New fluorescent symmetrically substituted perylene-3,4,9,10-dianhydride- azohybrid dyes: Synthesis and spectroscopic studies

Article abstract of DOI:10.1016/j.saa.2014.04.171

Five phenolic azo-dyes (3a-e) were synthesized by diazo coupling of the suitably substituted anilines (1a-e) with phenol at low temperature in alkaline medium. The resulting dyes have low solubility in aqueous medium due to lack of carboxylic or sulfonic

Full text of DOI:10.1016/j.saa.2014.04.171

Accepted Manuscript
New Fluorescent Symmetrically Substituted Perylene-3,4,9,10-Dianhydride-
Azohybrid Dyes: Synthesis and Spectroscopic Studies
Aamer Saeed, Ghulam Shabir
PII:
S1386-1425(14)00744-6
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.saa.2014.04.171
SAA 12135
DOI:
Reference:
Spectrochimica Acta Part A: Molecular and Biomo-
lecular Spectroscopy
To appear in:
Received Date:
Revised Date:
Accepted Date:
15 February 2014
18 April 2014
23 April 2014
Please cite this article as: A. Saeed, G. Shabir, New Fluorescent Symmetrically Substituted Perylene-3,4,9,10-
Dianhydride-Azohybrid Dyes: Synthesis and Spectroscopic Studies, Spectrochimica Acta Part A: Molecular and
Biomolecular Spectroscopy (2014), doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.saa.2014.04.171
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1
New Fluorescent Symmetrically Substituted Perylene-3,4,9,10-Dianhydride-Azohybrid
Dyes: Synthesis and Spectroscopic Studies
Aamer Saeed∗ and Ghulam Shabir
Department of Chemistry, Quaid-I-Azam University, Islamabad 45320, Pakistan.
∗
Email: asaeed@qau.edu.pk, aamersaeed@yahoo.comTel +92-51-9064-2128; Fax: +92-
51-9064-2241

2
Abstract
Five phenolic azo-dyes (3a-e) were synthesized by diazo coupling of the suitably substituted
anilines (1a-e) with phenol at low temperature in alkaline medium. The resulting dyes have low
solubility in aqueous medium due to lack of carboxylic or sulfonic solubilizing functionalities.
The hybridization of perylene dianhydride with phenolic azo-dyes was achieved by the
nucleophilic aromatic substitution (SNAr) reaction of perylene-3,4,9,10-dianhydride 4 with
phenolic azo-dyes 3a-e in basic medium. The hybrid dyes exhibit absorption maxima λmax in the
range 440-460 nm in aqueous medium due to presence of azo linkage and highly conjugated
system of π bonds. Fluorescence spectra of these dyes in water show sharp emission peaks with
small band widths. The structures of perylene-azo dyes were confirmed by FTIR and NMR
spectroscopy.
Key words: Phenolic dyes, perylene-3,4,9,10-dianhydride, azo linkage, fluorescence.
Introduction
Perylene-based chromophores have found unique eminence as dyes and pigments due to boasting
brilliant colors, large extinction coefficients, near-unity fluorescence quantum yields, and
remarkable photostability [1]. Particularly, perylene-3,4,9,10-dianhydride derivatives are suitable
for the demanding applications, such as photovoltaic devices, [2] dye lasers, [3] organic light-
emitting diodes, [4] and molecular switches [5]. The excellent charge transporting character of
aligned perylenes is suitable for organic thin films transistor (OTFT) applications and as the n-
type semiconductor for the fullerene derivatives [6].
1,6,7,12-Tetrachloroperylene tetracarboxylic acid dianhydride (TPA) is a bright red
crystalline compound insoluble in water and organic solvents, displaying strong luminescent

