73025-93-1

Two novel phenothiazine-based organic dyes have been designed and synthesized as sensitizers for dye-sensitized solar cell (DSSC). In these dyes, we have employed carbazole as donor, phenothiazine as π-bridge, and rhodanine acetic acid as acceptor. For comparison, a benzene group has been introduced as the π-linker between carbazole donor and phenothiazine π-bridge with meta or para connection mode. Using the dye with the para-connected method, the DSSC devices exhibited higher power conversion efficiency of 5.57% than those based on dye with meta-connection mode (4.56%). The improved performance mainly came from better short-circuit photocurrent current. Photophysical, electrochemical, theoretical calculations and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy have been further investigated to disclose corresponding device mechanisms.

One novel 2,2′:6′,2″-terpyridine ligand L and its complexes (Zn(S)2L, Cd(S)2L) were synthesized and systematically characterized. There were cis-trans isomerization of the ethylene group in compounds of L, Zn(S)2L and Cd(S

The panchromatic operation of quasi-solid state dye sensitized solar cells is one of the most important criteria for enhancing the performance of solar cells. This paper presents a novel strategy for designing efficient panchromatic quasi-solid state dye sensitized solar cells that are enhanced by F?rster resonance energy transfer. 4-(Dicyanomethylene)-2-methyl-6-(4-dimethylaminostyryl)-4H-pyran is excited by the irradiation of visible light with a short wavelength, and the excited energy is then transferred to a blue organic photosentizer, symmetrically structured squaraine. The addition of 4-(dicyanomethylene)-2-methyl-6-(4-dimethylaminostyryl)-4H-pyran to the quasi-solid electrolyte improves the photovoltaic performance of squaraine-sensitized solar cells. The optimized quasi-solid state dye sensitized solar cell exhibits approximately 1.8 times higher overall conversion efficiency than the solar cell without any fluorescence materials. In particular, the photocurrent is enhanced significantly at the absorption wavelength range of 4-(dicyanomethylene)-2-methyl-6-(4-dimethylaminostyryl)-4H-pyran, which means that the panchromatic quasi-solid state dye sensitized solar cell has been designed successfully.

A series of simple phenothiazine-based dyes, namely, TP, EP, TTP, ETP, and EEP have been developed, in which the thiophene (T), ethylenedioxythiophene (E), their dimers, and mixtures are present to modulate dye aggregation, charge recombination, and dye regeneration for highly efficient dye-sensitized solar cell (DSSC) applications. Devices sensitized by the dyes TP and TTP display high power conversion efficiencies (PCEs) of 8.07 (Jsc=15.2mA cm -2, Voc=0.783V, fill factor (FF)=0.679) and 7.87 % (J sc=16.1mA cm-2, Voc=0.717V, FF=0.681), respectively; these were measured under simulated AM 1.5 sunlight in conjunction with the I-/I3- redox couple. By replacing the T group with the E unit, EP-based DSSCs had a slightly lower PCE of 7.98 % with a higher short-circuit photocurrent (Jsc) of 16.7mA cm-2. The dye ETP, with a mixture of E and T, had an even lower PCE of 5.62 %. Specifically, the cell based on the dye EEP, with a dimer of E, had inferior Jsc and Voc values and corresponded to the lowest PCE of 2.24 %. The results indicate that the photovoltaic performance can be finely modulated through structural engineering of the dyes. The selection of T analogues as donors can not only modulate light absorption and energy levels, but also have an impact on dye aggregation and interfacial charge recombination of electrons at the interface of titania, electrolytes, and/or oxidized dye molecules; this was demonstrated through DFT calculations, electrochemical impedance analysis, and transient photovoltage studies. Shape sensitivity: A solar cell sensitized with a phenothiazine-based dye containing a bithiophene unit (TTP) as the electron donor has a high power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 7.87 %, whereas a related dye containing an ethylenedioxythiophene and thiophene unit (ETP) and that containing an ethylenedioxythiophene dimer (EEP) have much lower PCE values. The photovoltaic performance is sensitive to structural modifications (see picture).

Two novel chromophores based on the phenoxazine (chromophore L1) or phenothiazine (chromophore L2) donor, and tricyanofuran acceptors linked together via thiophene as the bridges have been synthesized and systematically investigated. Cyclic voltammetry measurements showed that chromophore L1 had smaller energy gap than chromophore L2 due to the stronger electron-donating ability. Moreover, Density functional theory calculations suggested that the β value of chromophore L1 is 17% larger than that of chromophore L2. The doped film containing the chromophore L1 showed an r33 value of 49 pm/V at the concentration of 25 wt% which is two times higher than the EO activity of the chromophore L2 (23 pm/V) and the traditional aryl chromophore (10-20 pm/V). High r33 value, high thermal stability (onset decomposition temperatures higher than 220 °C) suggests the potential use of the new chromophore in nonlinear optical materials.

