Anodic oxidation and organocatalysis: Direct regio- And stereo-selective access to meta-substituted anilines by α-arylation of aldehydes

Article abstract of DOI:10.1002/anie.200904754

(Figure presented) What's the potential? An anodic oxidation/ organocatalytic α-arylation of aldehydes using substituted electron-rich aromatic compounds has been developed. The method gives access to meta-substituted anilines and dihydrobenzofurans in go

Full text of DOI:10.1002/anie.200904754

Angewandte
Chemie
DOI: 10.1002/anie.200904754
Organocatalysis
Anodic Oxidation and Organocatalysis: Direct Regio- and Stereo-
selective Access to meta-Substituted Anilines by a-Arylation of
Aldehydes**
Kim L. Jensen, Patrick T. Franke, Lasse T. Nielsen, Kim Daasbjerg, and Karl Anker Jørgensen*
During the last decades chemists have witnessed the develop-
ment of thousands of new catalytic reactions driven by need
and interest from both industrial and academic settings.
Asymmetric catalysis has been one of the focus areas as a
result of the increased need for optically active compounds in
life science. Many catalytic asymmetric processes are based
on metal complexes and rely on activation modes such as
Lewis acid catalysis, atom-transfer catalysis, as well as s- and
p-bond insertions. Recently, organocatalysis[1] has emerged as
a powerful source of enantioselective transformations and has
led to the development of a-,[2] b-,[3] g-,[4] and SOMO-
activations,[5] as well as cascade, domino, and tandem
reactions.[6]
Aromatic compounds are ubiquitous as medicines and
functionalized materials, and are often formed by electro-
philic substitution reactions.[7] Friedel–Crafts alkylations, in
particular of highly nucleophilic aromatic compounds such as
phenols and anilines, are difficult owing to the regioselectivity
and the competitive nucleophilic heteroatoms, which lead to
undesired alkylation products. The application of copper
catalysis to direct the substitution meta to an amido group
through dearomatizing oxy-cupration[8] provides a recent
example of where selectivity has been circumvented. Addi-
tionally, it has been shown by Gaunt and co-workers that
para-substituted phenols can be converted into highly func-
tionalized chiral molecules through oxidative dearomatiza-
tion and intramolecular enamine catalysis.[9] Breaking aro-
maticity changes the reactivity from nucleophilic to electro-
philic,[10] and thus makes it susceptible to addition of systems
such as enamines.
combinations of electrochemistry and metal catalysis or
mediated electron-transfer processes have been reported in
numerous cases,[11] although the risk of having electrode
fouling is always present. For example, palladium metal
deposition on the cathode has been observed from the
reduction of palladium(II), which is generated at the anode, in
an undivided cell.[12] Organocatalysts are stable organic
molecules and many stereoselective organocatalytic reactions
are performed under conditions not possible for metal-
catalyzed reactions. We thus anticipated that it might be
possible to combine organocatalysis with anodic molecular
transformations.[11b,13]
Herein, the combination of electrochemistry and asym-
metric organocatalysis is presented. This new concept is
demonstrated by a direct intermolecular a-arylation[14] of
aldehydes using electron-rich aromatic compounds providing
meta-alkylated anilines—a transformation not possible by
Friedel–Crafts reactions of anilines (Scheme 1). We show the
potential of the electrochemical/organocatalytic method and
demonstrate its applications by the synthesis of optically
active dihydrobenzofurans.[15]
Electrochemical reactions often follow environmentally
friendly protocols because electrons, as reagents, are inher-
ently pollution free. The ability of electrochemistry to reverse
the polarity of a functional group—by selective removal or
addition of electrons—makes it thus possible to induce
reactions of otherwise nonreactive molecules.[11] Successful
Scheme 1. Regio- and stereoselective anodic oxidation/organocatalytic
a-arylation of aldehydes and formal meta-addition to anilines.