3
properties, and stability against heat and light [7,8]. Perylene dianhydride undergo various types
of reactions such as addition reactions, nucleophilic substitution, electrophilic substitution and
condensation reactions. Important derivatives of TPA include diimides, halogenated, alkylated as
well as arylated compounds. The related perylene-3,4-dicarboximides can be
monofunctionalized more readily and find certain applications, such as fluorescence labeling and
controlled conjugation to other fluorophores and are widely used as dyes and pigments duet to
their exceptional chemical, thermal and photochemical stability [9,10]. In perylene
tetracarboxdiimide pigments, the color tuning is achieved by variation of the substituent of the
imide functions, resulting in modification of the crystal structure. Perylene pigments cover the
whole range of the visible spectrum and find applications in paints and lacquers, specifically in
the car industry. Perylenes are key chromophores for high-tech applications such as reprographic
processes, [11] fluorescent solar collectors, [12] photovoltaic cells, [13] optical switches, [14]
and lasers [15]. In this context, perylene teracarboxdiimides are generally referred to as
functional dyes. Nevertheless, further developments in the field of perylene tetracarboxdiimide
based functional dyes have been limited by their insolubility in common organic solvents,
hindering a fine-tuning and shift of their absorption to longer absorption wavelengths.
The fabrication of colored and luminescent materials of organic and hybrid organic–inorganic
structures requires the use of soluble dyes [16]. This problem is frequently solved by the
introduction of organic substituents in the aromatic framework of the anhydride. Good results
were obtained on introduction of long-chain aliphatic amines with branched organic radicals
[17]. Symmetric bisimidazole and asymmetric imide-imidazole perylene derivatives with long,
hyperbranched alkyl groups, attached to the benzimidazole moeity, enhanced the solubility of the
imidazole derivatives. Soluble asymmetric imide-imidazoles were prepared using 1,2-

4
diaminophenyls which contained methoxy, nitro and ester groups. The effects of both electron-
withdrawing and donating groups has been examined optically and electronically using both
absorption and emission spectroscopy. Discotic liquid crystalline materials based on TPA are
shown in Figure 1 [18].
The individual importance of azo-dyes on one hand and that of tetrachloroperylene
dianhydride, on the other, prompted us to synthesize some new fluorescent perylene-azo dyes
leading to compounds with enhanced absorptions and emissions properties. Herein, we wish to
describe synthesis of some symmetrically substituted (in bay area) perylene dianhydride-azo
dyes. Furthermore, their solubility, absorption and fluorescence properties have also been
studied. These are found to exhibit fairly high emission, good solubility in aqueous and organic
media, as well as high thermal stability.
2. Experimental
2.1 Materials: Tetrachloro perylene dianhydride was obtained from Honest Joy Holdings limited
China. Sodium nitrite was obtained from BDH. Hydrochloric acid and phenol were purchased

5
from Merck. Potassium carbonate was purchased from Daejing Korea. Solvents such as ethanol,
ethyl acetate, DMF, and methanol were common laboratory grade chemicals.
2.2 Methods: All raw materials and reagents used for analysis were of 99% purity. Proton NMR
spectra for all the compounds were recorded on a 300 MHz Bruker NMR spectrometer in D2O
solvent. Splitting patterns were as follows: s (singlet), d (doublet), dd, (double doublet), t
(triplet), m (multiplet) and br (broad). Chemical shifts are reported in δ (ppm). The IR spectra
were run in the single beam Nicolet FT-IR 100. Ultraviolet-visible (UV-VIS) spectra were
recorded on a double beam Perkin-Elmer Lambda 900 UV-VIS-NIR spectrophotometer. The
data were used to calculate the molar extinction coefficients for the compounds. Whatman Filter
Paper 40 was used to monitor the entirety phenolic azo dyes synthesis. TLC plate Silica Gel 60
F254 was utilized to test the progress of CPA hybrid azo dyes.
2.3 Synthesis of Phenolic Azo Dyes (3a-e).
Suitably substituted anilines (1a-e) (0.01mol) were dissolved in 20 ml water and 3.5 ml
o
concentrated HCl, with stirring maintaining the temperature at 0-5 C. A solution of NaNO2
(0.01 mol) in 10 ml water was added promptly to solution of aniline with continuous and
vigorous stirring. Stirring was further continued for 1h maintaining the temperature in the same
range. After 1h the reaction mixture was checked for the completeness of reaction on a paper
chromatogram using water as mobile base. The dried chromatogram was sprayed with solution
of p-N,N-dimethyl aminobenzaldehyde in ethanol as spraying agent. On completion of reaction
the diazonium salts (2a-e) were kept in a freezer.
Phenol (0.01mol) was dissolved in water (15ml) and K2CO3 (2g), kept in the ice bath at
o
temperature 0-5 C with stirring. The diazo solution was added drop wise to the well stirred