A phenothiazine–rhodamine (PTRH) fluorescent dyad was synthesized and its ability to selectively sense Zn2+ ions in solution and in in vitro cell lines was tested using various techniques. When compared with other competing metal ions, the PTRH probe showed the high selectivity for Zn2+ ions that was supported by electronic and emission spectral analyses. The emission band at 528?nm for the PTRH probe indicated the ring closed form of PTRH, as for Zn2+ ion binding to PTRH, the λem get shift to 608?nm was accompanied by a pale yellow to pink colour (under visible light) and green to pinkish red fluorescence emission (under UV light) due to ring opening of the spirolactam moiety in the PTRH ligand. Spectral overlap of the donor emission band and the absorption band of the ring opened form of the acceptor moiety contributed towards the fluorescence resonance energy transfer ON mechanism for Zn2+ ion detection. The PTRH sensor had the lowest detection limit for Zn2+, found to be 2.89?×?10?8?M. The sensor also demonstrated good sensing application with minimum toxicity for in vitro analyses using HeLa cells.

Hypochlorite (ClO?) as a highly reactive oxygen species not only acts as a powerful “guarder” in innate host defense but also regulates inflammation-related pathological conditions. Despite the availability of fluorescence probes for detection

We designed and synthesized a series of phenothiazine-based donor-acceptor type molecules which consist of different numbers of chromophores in a molecule for use as photosensitizers for dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs). Intriguingly, a dendritic molecule containing three chromophores not only gave a new possibility to modify the three dimensional structure, but also reduced aggregation between chromophores inducing dipole-dipole interaction. The DSSCs made of a dendritic photosensitizer system exhibited much higher cell efficiencies than those with the single- or double-chromophoric photosensitizers due to efficient electron extraction pathways in the dendritic molecule which lead to a significantly reduce recombination rate of electrons from the TiO 2 to the electrolyte when the same numbers of chromophores were loaded on the TiO2 surface. In particular, the DSSC based on the dendritic molecule exhibited improved open-circuit voltage than that of the single- or double-chromophoric photosensitizers. This can be attributed to strong adsorption properties of the TiO2 electrode and a screening effect to the electrolyte ions provided by the network structure of the dendritic photosensitizer. The different behavior of these DSSCs was explained by comparing the results of electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and measurement of open-circuit voltage decay.

Two new carboxylated 1,3-indanedione sensitizers (MPhe-ind and BPhe-ind) were synthesized and their dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSC) performance were compared with the corresponding standard cyanoacetic acid sensitizers (MPhe-cn and BPhe-cn). The carboxylated 1,3-indanedione sensitizers have shown almost 100 nm enhanced absorption curves compared to the cyanoacetic acid dyes with an extended IPCE curve up to 800 nm. Despite greater absorption and electrochemical properties, the synthesized dyes showed moderate efficiencies (2.10% and 2.67%) than standard dyes. The low electron injection efficiency and recombination of carboxylated 1,3-indanedione might be responsible for low efficiency. Detailed investigation studies have been performed and complemented with the theoretical studies.

A new series of polyquinoline copolymers (P1-P5) containing 9,9'-spirobifluorene in the main chain were synthesized via Friedlaender reactions. The emission colors of the polymers were readily tuned from blue to yellow by changing the conjugated counits. Excellent EL performances were obtained for P5, probably because the proper donor/acceptor pairs were rightly matched, and the charge transport was significantly balanced. The devices based on P5 showed a maximum external quantum efficiency of 0.63% and a maximum photometric efficiency of 1.85 cd/A (at a brightness of 140 cd/m2). Yellow-green EL with narrow full width at the half-maximum (fwhm 2) among the currently reported polyquinolines was obtained for P5.

A series of commercially available dyes were characterised by electrochemical, spectroscopic and computational methods. Several dyes, including Fuchsin Basic and Malachite Green were found to have properties that make them potential candidates for use in photo-electrochemical systems. The risks of combining different characterisation methods are also highlighted, namely the combination of thermodynamic reactions (electrochemical redox reactions), electronic transitions (optical spectroscopy) and the use of computational techniques to describe them.

