indicated that the main byproducts in O3/VUV degradation of DDC were amide compounds without the detection of N-nitrosamines. The avoidance of N-nitrosamine formation might be attributed to exposure of UV irradiation and enhanced formation of OH radicals in the O3/VUV system. The degradation pathways of DDC were proposed. This work indicated that O3/VUV was an efficient alternative treatment technique for the removal of DDC flotation collector with low risk of N-nitrosamine formation.
Electro-Fenton treatment of imidazolium-based ionic liquids: Kinetics and degradation pathways
Bocos, Elvira,Pazos, Marta,Sanromán, M. ángeles
, p. 1958 - 1965 (2016/01/20)
In this study, the removal of five imidazolium-based ionic liquids (ILs) from water was accomplished by a heterogeneous electro-Fenton treatment. Different ILs were selected in order to study the effect of the alkyl chain length and the nature of the anion. Initially, the effect of the catalyst (iron alginate beads) dosage and current were evaluated. The results showed that the optimum conditions were attained when operating with 4.27 g of catalyst and 0.3 A, achieving degradation yields and TOC reductions higher than 95% after 90 min and 80% after 480 min, respectively. Regarding the ILs with common cations, lower degradation rates were obtained for those with longer alkyl chains, thus 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium dicyanamide, exhibits faster degradation than 1-hexyl-3-methylimidazolium dicyanamide and 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium dicyanamide. In addition, the influence of the counter anions on the oxidation rate of different ILs under an electro-Fenton treatment was demonstrated, following the order: methylsulfate > dicyanamide > acetate. The Microtox ecotoxicity tests of the initial and treated samples revealed that none of the three studied ILs with shorter alkyl chain lengths showed toxicity and only 1-hexyl-3-methylimidazolium dicyanamide and 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium dicyanamide presented toxic levels, with EC50 values of 269.85 and 47.55 mg L-1, respectively. Nonetheless, after 480 min of heterogeneous electro-Fenton treatment at 0.3 A, the toxicity of both was completely reduced. Finally, to confirm the mineralization of these compounds, the identification of several reaction intermediates in the heterogeneous electro-Fenton treatment of three ILs was assayed and a plausible degradation pathway was proposed.
Solvent-induced reduction of palladium-aryls, a potential interference in pd catalysis
Molina De La Torre, Jesus A.,Espinet, Pablo,Albeniz, Ana C.
, p. 5428 - 5434 (2013/11/06)
The decomposition of the Pd-aryl complex (NBu4) 2[Pd2(μ-Br)2Br2(C 6F5)2] (1) to the reduction product C 6F5H was checked in different solvents and conditions. 1 is not stable in N-alkyl amides (DMF, NMP, DMA), cyclohexanone, and diethers (1,4-dioxane, DME) at high temperatures (above 80 C). Other solvents such as nitriles, THF, water, or toluene are safe, and no significant decomposition occurs. The solvent is the source of hydrogen, and the decomposition mechanisms have been identified by analyzing the reaction products coming from the solvent. β-H elimination involving the methyl group in a N-coordinated amide is the predominant pathway for amides. An O-coordinated diether undergoes β-H elimination and subsequent deprotonation of the resulting oxonium salt to give an enol ether. A palladium enolate from cyclohexanone leads to cyclohexenone, a reaction favored by the presence of a base. Oxygen strongly increases the extent of decomposition, and we propose this occurs by reoxidation of the Pd(0) species formed in the process and regeneration of active Pd(II) complexes.