6
solution of phenol during 30 minutes, maintaining the pH above 8. The progress of reaction was
monitored by paper chromatography using H-acid solution in alkaline media. On completion the
solids were filtered, dried in oven at 70oC, for 3hs to afford the 4-hydroxyazobenzene derivatives
(3a-e) in 87-90% yields (scheme-1). In case where regioisomeric products were obtained;
column chromatography was used for separation.
2.4 Synthesis of Tetrachloro Perylene Hybrid Azo Dyes:
Tetrachloroperylene dianhydride (4) 0.001 mol (0.53g) was charged in 250ml round
bottomed flask containing 20ml DMF positioned on hot plate having oil bath. Started stirring and
heating, and added 4-hydroxyazobenzene derivatives (3a-e, 0.004 mol), then added 2.0 g of
K2CO3. the reaction mixture was Kept at 110oC for 3 hours. The reaction progress was
monitored by taking the TLC of reaction mixture in 4:1 ethyl acetate: pet ether. On completion
the reaction mixture was filtered and residue was dissolved in 30ml of water. On acidification
with conc. HCl, (1ml), the precipitation occurred immediately, filtered and dried to afford the
products (5a-e) in 90-95%. Dyes 5a-e were named as CPA-1, CPA-2, CPA-3, CPA-4 and CPA-5
respectively (scheme-2).
3.
Results and discussions
3.1
Synthesis
For the synthesis of pereylene-azo hybrid dyes, the phenolic azo coupling partners were
synthesized according to scheme 1. Thus potassium phenolate was treated with diazonium salts
2a-e of the suitably substituted anilines in aqueous medium to produce phenolic azo dyes 3a-e in
excellent yields. Diazotization of nitro, methyl, methoxy and chloro substituted anilines was
carried out at low temperature 0-5oC to avoid the decomposition of thermally labile diazonium
salt. The completion of diazotization was checked by absence of yellow coloration which is

7
developed on reaction with N,N’-dimethylamino benzaldehyde with unreacted aniline. The
diazonium salts were treated with phenol at low temperature maintaining the pH above 8 using
K2CO3. High pH increases the nucleophilicity of phenol, makes aromatic ring more nucleophilic
and more of the p-substituted product is obtained due to stability and high electron density at p-
position (scheme 1).
After having prepared the phenolic azo dyes 3a-e the next step ahead was the coupling
with dianhydride to produce title hybrid compounds (5a-e; CPA-1 to CPA-5) according scheme-
2. Tetrachloroperylene dianhydride (4) was treated with separately synthesized phenolic azo dyes
3a-e in dry distilled DMF 110oC for three hours to afford the CPA azo dyes in good yields [19,
20]. Temperature was maintained at 110oC to avoid the decomposition of DMF, which may
result in substitution of ring oxygen by the nitrogen. A molar ratio of 1:4 for tetrachlorperylene
dianhydride and phenolic azo dyes was employed for the substitution of all the four chloro
groups by an addition elimination mechanism. The use of potassium carbonate in excess
increases the nucleophilic character of 4-hydroxyazobenzenes to complete the reaction rapidly
and to neutralize the acid generated during the reaction to avoid the hydrolysis of the