This study aimed to newly synthesized compound 10-hexyl-3-(1-hexyl-4, 5-diphenyl-1H-imidazol-2-yl)-10H-phenothiazine (abbreviated as HHDIP) by direct and thermal condensation methods, which were characterized by different spectral analysis. The optimized geometry completed the theoretical calculation; the Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) vibrational frequency studies of HHDIP were found by using the (density functional theory) ab initio calculation with B3LYP/6-311++G (d,p) level. The computed and scaled vibrational frequency values were well matched with the experimental FTIR and Fourier-transform Raman spectroscopy (FT-Raman) spectra. A particular understanding of the FTIR spectra of this title compound was performed by the computed potential energy distribution. The UV–Vis, 1H, and 13C NMR investigations were completed as well as observed; these theoretical outcomes have been seen as in good concurrence with the experimental value. The mass spectroscopy investigation was completed to this compound. In addition to this title compound, the computed (HOMO and LUMO) energy values have been revealed with the charge transfer inside the organic molecules. Nonlinear optics and Mulliken population studies were completed for this title compound. Finally, intensive studies on their anticancer properties were studied through in vitro as well as in silico approaches, suggesting our title compound exhibited tremendous anticancer activity at the concentration value of 250?μg/mL. The in silico docking and adsorption, distribution, metabolisms, excretion and toxicity (ADMET) studies were executed through commercial docking software Discovery Studio, version 4.0 against the protein target c-Met kinase (hepatocyte growth factor; PDB ID: 3F66). The results showed a ligand–receptor interaction energy value of ? 64.494 KCal/mol against 3F66 protein (standard anticancer drug tivantinib exhibited ? 57.804 KCal/mol). In the ADMET study, it gives good results of nonmutagenic and noncarcinogenic activities. However, in vitro studies exposed more significant antioxidant activity at the range of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) scavenging activity as 66.31% and 52.877% which showed a vigorous DPPH radical scavenging antioxidant activity concentration value of 500?μg/mL. Further studies are desired to explore its promising anticancer, clinical research and other pharmacological aspects.

In this work, we synthesized free base porphyrin hosts,m-(PTZ)4-H2Pandp-(PTZ)4-H2P, that are functionalized with four phenothiazine moieties at themeso-positionviaa flexible ethoxy phenyl linker. The rigid and n

The invention discloses a preparation method and application of a coumarin-based nonlinear material with a D-pi-A structure, the coumarin-based nonlinear material has an obvious multi-photon absorption effect, can be used as a photopolymerization initiator, and belongs to the field of organic chemistry optics. Nonlinear materials have more and more purposes, for example, two-photon polymerization additive manufacturing has a great demand on a novel nonlinear material efficient two-photon absorption initiator. For the consideration, a series of nonlinear compounds with coumarin-based structures are designed and synthesized, and the two-photon polymerization performance is tested. The result shows that the substance has good nonlinear performance, the compound can be used as a two-photon initiator to successfully initiate monomer polymerization, and the scanning rate in the polymerization process can reach 100000 [mu] m/s under the laser power of 50 mw.

In this work, we designed and synthesized two new phenothiazine dyes CBPTZ-BTD1 and CBPTZ-BTD2, which employed the electron-accepting moiety of benzothiadiazole (BTD). The structural difference between the two new dyes is due to the presence of an ethynyl unit between BTD and the benzoic acid. With respect to its congener CBPTZ-BTD1, CBPTZ-BTD2 with the insertion of ethynyl group shows a more coplanar molecular skeleton, which endows CBPTZ-BTD2 with a higher dye loading and a strengthened ICT effect, resulting in a red-shifted ICT absorption with a higher molar extinction coefficient. Besides, CBPTZ-BTD2 has a longer electron lifetime in comparation with CBPTZ-BTD1 without the linear ethynyl unit, as reveled by OCVD and EIS measurements. Therefore, CBPTZ-BTD2 exhibits a better photovoltaic performance with an enhanced JSC of 14.04 mA cm?2 and VOC of 0.82 V, leading to an improved PCE of 7.33 %.

A series of phenothiazinyl acrylonitrile hybrids 6a-6h has been synthesized through multi-step synthesis and elucidated the structures of the same based on spectral and physical methods. Density functional theory (DFT)-B3LYP theoretical studies of a typic

A compound for an organic electroluminescent device comprises the compound 1. It is thereby possible. The present invention relates to a heterocyclic compound for an organic electroluminescent device and a method for manufacturing the same. Structural 1.