Pg=protecting group.
The regio- and stereoselective anodic oxidation/organo-
catalytic formation of meta-alkylated anilines 5 is anticipated
to take place by two combined sequences (Figure 1). The first
sequence involves the electrochemical activation of the
aromatic compound 1 leading to the formation of an umpoled
electrophilic intermediate 7. In the second sequence, an
electron-rich enamine A, generated by condensation of
aldehyde 2 and organocatalyst 3, undergoes a nucleophilic
addition to electrophile 7 to give intermediate B. Hydrolysis
of B, followed by a series of proton transfers regenerates the
catalyst and forms the product 5.
[*] K. L. Jensen, P. T. Franke, L. T. Nielsen, Prof. Dr. K. Daasbjerg,
Prof. Dr. K. A. Jørgensen
Center for Catalysis, Department of Chemistry
Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus C (Denmark)
Fax: (+45)8919-6199
E-mail: kaj@chem.au.dk
[**] This research was funded by grants from the Danish National
Research Foundation, the OChemSchool, and the Carlsberg
Foundation.
Supporting information for this article is available on the WWW
under http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/anie.200904754.
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Table 1: Representative screening examples of the anodic oxidation/
organocatalytic a-arylation of some aromatic compounds.[a]
Entry
Solvent
Elec
Yield of 4 [%][b]
ee [%][c]
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
CH3CN/H2O(1:1)
CH3CN/H2O(1:1)
CH3CN/H2O(1:1)
CH3CN/H2O(1:1)
CH3CN[d]
1a
1b
1c
1d
1c
1c
1c
1c
30
<30 of 4a
75
n.r.
<20
77
n.d.
n.d.
96
–
n.d.
94
–
CH3CN/H2O(1:1)[e]
CH3CN/H2O(1:1)[f]
CH3CN/H2O(1:1)[g]
n.r.
n.r.
–
[a] Performed with 2a (2.80 mmol), 1a–d (0.56 mmol), and
3
(0.056 mmol) in a 0.1m NaClO4 solvent mixture (2 mL) (carbon rod
anode: applied current 25 mA and current density 10 mAcmÀ2) at room
temperature. [b] Isolated by flash chromatography. [c] Determined by
HPLC on a chiral stationary phase of the corresponding alcohols 6.
[d] 5 equivalents of H2O relative to 1c. [e] Performed at 0.375m of 1c.
[f] No current applied. [g] Performed with (S)-2-[bis(3,5-bistrifluoro-
methylphenyl)trimethylsilanyloxymethyl]pyrrolidine as catalyst. Boc=
tert-butoxycarbonyl, n.d.=not determined, n.r.=no reaction, Elec=
electrophile.
Figure 1. Proposed mechanism for the electrochemical/organocatalytic
sequence. TMS=trimethylsilyl, Ts=4-toluenesulfonyl.
We started the investigations by treating 3-methylbutanal
(2a) with 1,4-hydroquinone (1a) in the presence of (S)-2-
[diphenyl(trimethylsilyloxy)methyl]pyrrolidine (3) as the cat-
alyst in a simple electrochemical setup consisting of an
undivided cell equipped with carbon-rod and platinum-net
electrodes. The reaction was performed using galvanostatic
electrolysis (applied current: 25 mA, current density:
10 mAcmÀ2) with NaClO4 as the supporting electrolyte in a
CH3CN/H2O mixture for 24 hours, and gave 4a in less than
30% yield (Table 1, entry 1).
We then tried the reaction with N-Boc-4-aminophenol 1b,
but the oxidized intermediate was not stable to hydrolysis and
4a was obtained with less than 30% conversion (Table 1,
entry 2). To our delight, by changing the N-protecting group
to tosyl (1c) gave 4c after 5 hours in 75% yield and excellent
enantioselectivity 96% ee (Table 1, entry 3). The product was
isolated as the diastereomerically pure dihydrobenzofuran.
