Synthesis of NSC 106084 and NSC 14778 and evaluation of their DNMT inhibitory activity

Article abstract of DOI:10.1016/j.bmcl.2019.01.022

DNA methylation is an epigenetic modification that is performed by DNA methyltransferases (DNMTs) and that leads to the transfer of a methyl group from S-adenosylmethionine (SAM) to the C5 position of cytosine. This transformation results in hypermethylation and silencing of genes such as tumor suppressor genes. Aberrant DNA methylation has been associated with the development of many diseases, including cancer. Inhibition of DNMTs promotes the demethylation and reactivation of epigenetically silenced genes. NSC 106084 and 14778 have been reported to inhibit DNMTs in the micromolar range. We report herein the synthesis of NSC 106084 and 14778 and the evaluation of their DNMT inhibitory activity. Our results indicate that while commercial NSC 14778 is moderately active against DNMT1, 3A/3L and 3B/3L, resynthesized NSC 14778 is inactive under our assay conditions. Resynthesized 106084 was also found to be inactive.

Full text of DOI:10.1016/j.bmcl.2019.01.022

Bioorganic&MedicinalChemistryLettersxxx(xxxx)xxx–xxx
Contents lists available at ScienceDirect
Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry Letters
journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/bmcl
Synthesis of NSC 106084 and NSC 14778 and evaluation of their DNMT
inhibitory activity
⁎
Maxime Leroya, Léa Mélina, Steven R. LaPlanteb, José L. Medina-Francoc, Alexandre Gagnona,
a Département de chimie, Université du Québec à Montréal, C.P. 8888, Succ. Centre-Ville, Montréal, Québec H3C 3P8, Canada
b Centre INRS-Armand Frappier, 531 boul. des Prairies, Laval, Québec H7V 1B7, Canada
c Facultad de Química, Departamento de Farmacia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Avenida Universidad 3000, Mexico City 04510, Mexico
A R T I C L E I N F O
A B S T R A C T
Keywords:
DNA methylation is an epigenetic modification that is performed by DNA methyltransferases (DNMTs) and that
leads to the transfer of a methyl group from S-adenosylmethionine (SAM) to the C5 position of cytosine. This
transformation results in hypermethylation and silencing of genes such as tumor suppressor genes. Aberrant
DNA methylation has been associated with the development of many diseases, including cancer. Inhibition of
DNMTs promotes the demethylation and reactivation of epigenetically silenced genes. NSC 106084 and 14778
have been reported to inhibit DNMTs in the micromolar range. We report herein the synthesis of NSC 106084
and 14778 and the evaluation of their DNMT inhibitory activity. Our results indicate that while commercial NSC
14778 is moderately active against DNMT1, 3A/3L and 3B/3L, resynthesized NSC 14778 is inactive under our
assay conditions. Resynthesized 106084 was also found to be inactive.
DNA methylation
DNA methyltransferases (DNMTs)
DNA methyltransferase Inhibitors (DNMTi)
NSC 106084
NSC 14778
DNA methylation is an epigenetic modification that leads to the
installation of a methyl group at the C5 position of cytosine on DNA and
that results in gene silencing.1 This process plays a critical role in the
regulation of gene expression, X-chromosome inactivation, genomic
imprinting, cell differentiation, development and aging.2 The methy-
lation of DNA is performed by DNA methyltransferases (DNMTs), a
class of epigenetic enzymes that catalyze the transfer of a methyl group
from the methyl donor S-adenosylmethionine (SAM) to the DNA,
mainly at CpG sites, producing 5-methylcytosine on DNA and S-ade-
nosylhomocystein (SAH).3 Five types of DNA methyltransferases have
been identified in humans: DNMT1, DNMT2, DNMT3A, DNMT3B, and
DNMT3L. DNMT1 performs the methylation of hemi-methylated DNA
and is responsible for copying the methylation pattern of the parental
strand to the daughter strand during DNA replication while DNMT3A
and 3B are responsible for de novo methylation of unmethylated DNA.
DNMT2, originally believed to be a DNA methyltransferase, actually
performs the methylation of tRNA. Finally, although DNMT3L is cata-
lytically inactive, it plays a crucial role by modulating the activity of
DNMT3A and 3B.
concomitant hypermethylation and silencing of promoter regions of
tumor suppressor genes.4 Aberrant DNA methylation patterns have also
been observed in many other diseases5 including psychiatric disorders,6
arthritis,7 amyotrophic lateral sclerosis,8 schizophrenia,9 dementia and
hearing loss,10 and central nervous system disorders.11 In addition,
DNA methylation has been found to have an important role in memory
formation,12 emotional behavior,13 and epigenetic programming in-
duced by maternal behavior.14 Contrary to genetic modifications,
which are irreversible, epigenetic changes such as DNA methylation are
dynamic and can be reversed by targeting DNA methyltransferases.15
Indeed, reports have shown that inhibition of DNMTs leads to de-
methylation and reactivation of epigenetically-silenced genes,16 thus
demonstrating the value of DNMTs in drug discovery.
Vidaza (1a) and Dacogen (1b) are nucleoside DNMT inhibitors that
have been approved by the FDA for the treatment of myelodysplastic
syndrome (MDS), acute myeloid leukaemia (AML) and chronic myelo-
monocytic leukaemia (CML) (Fig. 1).17 After being phosphorylated,
these drugs are incorporated into the DNA where they react sequen-
tially with the DNMT catalytic cysteine and then with SAM, resulting in
the deactivation of the enzyme through formation of an irreversible
complex that gets degraded by proteolysis. Although these drugs have
Dysregulation of DNA methylation processes has been observed in
many types of cancer, resulting in global DNA hypomethylation with
⁎ Corresponding author.
E-mail address: gagnon.alexandre@uqam.ca (A. Gagnon).
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bmcl.2019.01.022
Received 28 November 2018; Received in revised form 11 January 2019; Accepted 17 January 2019
0960-894X/©2019ElsevierLtd.Allrightsreserved.
Pleasecitethisarticleas:Leroy,M.,Bioorganic&MedicinalChemistryLetters,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bmcl.2019.01.022