Cyclopropylamines from N,N-dialkylcarboxamides and grignard reagents in the presence of titanium tetraisopropoxide or methyltitanium triisopropoxide
De Meijere, Armin,Chaplinski, Vladimir,Winsel, Harald,Kordes, Markus,Stecker, Bjoern,Gazizova, Vesta,Savchenko, Andrei I.,Boese, Roland,Schill, Farina
scheme or table, p. 13862 - 13875 (2011/03/18)
Thirty-three different N,N-dialkyl- and N-alkyl-N-phosphorylalkyl- substituted carboxamides 9-17 were treated with unsubstituted as well as with 2-alkyl-, 2,2-dialkyl-, and 3-alkenyl-substituted ethylmagnesium bromides 6 in the presence of stoichiometric amounts of titanium tetraisopropoxide or methyltitanium triisopropoxide to furnish substituted cyclopropylamines 20-25 in 20-98 % yield, depending on the substituents with no (1:1) to excellent (>25:1) diastereoselectivities. Generally higher yields (up to 98 %) of the cyclopropylamines 20-28 without loss of the diastereoselectivity were obtained with methyltitanium triisopropoxide as the titanium mediator. Under these conditions, even dioxolane-protected ketones and halogen-substituted and chiral as well as achiral alkyloxyalkyl-substituted carboxamides could be converted to the correspondingly substituted cyclopropylamines with unsubstituted as well as phenyl- and a variety of alkyl-substituted ethylmagnesium bromides in addition to numerous heteroatom-containing (e.g., halogen-, trityloxy-, tetrahydropyranyloxy-substituted) Grignard reagents (62 examples altogether). The transformation of N,N-diformylalkylamines 54 with ethylmagnesium bromide in the presence of methyltitanium triisopropoxide to N,N-dicyclopropyl-N- alkylamines 55 can be brought about in up to 82 % yield (6 examples). An asymmetric variant of the titanium-mediated cyclopropanation of N,N-dialkylcarboxamides has been developed by applying chiral titanium mediators generated from stoichiometric amounts of titanium tetraisopropoxide and chiral diamino or diol ligands, respectively. The most efficient chiral mediators turned out to be titanium bistaddolates that provided the corresponding cyclopropylamines with enantiomeric excesses (ee) of up to 84 %. Evaluation of several silyl-based additives revealed that the reaction can also efficiently be carried out with substoichiometric amounts (down to 25 Mol %) of the titanium reagent, as long as 2-aryl- or 2-ethenyl-substituted ethylmagnesium halides are used and a concomitant slight decrease in yields is accepted. The newly developed methodology was successfully applied for the preparation of analogues with cyclopropylamine moieties of known drugs and natural products such as the nicotine metabolite (S)-Cotinine as well as the insecticides Dinotefuran and Imidacloprid. Ti is it: Cyclopropylamines have been obtained in low to excellent yield through the reaction of different N,N-dialkyl- and N-alkyl-N- phosphorylalkyl-substituted carboxamides with Grignard reagents in the presence of stoichiometric amounts of titanium tetraisopropoxide or methyltitanium triisopropoxide (see scheme). Copyright
Reaction of iodo(trimethyl)silane with N,N-dimethyl carboxylic acid amides
Voronkov,Tsyrendorzhieva,Lis,Rakhlin
experimental part, p. 791 - 793 (2010/10/04)
The reactions of iodo(trimethyl)silane with N,N-dimethylformamide and N,N-dimethylacetamide Me2NCOR (R = H, Me) at a molar ratio of 1: 2 involved mainly cleavage of the N-C(=O) bond with formation of up to 80% of N,N-dimethyltrimethylsilylamine Me3SiNMe2 and the corresponding acyl iodide RCOI. In the reaction with N,N-dimethylformamide, formyl iodide HCOI was detected for the first time by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The contribution of Me-N bond cleavage, leading to N-methyl-N-trimethylsilyl derivative Me(Me3Si)NCOR and methyl iodide was considerably smaller. Another by-product was the corresponding N-methyl imide MeN(COR)2 formed by reaction of the initial amide with acyl iodide. The primary intermediate in the reaction of iodo(trimethyl)silane with DMF and DMA is quaternary ammonium salt [Me2(Me3Si)N +COR] I- which decomposes via dissociation of the N-CO and N-Me bonds.
OZONOLYSIS OF 1-SUBSTITUTED IMIDAZOLES
Kashima, Choji,Harada, Kaori,Hosomi, Akira
, p. 385 - 390 (2007/10/02)
1-Substituted imidazoles was ozonolyzed cleanly without any complicated procedures into the corresponding N-acylamides, which were regarded to be much useful derivatives of either amines or acyl compounds.
A Convenient Synthesis of Primary Amines Using Sodium Diformylamide as A Modified Gabriel Reagent
Yinglin, Han,Hongwen, Hu
, p. 122 - 124 (2007/10/02)
Sodium diformylamide (1) was used as a convenient substitute for phthalimide in the Gabriel synthesis of primary amines.Reagent 1 undergoes smooth N-alkylation with alkyl halides or p-toluenesulfonates 2 in acetonitrile or dimethylformamide to give the corresponding N,N-diformylalkylamines 3 in good yields, except with alkylating agents which are susceptible to base-catalyzed elimination.The formyl group of 3 can be easily removed by hydrochloric acid to give the corresponding alkylamine hydrochlorides 5 or free alkylamines 4.