This study provides insights into the molecular tailoring of DSSC dyes via synthesis/investigation of three new organic dyes with the position engineering of the acceptor moiety. Differences in photophysical, electrochemical and photovoltaic properties are found and interpreted in detail. The excitation-spectrum study shows that the population of the intramolecular charge transfer (ICT) is incident-wavelength dependent; and the ICT excitons originate not only from direct ICT band transition but also from π-π* energy transfer, and the degree of the latter depends much on the position of the anchoring group. The transient photoluminescence discloses that the non-injection quenching of the ortho dye is the most severe possibly due to the instability of the excited state resulting from the hurdling of electron delocalization by the large steric hinderance. Large steric hinderance in the ortho dye also results in the least dye loading on TiO2 photoanode. Due to broader/stronger absorption, higher dye loading, high injection efficiency and low charge recombination rate, the para-substituted dye DSSC device achieves the best performance with power conversion efficiency of 6.63%; while the ortho dye based device performs the worst with significant lower of photocurrent and photovoltage compared to the para dye. The dye dependent VOC is explained by combination of dipole moment and dye loading. Particularly, the employing of excitation spectrum as tools to investigate the intrinsic photophysical complicity of dyes with D-π-A structure, which is scarcely reported, is proved to be an effective way.

Fluorescence probes in the NIR-IIa region show drastically improved imaging owing to the reduced photon scattering and autofluorescence in biological tissues. Now, NIR-IIa polymer dots (Pdots) are developed with a dual fluorescence enhancement mechanism.

A series of novel phenothiazine based cyanoacrylamides 6a-d have been synthesized from phenothiazine through multistep synthetic strategy. The structure of these novel molecules (6a-d) has been determined by FT-IR, 1H NMR and 13C NMR spectral techniques. Computational studies were carried out for the synthesized compounds 6a-d using DFT method with B3LYP/6-311G(d,p) basis set. The target compounds 6a-d have been screened for their in vitro antioxidant and anticancer activity. The antioxidant data revealed that the compounds 6c and 6d exhibited high radical scavenging activity with IC50 value of 37.32 and 39.07 μM, respectively. Furthermore, all the synthesized compounds displayed significant in-vitro anticancer activity against both the pancreatic tumor cells AsPC1 and SW1990. Particularly, the compound 6c exhibited the highest activity among the molecules tested against both the tumor cells viz., AsPC1 and SW1990.

The invention belongs to the field of organic photoelectric functional materials and application thereof in solar cells, and relates to phenothiazine dyes and application thereof in dye-sensitized solar cells. The phenothiazine dyes disclosed by the invention have a structural general formula shown in the specification of the invention. The dyes provided by the invention have relatively strong light absorption capability; exciton dissociation and dye regeneration can be effectively carried out; a relatively good intermolecular aggregation form and a relatively good adsorption form can be formed; a dye synthesis method provided by the invention is simple, controllable and low in cost, and higher photoelectric conversion efficiency is obtained when the phenothiazine dyes are applied to dye-sensitized solar cell devices.

The invention provides phenothiazinyl diazosulfide dyes and a preparation method thereof and a dye-sensitized solar cell employing the same. The formula (I) of the molecular structure of the phenothiazinyl diazosulfide dyes is as follows, in which R, Ar1,

Herein, an effective and feasible approach to prepare 3,7-dithienyl phenothiazine-based organic dyes has been developed. In this synthetic procedure, the Pd-catalyzed multistep direct C-H arylation of thiophene derivatives with phenothiazine bromides was employed for the first time to construct the 3,7-dithienyl phenothiazine core scaffold, which greatly streamlines access to this class of organic dyes. 3-Thienyl phenothiazine-based dyes were also synthesized via the direct C-H arylation of thiophenes as references. Most of the 3,7-dithienyl phenothiazine-based dyes exhibit better photovoltaic performances than the 3-thienyl phenothiazine-based dyes. Among these organic dyes, the solar cell device based on 6d exhibits the highest conversion efficiency of 8.9%. Compared with 6d, organic dyes with longer π-conjugation, also including bithiophene as the π-spacer, show dramatically reduced conversion efficiencies of cell devices. The introduction of the more electron-rich 3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene to the C3- and/or C7-position of phenothiazine instead of thiophene does not significantly improve the photoelectric conversion performance. The highly efficient synthetic strategy herein developed and these primary results may be helpful to design and synthesize a variety of new 3,7-dithienyl phenothiazine-based organic dyes.