8
dianhydride. The solids were filtered, dissolved in a minimum amount of water and acidified to
afford the products devoid of the base. (scheme 2).
O
O
O
OH
Cl
Cl
Cl
Cl
+
N=N
R1
R2
R3
3a-e
O
O
O
(
)
4
( )
K2CO3, DMF
110 oC, 3h
R3
R2
R2
R3
O
O
O
R1
N=N
R1
N=N
N=N
O
O
O
O
N=N
R1
R2
R1
O
O
O
R3
R2
R3
(5a-e)
5a
: CPA-1, R1R2,=H, R3= NO2,
5b: CPA-2, R1= CH3, R2, R3=H,
5c: CPA-3, R1, R2=H, R3= OCH3,
5d: CPA-4, R1=OCH3, R2, R3= H,
5e:
CPA-5, R1, R2=H, R3= Cl,
Scheme 2 Synthetic route to tetrachloroperylene based azo dyes (5a-e)
3.2
UV, IR, NMR Studies of CPA-Azo Dyes (CPA-1 to CPA-5)
The structures of newly synthesized dyes were elucidated by UV, IR and NMR studies.
The strong solvatochromic behavior was observed for dye molecules with large dipole moment
changes during transitions between two electronic states. The solvatochromic behavior of a dye

9
is the shift of absorption wavelength due to the presence of solvent with different polarity, which
is due to the interaction between the solute and solvent molecules. The U.V. visible absorption
spectra of the CPA hybrid azo dyes (1×10−4 M) were obtained at room temperature in various
organic solvents with different polarity (Fig 2) and the selected spectral data is summarized in
Table 1.
Table 1 Wavelength of maximum absorption λmax of CPA hybrid Azo Dye in Different solvents.
Dye
Solvent
Water
λmax (nm)
278, 439
CPA-1
Ethanol
Methanol
Water
269, 426
273, 432
279, 423
CPA-2
CPA-3
CPA-4
CPA-5
Ethanol
Methanol
Water
262, 340, 423
266,328, 432
279, 430
Ethanol
Methanol
Water
271, 349, 416
273, 351, 428
279, 428
Ethanol
Methanol
Water
268, 347, 422
277, 348, 425
280, 442
Ethanol
Methanol
266, 426
270, 428

10
UV-visible spectra of dyes were taken in water, ethanol and methanol. The electronic
transition of UV-visible spectra in water gave rise to two absorption maxima (λmax), first at 260-
280 nm and other at 420-440 nm and three λmax when ethanol or methanol were used as solvents.
The λmax for all the compounds is a result of π-π* transition of the compounds indicating the
presence of C=C characteristic of benzene and other aromatic nuclei in the dyes. This is in
agreement with earlier report by Mielgo et al., as per benzenoid uv-visible absorption [21]. The
λmax in range 420-440 nm is due to π-π* transitions of azo linkages N=N. Difference in λmax of
the synthesized dyes is not too much high for different substituents. All CPA hybrid azo dyes
have λmax highest in water and lowest in ethanol which is in accordance with polarity of solvents.
More will be solvent polarity greater will be shift in λmax. Water is more polar than methanol and
ethanol so it shifts π-π* transitions to higher wavelength. CPA-1 shows the lowest λmax in all
solvents because of the fact that it has NO2 group at the o-position of azobenzene which
decreases the possibility of π-π* transitions and produces hypsochromic shift. CPA-3 and CPA-4
shows highest λmax because they have OCH3groups at o and p-positions of azobenzene ring and
these are electron donating groups, and cause bathochromic shift. CPA-5 has chloro group at p-
position of phenolic azo dyes which is electron donating group by resonance causes red shift as it
is obvious from figure 5 and it has λmax 442 nm. CPA-2, 3 and 4 show the absorption maximum
in the range 335-350 nm in ethanol and methanol, is due to n-π* of N=N transitions, which
confirm the presence of azo linkage in the structure of dyes. These results show that the solvent
effect on UV/vis absorption spectra of investigated CPA hybrid azo dyes is multifaceted and
strongly depend on the nature of the substituent on the aromatic rings. This phenomenon is due
to the difference in the conjugational or migrating ability of the electron lone pairs on nitrogen
atoms and the azo-hydrazo tautomerism of azo dyes in accordance with their structure (Table 1).