M. Leroy et al.
Bioorganic&MedicinalChemistryLettersxxx(xxxx)xxx–xxx
Fig. 1. Selected DNMT inhibitors.
Fig. 2. NSC compounds reported as DNMT inhibitors.
demonstrated efficacy in the clinic, they suffer from several liabilities
such as high toxicity, low chemical and plasmatic stability,18 poor
pharmacokinetic profiles, poor selectivity and lack of efficacy on solid
tumors.19 Derivatives of Vidaza and Dacogen have been prepared to
improve their chemical stability, but these analogues also rely on DNA
incorporation to unfold their activity.20
starting points for hit-to-lead campaigns targeting DNMTs. Due to our
interest in the development of DNMT inhibitors, we initiated in 2011 a
program aimed at exploring the SAR of NSC 319745 (4). Although we
were unable to reproduce the DNMT inhibitory activity of this com-
pound under our assay conditions, our efforts led to the discovery of
phenol derivative (8) that inhibited DNMT3A with an IC50 of 36 μM.30
Recently, hydroxamic derivatives of NSC 319745 that showed dual
inhibition against HDAC and DNMTs were reported.31 NSC 137546 (5)
also served as a starting point for lead discovery, resulting in compound
9 which inhibited DNMT1 and 3A in a concentration-dependent
manner in the micromolar range.32 To the best of our knowledge, the
SAR of NSC 106084 (6) and 14778 (7) has never been explored. Even
though these compounds possess chemical scaffolds shared by several
PAINS33 such as a benzophenone in NSC 106084 that could potentially
act as a photoreactive moiety34 and a diphenolic methylene structure in
NSC 14778 that could lead to quinone methides, we felt that, once their
activity confirmed, these compounds could be suitably modified by
extensive SAR activities to remove or replace unwanted chemical fea-
tures that are associated with PAINS. Therefore, we would like to report
herein the synthesis of NSC 106084 and 14778 and the evaluation of
their DNMT inhibitory activity.
Several natural products have been reported to inhibit DNMTs.21
However, in addition to having low potency and poor pharmacokinetic
profiles, many of them operate via an unknown mode of action or show
pan-activity against other targets. Procainamide, procaine, and hy-
dralazine are drugs that have been approved for cardiac arrhythmias,
for local anesthesia and for treatment of hypertension, respectively.
Using a drug repurposing strategy, these compounds have been shown
to moderately inhibit DNMTs22 and lead optimization programs have
resulted in improvement of their DNMT inhibitory activity.23
RG-108 (2)24 and SGI-1027 (3),25 two of the most well character-
ized non-nucleoside DNMT inhibitors, are commonly utilized as re-
ference compounds in biochemical and cellular DNA methylation as-
says (Fig. 1). The activity of these compounds has been improved
through SAR studies.26 DNMT3A inhibitors with low micromolar po-
tency based on a quinazoline-quinoline scaffold which mimicks the
deoxycytidine substrate and the SAM cofactor have also been developed
using a rational approach.27 A limited number of other non-nucleoside
DNMT inhibitors with moderate potency have been reported.28 Despite
decades of work on DNA methyltransferases, Vidaza and Dacogen re-
main the only two approved drugs that target these epigenetic enzymes.
In light of the liabilities associated with current DNMT inhibitors, there
is an urgent need for novel small molecules that can modulate the ac-
tivity of DNMTs through reversible binding and that possess adequate
biophysical and pharmacokinetic properties, low toxicity, and good
chemical stability.
The synthesis of NSC 106084 (6) commenced with the formation of
acid chloride 11 by treatment of carboxylic acid 10 with oxalyl chloride
in the presence of a catalytic amount of DMF (Scheme 1). Reacting 11
with N-methoxy-N-methylamine hydrochloride salt in the presence of
triethylamine afforded the Weinreb amide 12 in 88% yield which was
then reacted with 4-methoxy-phenylmagnesium bromide to afford the
unsymmetrical diaryl ketone 13 in 96% yield. Demethylation of both
methyl ethers using boron tribromide quantitatively afforded bis-
phenol 14 which was then reacted with tert-butyl bromo acetate in
acetone in the presence of potassium carbonate to afford 15 in 93%
yield. Lastly, removal of both tert-butyl groups by treatment with excess
trifluoroacetic acid provided pure NSC 106084 (6) who's structure was
confirmed by X-ray diffraction analysis.
NSC 319745 (4), 137546 (5), 106084 (6) and 14778 (7) are DNMT
inhibitors that were discovered using a docking-based virtual screening
campaign of the National Cancer Institute (NCI) compound collection
(Fig. 2). These virtual screening hits showed 34%, 27%, 22% and 29%
inhibition against DNMT1 at 100 μM, respectively, in a 3H-SAM-based
biochemical assay.29 Of these, only NSC 14778 inhibited DNMT3B
(60% at 100 μM). These compounds were suggested to be potential
Methylene disalicylic acid 7 has previously been prepared by con-
densation of salicylic acid 16 with formaldehyde in the presence of
sulfuric acid.35 Fluoro,36 chloro,37 methyl and trifluoromethyl38 deri-
vatives have also been obtained using this approach. Compound 7 has
2