Two new Schiff bases, one triphenylamine-based (TPA-SB) and another phenothiazine-based (PTz-SB), were synthesized via facile reactions. Both molecules showed aggregation-induced enhanced emission (AIEE) properties. In fact, an 8-fold increase in the fluo

Three new tris-heteroleptic complexes of ruthenium(II) were designed by coordinating the metal center with cyclometalating, anchoring, and auxiliary ligands with different donor substituents. N-Hexylcarbazole, N-hexylphenothiazine, and N-hexyldiphenylamine donor moieties were used as substituents on the auxiliary ligands for SA633, SA634, and SA635, respectively. Complexes were characterized by 1H and 13C 2D-COSY NMR techniques. These complexes provide power conversion efficiencies in the range of 7.6-8.2% when they are employed in state of the art dye-sensitized solar cells (DSCs) with cobalt electrolyte. Various electrochemical and transient techniques were used to unveil the unexpected differences in the performance of these very similar sensitizers.

Synthesis of fused heterocyclic aldehydes with carbazole (CZ) structural motif linked at C-7 position on phenothiazines (PTZ), 7-(3,6-di-tert-butyl-9H-carbazol-9-yl)-10-butyl-10H-phenothiazine-3-carbaldehyde (1) and 7-(3,6-di-tert-butyl-9H-carbazol-9-yl)-10-hexyl-10H-phenothiazine-3-carbaldehyde (2) has been accomplished and are characterized through experimental and computational techniques. The optimized structure with their bonding aspects and vibrational frequencies of the same have been examined utilizing DFT-B3LYP technique with a basis set 6-311++G(d,p). In the optimized structures of 1 and 2, the bond lengths and bond angles are in accord with their corresponding reported analogous. The vibrational frequencies resulted from experimental as well as theoretical are in well accord with each other. Further, the results of polarizabilities, first order hyperpolarizabilities and dipole moment of 1 and 2 imply that these could be utilized for the preparation of NLO crystals which might generate second order harmonic waves.

A series of fused heterocycles possessing novel metal free organic dyes viz., CPTAA-1, CPTAA-2, TCPTAA-1 and TCPTAA-2 has been designed and synthesized as sensitizers for dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs). Explorations on the relationship between the dye

Described herein is a series of azafluorene ornamented thiazine based novel fused heterocyclic organic dyes TBCPCA-1, TBCPCA-2, TBTCPCA-1 and TBTCPCA-2. Nanocrystalline titania based DSSC performance along with photophysical/electrochemical behaviors of t

A series of D-A typed phenothiazine derivatives functionalized by formyl group (PCAn, n = 1, 2, 4 and 6) with different lengths of N-alkyl chains have been designed and synthesized to systematically investigate the effect of chain length on their solid-state fluorescence properties. The results showed that these compounds emitted strong fluorescence in solutions and solid states with 52%, 42%, 49% and 45% solid-state absolute fluorescence quantum yield (ΦF), respectively. Their emission wavelengths were strongly affected by solvent polarity, indicating intramolecular charge transfer (ICT) transitions. Interestingly, PCAn solids exhibit not only naked-eye visible and reversible mechanochromic behavior, but chain length-dependent emission properties. PCA1 shows smaller fluorescence spectrum shifts (22 nm) under mechanical force stimuli. Homologs with longer alkyl chains exhibit similar mechanochromic behaviors but larger fluorescence contrasts after grinding except for PCA6. Moreover, the fluorescence emission of ground solid PCA1 and PCA4 can recover at room temperature, PCA2 need high temperatures for fluorescence to be restored, and XRD and DSC revealed that the transformation between crystalline and amorphous states upon various external stimuli was responsible for the MFC behavior. This work demonstrates the feasibility of tuning the solid-state optical properties of fluorescent organic compounds by combining the simple alteration of chemical structure and the physical change of aggregate morphology under external stimuli.

Six new dyes based on phenothiazine conjugated to an ethynyl-pyrene moiety are synthesized and characterized. Dye-sensitized solar cells are fabricated using these dyes with and without a co-adsorbent, chenodeoxychloicacid. Simple molecular engineering around the phenothiazine moiety enabled a maximum of 12% photoconversion efficiency with one of the dyes.

A phenothiazine based diamino-malenonitrile-linked chromogenic and fluorogenic probe (P-1) was synthesized and characterized for the specific detection of Hg2+ and S2-. In the presence of Hg2+, the probe produces "switch-off" along with a color change from yellow to brown, allowing colorimetric detection of Hg2+ by the naked eye. The sensitivity of probe P-1 towards Hg2+ and S2- was demonstrated in living cells, and cell toxicity assay also reveals that the probe P-1 can be used for selective imaging of Hg2+ and S2- in living cells.