11
This also indicates that the electronic behavior of the nitrogen atoms of azo group is to some
extent different in different derivatives and in solvents of different polarity.
The FTIR spectra of hybrid dyes showed absorption bands due to Ar-H, C=O of
dianhydride, C=C and N=N, stretching and bending vibrations at 3050- 3190, 1730-1780, 1589 -
1637, 1230-1250 and 723-750 cm-1 respectively. In particular the peak observed at 1150-1100
cm-1 was as a result of C-O-C functionality. The absorption bands at 1618 cm-1 and 750 cm-1
depicted the present of C=C stretching and bending vibrations respectively. Azo linkage was
confirmed by absorptions at 1445-1490 cm-1.
The 1HNMR spectrum of CPA-1 showed a multiplet downfield in the aromatic region at
7.72-8.39 ppm and a double doublet at 6.93-7.76 ppm due to diazo component of phenolic azo
dyes. Perylene dianhydride ring system gave a singlet at 8.22(s) ppm due to four symmetrical
protons. The position of perylene ring system of these dyes is not affected much in different azo
dyes. CPA-2 showed 3H singlet at 2.35 ppm because of CH3 and 7.26 -7.81 ppm double doublets
due to 16H in the diazo component of phenolic azo dyes and 8H doublet at 7.76 and 6.93 ppm
due coupling component of phenolic azo dyes. CPA-3 and CPA-4 showed 3H singlet peaks at
3.9 ppm due to OCH3 attached at o and p-positions of diazo component and all other signals in
range 7.76-6.93 and 7.45 ppm are same like other CPA dyes. Difference between CPA-3 and
CPA-4 is to 16H multiplet for CPA-3 diazo component and for CPA-4 16H double doublet.
CPA-5 showed 32H double doublet for diazo 16H at 7.47 and 7.86 ppm, and coupling
component 16H at 7.65 and 7.63 ppm. The 13C-NMR spectrum of products showed sixteen
aromatic carbon atoms in the range 130.7-117.4 ppm.

12
CPA-1
CPA-2
CPA-3
CPA-4
CPA-5
B
C
D
CPA-1
CPA-2
CPA-3
CPA-4
CPA-5
B
C
D
E
F
3.0
2.5
2.0
1.5
1.0
0.5
0.0
-0.5
3.0
2.5
2.0
1.5
1.0
0.5
0.0
-0.5
E
F
200
300
400
500
600
700
200
300
400
500
600
700
X Axis Title
X Axis Title
U.V Spectra in ethanol
U.V Spectra in water
CPA-1
CPA-2
CPA-3
CPA-4
CPA-5
B
C
D
E
F
3.0
2.5
2.0
1.5
1.0
0.5
0.0
-0.5
200
300
400
500
600
700
X Axis Title
U.V Spectra in methanol
Fig 2. U.V Visible spectra of CPA-1 to CPA-5 in water, ethanol and methanol.
3.3 Fluorescence Studies of CPA hybrid Azo Dyes
When a fluorophore absorbs a photon of light, an energetically excited state is formed.
The fate of this species is diverse, depending upon the exact nature of the fluorophore and its
surroundings, but the end result is deactivation (loss of energy) and return to the ground state.