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Fig. 3. Full inhibition curves of resynthesized NSC 106084 (6) and SAH against
DNMT1 using a tritiated SAM-based assay.
difficult. To obtain sufficient quantities for characterization and biolo-
gical studies, we favored the development of an alternative synthetic
route over purification by preparative HPLC. In the event, all phenolic
and carboxylic acid groups in crude 7 were methylated by treatment
with excess iodomethane in refluxing acetone in the presence of po-
tassium carbonate to afford 17. Purification of 17 followed by se-
quential demethylation with boron tribromide and saponification with
lithium hydroxide afforded pure 7 who's structure was confirmed by X-
ray diffraction analysis on recrystallized material.
Scheme 1. Synthesis of NSC 106084 (6).
We then pursued with the evaluation of the DNMT inhibitory ac-
tivity of resynthesized NSC 106084 (6) and 14778 (7). In a previous
report, NSC 106084 was found to selectively inhibit DNMT1 over
DNMT3B with an IC50 of 212 μM.29 Under our assay conditions, re-
synthesized NSC 106084 (6) showed no DNMT inhibitory activity
against DNMT1 in a 3H-SAM-based assay at concentrations up to 1 mM
(Fig. 3). The validity of the assay was confirmed using SAH which gave
an IC50 of 0.6 μM against DNMT1.
We then evaluated the DNMT inhibitory activity of commercial and
resynthesized NSC 14778 (7) against DNMT1, 3A/3L and 3B/3L.
Interestingly, commercial NSC 14778 inhibited DNMT1, 3A/3L and 3B/
3L with IC50 values of 47, 1.4, and 45 μM, respectively (Fig. 4). These
values are in the same range as those previously reported (i.e. 92 and
17 μM against DNMT1 and 3B, respectively).29 To investigate the mode
of action of commercial NSC 14778 (7), we measured the IC50 against
DNMT3A/3L under increasing concentrations of SAM and oligonu-
cleotide and saw no changes in activity, suggesting that NSC 14778 is
not a SAM nor a DNA-competitor (Supplementary Fig. S3 and S4).
When commercial NSC 14778 was tested for possible DNA intercala-
tion, no effect was observed at up to 1 mM (Supplementary Fig. S7).
Evaluation of the binding affinity of commercial NSC 14778 to
DNMT3A/3L by surface plasmon resonance (SPR) showed that the
compound failed to reach a steady state (Supplementary Fig. S6). Be-
cause commercial NSC 14778 showed better potency against DNMT
3A/3L in our assay, we then tested our resynthesized NSC 14778 (7)
against DNMT 3A/3L and were surprised to see no inhibition at con-
centrations up to 1 mM (Fig. 4).
Scheme 2. Synthesis of NSC 14778 (7).
also been prepared by dehalogenation of methylene dichlorodisalicylic
acid via hydrogenation catalyzed by palladium on carbon.37b Another
approach for the preparation of methylene disalicylic acids involves the
condensation of salicylic acid methyl ester derivatives followed by sa-
ponification of the esters.39 The synthesis of NSC 14778 (7) was at-
tempted using a one-step procedure from the literature where salicylic
acid 16 is heated with formaldehyde in acetic acid in the presence of a
catalytic amount of fuming sulfuric acid (Scheme 2).40 However, in our
hand, this procedure failed to provide pure product 7 and purification
of this highly polar compound by silica gel chromatography proved
To better understand the discrepancy between the activity of com-
mercial and resynthesized NSC 14778 (7), we analyzed both samples by
3