Belonging to the field of organic optoelectronic materials and organic photoelectric conversion application, the invention provides a phenothiazine pure organic dye, a preparation method and application thereof in dye-sensitized solar cells. The phenothiazine pure organic dye has a phenothiazine group, different functional groups are introduced to the N position of the phenothiazine group, and the phenothiazine group is connected to a carbazole group through meta-benzene, and the phenothiazine pure organic dye has a general formula shown as the specification, The dye provided by the invention can be applied to dye-sensitized solar cell devices to achieve high photoelectric conversion efficiency. The synthesis and preparation method involved in the invention is simple and controllable, and is low in cost, and the cell devices thereof have high efficiency. The phenothiazine pure organic dye is expected to replace traditional heavy metal sensitizing agent dyes, and has the application prospect of commercial production.

The composition described here comprises at least one hole-transporting compound, wherein the hole-transporting compound comprises a core covalently bonded to at least two arylamine groups, wherein the arylamine group optionally comprises one or more intractability groups. The composition can provide good film formation and stability when coated onto hole injection layers. Solution processing of hole transporting layers of OLEDs can be achieved with the composition described here. Good mobility can be achieved.

The present invention refers to [...] derivatives, dye-sensitized solar cell for dye and dye sensitized solard cell relates to, high yield of dyestuffs [...] derivatives represented by formula 1, excellent light conversion efficiency, and in which a large

A series of new phenothiazine-cored 3D bulky organic sensitizers TP1-TP4 have been prepared and employed in dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs). The 3D bulky configuration of these molecules can effectively retard the charge recombination at the TiO2/electrolyte interface. Amongst the four dyes, the co-adsorbent-free DSSC based on the dye TP3 exhibited the best conversion efficiency (η) of 8.00%. Subsequently, the photosensitizer TP3 with strong UV-visible absorption and excellent performance in adsorbent-free DSSCs was co-sensitized with a near-infrared (NIR) absorbing squaraine dye YR6 to realize a UV-visible-NIR light-harvesting capability, which can effectively suppress the dye aggregation of YR6 with a planar structure and retard the charge recombination in the as prepared DSSC. Upon optimization, the co-sensitized DSSCs exhibited remarkable overall efficiency enhancements of 33% and 356% as compared with the devices based on TP3 and YR6 alone, respectively, and a high efficiency up to 9.84% was achieved at the TP3/YR6 molar ratio of 25 : 1.

Abstract A series of phenothiazine (PTZ)-boron dipyrromethene (BODIPY) based electron donor-acceptor dyads, PB1, PB2, and PB3, containing PTZ as an electron donor and BODIPY as an electron acceptor, tethered together with spacers of varied sizes i.e., dir

The design and development of new phenothiazine-based fluorescent probes, which display a selective fluorescence response to mercury and fluoride ions, were described. The probe is the first example that facilitates the detection of Hg2+ at nanomolar concentrations. The sensitivity of probe P-1 to Hg2+ and F- was demonstrated in living cells, and cell toxicity assays revealed that probe P-1 can be used for selective imaging of Hg2+ and F- in living cells. Moreover, the simple probe design presented here may contribute to the development of more efficient and more useful dual-mode probes.

9,10-Bis(N-alkylphenothiazin-3-yl-vinyl-2)anthracenes (PT-Cn) with different carbon numbers (n) of alkyl chains (n = 2, 3, 5, 6, 7, 9, 12, 18) are prepared to further understand the effect of alkyl lengths on the solid-state fluorescence and piezochromic luminescence of alkyl-containing 9,10-bis(arylvinyl)anthracenes. The results show that the fluorescence emissions of both pressed and annealed PT-Cn are gradually blue-shifted, but the blue-shifted amplitudes of annealed states are more remarkable with the increase of alkyl length, leading to that longer alkyl-containing PT-Cn show larger piezofluorochromism (PFC) spectral shifts. Powder wide-angle X-ray diffraction and differential scanning calorimetry experiments reveal that the transformation between crystalline and amorphous states under various external stimuli is responsible for the PFC and restoration behaviors. This work demonstrates once again that combining the simple alternation of molecular chemical structure and the physical change of aggregate morphology under external stimuli could tune the solid-state optical properties of some organic fluorophores.

A breath of fresh air is sufficient for the eightfold S-monooxygenation of an interpenetrated double cage based on eight phenothiazine ligands and four square-planar-coordinated PdII cations. Besides these two cages, which were both characterized by X-ray crystallography, an eightfold S-dioxygenated double-cage was obtained under harsher oxidation conditions.