The enantiomeric excess was determined after reduction to
the corresponding alcohol. To assess the influence of H2O we
performed the reaction in CH3CN with only 5 equivalents of
H2O relative to 1c (Table 1, entry 5). These conditions
lowered the conversion dramatically, thus indicating that
H2O is important for the reaction—most likely in the proton
transfers leading to product 5 shown in the mechanism
(Figure 1). Increasing the concentration did not affect the
yield, although the enantioselectivity dropped to 94% ee
(Table 1, entry 6). The reaction was also tested without the
current applied to confirm that NaClO4 was not acting as an
oxidation reagent, and no reaction was observed (Table 1,
entry 7). When (S)-2-[bis(3,5-bistrifluoromethylphenyl)tri-
methylsilanyloxymethyl]-pyrrolidine was applied as the cata-
lyst no reaction was observed (Table 1, entry 8).
Pleasingly, the reaction worked under such simple reac-
tion conditions. Undivided cells are highly desirable owing to
the simplicity of the setup, but can be difficult to use if specific
electrode potentials are needed to avoid uncontrolled oxida-
tion and reduction taking place in the same medium.
However, the present results show that the organocatalyst
and the catalytic cycle are robust under these conditions,
which might allow new developments by combining electro-
chemistry and organocatalysis.
After having found the optimal reaction conditions the
generality of the reaction was explored for N-tosyl-4-amino-
phenol 1c with a series of aldehydes (Table 2). The alkylation
reaction gave exclusively 5, which is the meta-product relative
to the amino substituent. The b-branched aldehyde 2a gave
the product in good yield (75%) and an excellent enantio-
selectivity of 96% ee (Table 2, entry 1). Linear aliphatic
substrates 2b,c and the nonconjugated unsaturated system
2d were also well tolerated and gave the products in 71–83%
yield and 89–94% ee (Table 2, entrie 2–4). Hydrocinnamal-
dehyde 2e gave 5e in good yield and moderate selectivity
(87%, 81% ee; Table 2, entry 5). The reaction also worked
well with 5 mol% of catalyst 3 and on a gram scale (Table 2,
entries 6 and 7).
We have further investigated the anodic oxidation/orga-
nocatalytic sequence to obtain information about the electro-
chemistry involved. The current yields for the results obtained
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Table 2: Scope of the enantioselective anodic oxidation/organocatalytic
reaction.[a]
Entry
R
Yield of 5 [%][b] Yield of 6 [%][b] ee [%][c]
1
2
3
4
iPr (2a)
Et (2b)
hexyl (2c)
cis-2-pentenyl (2d)
Bn (2e)
75
83
83
71
87
69
–
75
65
72
69
61
70
54
96
94
92
89
81
92
94
5
6[d]
7[e]
iPr (2a)
iPr (2a)
[a] Performed with 2 (2.80 mmol), 1c (0.56 mmol), and 3 (0.056 mmol)
in CH3CN/H2O (1:1) at constant current (25 mA) and current density
(10 mAcmÀ2
) at room temperature for 5 h. [b] Isolated by flash
chromatography. [c] Determined by HPLC on a chiral stationary phase
of the corresponding alcohols 6 (see the Supporting Information).
[d] Performed with 5 mol% catalyst. [e] Performed on a 4 mmol scale
relative to 1c and the yield given is the overall yield of 6a. Bn=benzyl.
in Table 2 are approximately 15%. However, these results
were obtained under a standard protocol of 5 hours of
galvanostatic electrolysis. The reaction of hydrocinnamalde-
hyde 2e with N-tosyl-4-aminophenol 1c that led to 5e was
studied as a function of electrolysis time to determine the
current yield. This showed that the 2 Fmol-1 process after
1 hour (corresponding to 100% current yield for complete
conversion), 2 hours, and 5 hours, resulted in 80%, 83% and
88% conversion, respectively (as determined by 1H NMR
spectroscopy). These results corresponds to current yields of
80%, 42% and 18%, respectively, thereby showing that the
current yield can be improved considerably at the expense of
a minor reduction in conversion. It should also be noted that
hydrogen evolution was observed at the platinum cathode
resulting from the reduction of water. For further details
concerning the electrochemistry see the Supporting Informa-
tion.
