- PROCESS INCLUDING HYDROGENOLYSIS OF BIOMASS FOLLOWED BY DEHYDROGENATION AND ALDOL CONDENSATION FOR PRODUCING ALKANES
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A method comprises providing a bio-based feedstock; contacting the bio-based feedstock with a solvent in a hydrolysis reaction to form an intermediate stream comprising carbohydrates; contacting the intermediate stream with an aqueous phase reforming catalyst to form a plurality of oxygenated intermediates, wherein a first portion of the oxygenated intermediates are recycled to form the solvent; and contacting at least a second portion of the oxygenated intermediates with a condensation catalyst comprising a base functionality to form a fuel blend.
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Page/Page column 34-37
(2011/12/02)
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- Novel tin (IV) compounds
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Novel tetracoordinated tin (IV) compounds, well suited as latent catalysts for the preparation of polyurethanes or for the crosslinking of curable diorganopolysiloxanes (upon thermal decomposition thereof into diorganotin dicarboxylates or dialcoholates), have the general formula (1): STR1 in which the radicals R, which may be the same or different, are each a linear or branched chain C1 -C20 alkyl radical, a mononuclear aryl radical, or an aralkyl or alkaryl radical, the alkyl moieties of which having from 1 to 6 carbon atoms; the radicals R1 and R2, which may be the same or different, are each a hydrogen atom, a cyano radical, a C1 -C6 alkyl radical, or an alkoxycarbonyl radical, the alkyl moiety of which having from 1 to 6 carbon atoms, with the proviso that R1 and R2 may together form a saturated hydrocarbon ring member having from 5 to 8 carbon atoms; the radical R3 is a hydrogen atom, a linear or branched chain C1 -C20 alkyl radical, a linear or branched chain C1 -C20 alkoxy radical, a mononuclear aryl radical or a mononuclear aryloxy radical; and a is 0 or 1.
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- A novel synthesis of vinyl esters from vinylversatate-10
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Vinylversatate-10 (VV10)1 1 VV 10 Vinyl Monomer, Development Product, Shell Chemical Company has successfully been used to synthesise a large number of lower vinyl esters by transvinylation in presence of mercuric acetate and sulfuric acid. The synthesis of vinylhalo esters proceeds with more difficulty. It has been observed that neither Hg(OAc)2 nor H2SO4 alone is capable of initiating the transvinylation. Furthermore, it has been found that a molar ratio 2:1 of VV10 to carboxylic acid is sufficient to drive the reaction to the right by continuous distillation of the vinyl ester formed, and as a result a high yield of vinyl ester is obtained. A mechanism for this reaction and for the formation of side products has been proposed.
- Mondal,Van Der Meer,German,Heikens
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p. 4205 - 4207
(2007/10/05)
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