13
The main deactivation processes which occur are fluorescence (loss of energy by emission of a
photon), internal conversion and vibrational relaxation (non-radiative loss of energy as heat to
the surroundings), and intersystem crossing to the triplet manifold and subsequent non-radiative
deactivation [22].
Fluorescence data of all the synthesized CPA-azo dyes is shown in Table 2. Fluorescence spectra
of the dyes were recorded by selecting different excitation wavelengths of the source because
excitation spectrum is the dependence of emission intensity at single wavelength, upon different
excitation wavelengths (Figure 3). In other words it gives the intensity contribution to the
observed emission at a given wavelength by different excitation wavelengths for the sample is
exposed. The fluorescence spectra of all dyes show single distinct emission peak at 500-513 nm
at a concentration of 10-4 to 10-5 M. Among these dyes CPA-3 having OCH3 at o-position of
phenolic azo dye, shows highest fluorescence. This high emission may be attributed to non
aggregation of dyes molecules, due to presence of OCH3 at o-position which intricate the parallel
alignment of dye molecules, making dye highly fluorescent. Emission peak of high intensity at
500-513 nm for different CPA dyes corresponds to absorption peaks at 442.8, 446 nm, 445 nm
448 nm and 443.6 nm for CPA-1 to CPA-5 respectively. This observed phenomenon of
absorption and emission verify the mirror image rule [19].

14
Fig 3. Fluorescence Spectra of Dyes, CPA 1-5
Fluorescence of all CPAs dyes is high in water and low in other solvents. In water high
fluorescence is due to non aggregation of dye molecules because of high polarity and small size
of water molecules. While other solvents have larger size, they cannot penetrate and solvate
completely the individual molecules of dyes having bulky structure. Self association of dye
molecules occur in solvent like ethanol, methanol and so fluorescence decreases [22].
Stoke shift of CPA-1 and CPA-3 is high as it depends on rapid decay of excited electrons to the
lowest vibrational energy level of the excited state and on the molecular structure as it is depicted
in the sharpness of emission peak in fluorescent spectra. In both cases o-positions of azo dyes
have substituents, which reduce the chances of self association and increase the stoke shift value.

15
Table 2 Fluorescence values of CPA hybrid Azo Dyes in water
Dye
Solvent
Excitation
wavelength
424nm
Emission
wavelength
502nm
Emission
Height
720
Stoke Shift
CPA-1
CPA-2
CPA-3
CPA-4
CPA-5
Water
Water
Water
Water
Water
78
59
81
5
451nm
510nm
698
422nm
503nm
4859
550nm
555nm
12.58
1894
464nm
513nm
49
4. Conclusion
Some new water as well as polar solvent soluble perylene-azo hybrid dyes have been synthesized
in high yields via a short synthetic route. The newly synthesized dyes show absorptions in the
range 415- 450 nm which impart them an orange yellow color. The absorption wavelength (λmax
)
and emission height of all the dyes were found to be maximum in water. Moreover the dyes
show excellent thermal stability (upto 350oC) for potential high-tech applications requiring dyes
with tailor-made absorption and emission in a specific region of the visible spectrum can be
envisaged.
5-Acknowledgments
We gratefully acknowledge a research grant from higher Education Commission of Pakistan
under the project No.4-279/PAK-US/HEC 2010-917 (Pakistan-US Science &Technology
Cooperation Program).

16
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New Fluorescent Symmetrically Substituted Perylene-3,4,9,10-Dianhydride-Azohybrid Dyes:
Synthesis and Spectroscopic Studies
Aamer Saeed and Ghulam Shabir
O
O
O
Azo group
Perylene Azo Dye
Fluorescence
Cl
Cl
Cl
Cl
+
O
O
O
Tetrachloroperylene Dianhydride
Phenolic Azo Dyes

19
Research Highlights
ꢀ Five phenolic azo dyes were coupled with perylene dianhydride to afford hybrid azo-
perylene dyes.
ꢀ These exhibit greenish yellow fluorescence due to extensive conjugation and prevention
of parallel alignment of perylene.
ꢀ Fluorescence and absorption of hybrid azo-perylene dyes is related directly to the solvent
polarity.