To broaden the scope of our reaction sequence we decided
to explore this reaction further using a chemical oxidation
procedure. The reaction was performed using chemical in situ
oxidation with iodobenzene diacetate, PhI(OAc)2, and gave
similar results to those obtained by the electrochemical
approach. As shown in Scheme 2, the reactions of N-tosyl-4-
aminophenol 1c worked well with both linear aliphatic and
nonconjugated unsaturated systems, and gave products 5a–f
in good yields (70–85%) and in excellent enantioselectivity
(93–98% ee). Moreover, the procedure allowed us to perform
the reaction on 1,4-hydroquinone (1a) and N-tosyl-4-amino-
naphthalen-1-ol 1e (Scheme 2). For various aldehydes, we
obtained products 5g–j in 80–98% yield and > 92% ee. These
results show the scope of the chemical oxidation/organo-
catalytic addition of various aldehydes to various electron-
rich aromatic compounds.
Scheme 2. Scope for the chemical oxidation approach. Performed with
PhI(OAc)2 (0.56 mmol), 2 (2.80 mmol), 1 (0.56 mmol), and 3
(0.056 mmol) in CH3CN/H2O (1:1); see the Supporting Information.
The absolute configuration of the product was assigned by
single-crystal X-ray analysis of compound 6a as shown in
Figure 2.[16] The structure led to the R assignment of the
stereogenic center created, which indicates that the addition
takes place to the Si face of the enamine A in Figure 1.
The 2,3-dihydrobenzofuran skeleton is widespread in
many natural products and biologically active molecules.[15]
The application of the anodic oxidation/organocatalytic
methodology is demonstrated in Scheme 3—where the syn-
thesis of an optically active 5-amino-2,3-disubstituted dihy-
drobenzofuran is presented. Wittig reaction of lactol 5a and
Figure 2. X-ray crystal structure of 6a. C gray, H white, O red, N blue,
S yellow.
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Scheme 3. Synthesis of optically active 5-amino-2,3-disubstituted dihy-
drobenzofurans. THF=tetrahydrofuran.
subsequent spontaneous intramolecular cyclization led to the
formation of trans-2,3-disubstituted dihydrobenzofuran 8 in
78% yield with excellent diastereoselectivity (95:5) and
maintained the enantiomeric excess at 98% ee. The relative
configuration was assigned by 1H NMR spectroscopy through
the relatively small coupling constant observed between the
two hydrogen atoms in the furan ring.[17] Initial attempts to
remove the tosyl group using Mg in CH3OH under sonication
gave a low yield. Removal of the N-tosyl group was
successfully achieved using SmI2 as the reductant and the
target molecule 9 was obtained in 73% yield.[18] Anilines are
of particular interest because of their ability to participate in
important reactions such as the Buchwald–Hartwig coupling,
the Sandmeyer reaction, hydroamination, and reductive
amination. The Sandmeyer reaction allows for the introduc-
tion of many different groups making product 9 a versatile
building block in the synthesis of more elaborate products.
In summary, we have developed an anodic oxidation/
organocatalytic protocol for the a-arylation of aldehydes
using substituted electron-rich aromatic compounds, thus
giving access to meta-substituted anilines in good yields and
excellent enantiomeric excesses. This method is an example of
a new concept combining asymmetric organocatalysis with
electrochemistry.
Received: August 25, 2009
Revised: October 20, 2009
Published online: November 27, 2009
Keywords: aldehydes · aromatic compounds ·
.
dihydrobenzofurans · electrochemistry · organocatalysis
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