A series of simple phenothiazine-based dyes have been synthesized, in which a cyanoacrylate acceptor directly attached to the C(3) position of phenothiazine, and an additional linear electron-rich (4-hexyloxy)phenyl group at C(7) on the opposite side of t

Phenothiazinyl rhodanylidene acetic acid merocyanine dyes with variable substitution pattern on the peripheral benzene ring were synthesized in good to excellent yields by Knoevenagel condensation of the corresponding phenothiazinyl aldehydes and rhodanin

A series of organic dyes containing a phenothiazine central unit were synthesized and were used effectively in the fabrication of dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs). A cyanoacrylate moiety was added at the C(3) position of the phenothiazine as an electron acceptor, and a triarylamine moiety was attached at the C(7) position as an electron donor. The DSSCs made with these dyes displayed remarkable quantum efficiency, ranging from 4.2-6.2% under an AM 1.5 solar condition (100 mW cm-2). A variety of substituents, i.e., methyl, hexyl and triphenylamino groups, were added at the N(10) of phenothiazine in order to optimize the incident photon-to-current conversion efficiency. Along the main chromophore a thiophenylene group was inserted at different positions to examine its influence on the properties of devices. The best performance was found in compound NSPt-C6, in which a hexyl group was attached at the N(10) of phenothiazine and a thiophenylene at the C(7) position. It displayed a short-circuit current (Jsc) of 14.42 mA cm -2, an open-circuit voltage (Voc) of 0.69 V, and a fill factor (ff) of 0.63, corresponding to an overall conversion efficiency of 6.22%. Their photophysical properties were analyzed with the aid of a time-dependent density functional theory (TDDFT) model with the B3LYP functional. Their photovoltaic behavior was further elucidated by the electrochemical impedance spectroscopy.

Four novel D-D-π-A configuration metal-free organic dyes (C3, P2, C2 and P3) with triphenylethylene phenothiazine moieties or triphenylethylene carbazole moieties as additional electron donors for dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) have been synthesized. The cells based on C3, P2, C2 and P3 dyes with efficiencies of 2.14%, 2.69%, 5.51% and 6.55%, respectively, are obtained. The P3 based cell exhibits the highest efficiency of 6.55% accompanied by a short-circuit current density (Jsc) of 12.18 mA cm-2, a rather high open-circuit photovoltage (Voc) of 826 mV, and a fill factor (ff) of 0.65, performances which are remarkable in the DSSCs based on metal-free organic dyes. The twisted non-planar configuration in P3 decelerates the charge recombination in the charge-separated state and hence contributes to the improvement of the performance of DSSCs.

Phenothiazinyl merocyanine dyes with variable substitution patterns on the peripheral benzene ring were synthesized in good yields by Knoevenagel condensation of the corresponding phenothiazinyl aldehydes and N-methylrhodanine or indan-1,3-dione. The electronic properties were investigated by cyclic voltammetry, absorption, electro-optical absorption, and emission spectroscopy. All these merocyanines reveal reversible redox behavior that stems from the phenothiazinyl-centered oxidation to give stable radical cations. The redox potentials strongly correlate with Hammett σp parameters. All merocyanines reveal large Stokes shifts. They also display a pronounced emissive solvatochromism, which is caused by large dipole moment changes upon excitation from the ground to the excited state. These findings are supported by solvatochromism studies and time-dependent DFT computations. A dye-ing breed: Phenothiazinyl-merocyanine dyes with variable substitution patterns on the peripheral benzene ring were synthesized in good yields by Knoevenagel condensation of the corresponding phenothiazinyl aldehydes and N-methylrhodanine or indan-1,3-dione. Their electronic properties were investigated by various methods (see figure). Copyright

A piperidinium triflate, 1,1,3,5-tetramethyl-4-oxo-2,6-diphenylpiperidinium triflate, in acetonitrile efficiently catalyzes one synthetic operational construction of biopertinent hydropyrimidines from respective aldehyde, β-dicarbonyl, and urea/thiourea building blocks.

Starting from N-hexylphenothiazine, a versatile construction kit of brominated and borylated phenothiazines can be easily prepared by a sequence of bromination, bromo-lithium exchange/borylation, and Suzuki coupling. Subsequent Suzuki arylation of the building blocks gives soluble, monodisperse, and structurally well defined oligophenothiazines in good yields. The molecular weights at the peak maximum (Mp), obtained by GPC (gel permeation chromatography), and the actual molecular weights of the oligomer series, obtained by mass spectrometry, show excellent correlation. A QM/MM conformational analysis for the complete series reveals that the obvious butterfly-shaped phenothiazine structure multiplies and significantly reduces the hydrodynamic volume of the oligomers. The electronic properties (absorption and emission spectroscopy and cyclic voltammetry) give reasonable correlations with the chain length. With regard to the emission maxima, the effective conjugation length is already reached with the hexamer. Oligophenothiazines are highly fluorescent, with high fluorescence quantum yields, and are simultaneously highly electroactive, with low oxidation potentials.

Two new phenothiazine-containing conjugated polymers, poly(10-hexylphenothiazine-3,7-diyl) (PHPT) and poly(10-hexylphenothiazine-3,7-diyl-alt-9,9-dihexyl-2,7-fluorene) (PPTF), were synthesized and characterized, and their photophysical, electrochemical, and electroluminescent properties were investigated. The optical band gaps of PHPT and PPTF were 2.69 and 2.76 eV, respectively. Both polymers showed greenish-blue photoluminescence (490 nm) in dilute solutions with a fluorescence quantum yield of 0.40. Identical solid-state and dilute solution absorption and emission spectra were observed, showing that excimers were not formed in PHPT or PPTF thin films. Ionization potentials (HOMO levels) estimated from cyclic voltammetry were 5.0-5.1 eV for the phenothiazine-based polymers, making them good candidates for hole transport materials in devices. Spectroelectrochemistry revealed that the observed multiple oxidation peaks in the cyclic voltammetry of PHPT have associated multiple absorption peaks due to the formation of radical cations (polarons) and dications (bipolarons). Greenish-blue electroluminescence with luminance of up to 320 cd/m2 was observed for the PPTF organic light-emitting diodes. These results show that the phenothiazine ring is an excellent building block for lowering the ionization potential and for impeding π-stacking aggregation and excimer formation in conjugated polymers.

The photoionization of N-alkylphenothiazines (PCn where n = 1, 3, 6, 10, and 16) in mesoporous silicoaluminophosphate (UHM-3) and transition metal-substituted silicoaluminophosphate (MUHM-3 where M = Cu, Ni, Cr, and Mn) molecular sieves has been studied by electron spin resonance with ultraviolet irradiation at room temperature. Mesoporous UHM-3 and MUHM-3 molecular sieves were synthesized at room temperature. The effect of the ratio of Si/Al, the nature of the transition metal, and the concentration of the metal on the photoyield was examined. N-Alkylphenothiazine was incorporated into these mesoporous materials and the photoionization of PCn was studied.

The photoionization of alkylphenothiazines in layered α-zirconium phosphate (α-ZrP or ZrP) has been studied by electron spin resonance (ESR) and diffuse reflectance spectroscopies. Alkylphenothiazines (PC(n) where n = 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 10, 16) were synthesized and used to study the effects of the alkyl chain length. Phenothiazine and N-alkylphenothiazines were incorporated into ZrP by impregnation and ion-exchange methods. By both methods N-alkylphenothiazines are only incorporated onto the external surface of zirconium phosphate rather than into the interlayer space. The alkylphenothiazines photooxidize at room temperature to form stable alkylphenothiazine cation radicals (PC(n)+) which are measured by ESR and diffuse reflectance. The framework of ZrP is suggested to be the electron acceptor. Both the photoyield and the decay rate of the alkylphenothiazine cation radical depend on the alkyl chain length. As the alkyl chain length of the PC(n)+ cation radical increases from methyl to hexyl, the photooxidation yield increases; and as the alkyl chain length increases further from hexyl to hexadecyl, the photooxidation yield decreases. However, the decay rate of the PC(n)+ cation radical gradually increases from methyl to hexadecyl which is explained in terms of a greater inductive effect for longer alkyl chains on the PC(n)+ cation radicals. Also, the resolution of the ESR spectrum decreases with increasing alkyl chain length which is interpreted as being due to decreasing mobility of the radical which should also decrease the decay rate. Both impregnation and ion-exchange methods are reasonably effective for incorporating alkylphenothiazine molecules into ZrP for efficient photooxidation. The photoyields of N-alkylphenothiazines in ZrP are larger than in silica gel which suggests that ZrP assemblies can be utilized for solar energy conversion and storage.

The photoionization yields of N-alkylphenothiazines solubilized in either cationic or anionic micelles at 77 K were studied as a function of both alkyl and surfactant chain length.The results are compared to similar work on sulfonated N-alkylphenothiazines.The location of the phenothiazine moiety with respect to the micelle-water interface together with cation-water interactions is a major factor controlling the photoionization efficiency.The position of the N-alkylphenothiazine chromophore within a micelle can be altered by changing the alkyl chain length.The photoefficiency is also affected by the surface charge of the micelle.