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Fig. 4. DNMT inhibitory activity of commercial NSC 14778 against a) DNMT1; b) DNMT3A/3L; c) DNMT3B/3L and d) resynthesized NSC 14778 (7) against
DNMT3A/3L.
reverse phase HPLC (Fig. 5) and 1H NMR (Fig. 6) and observed that
while our resynthesized compound is > 95% pure, the commercial
material contains a very high number of impurities.
comes from a combination of impurities or from an impurity that
cannot be isolated by preparative HPLC.
In conclusion, synthetic routes were developed for the synthesis of
NSC 106084 (6) and NSC 14778 (7) and their structures were con-
firmed using X-ray diffraction analysis. Contrary to literature results,
under our assay conditions, pure resynthesized NSC 106084 showed no
activity against DNMT1. While commercial NSC 14778 showed mi-
cromolar activity against DNMT1, 3A/3L and 3B/3L, pure re-
synthesized NSC 14778 showed no DNMT inhibitory activity at up to
1 mM concentration. HPLC analysis of commercial NSC 14778 showed
that this compound contains a high number of impurities. The activity
of commercial NSC 14778 cannot be explained by differences in carbon
and hydrogen content, metal contaminants, or by any of its single
component. The activity of commercial NSC 14778 is thus believed to
come from an intractable impurity or a combination of species. These
results demonstrate the challenges inherent to the identification of non-
nucleoside small-molecule DNMT inhibitors, the variations that exist
between assays, the propensity of those assays to lead to false positives
with apparent acceptable full inhibition curves and the high relevance
of the purity of commercial samples in biological screenings. Further
work is in progress in our laboratory to identify the origin of the activity
of commercial NSC 14778 and results will be reported in due course.
Interestingly, the HPLC chromatogram and 1H NMR spectra of crude
NSC 14778 (7) obtained in Scheme 2 via a literature protocol40 was
found to be very similar to the commercial material. Therefore, we
evaluated the activity of crude resynthesized 7 against DNMT3A/3L but
saw no inhibitory activity. Elemental analysis of commercial, crude and
pure resynthesized NSC 14778 showed similar carbon and hydrogen
content, suggesting that the impurities are possibly chemically related
to NSC 14778 (Supplementary Table S11). Metal impurities are known
to cause false positives in high-throughput screening campaigns.41 To
determine if the activity of the commercial NSC 14778 sample could
derive from a metal impurity, we evaluated the metal content of com-
mercial and synthetic crude and pure samples by ICP-MS. However, no
significant difference was found between those three samples, ruling
out the possibility of metal interference in the biological assays
(Supplementary Table S12). Finally, purification of commercial NSC
14778 (7) by reverse phase preparative HPLC followed by lyophiliza-
tion of each fraction showed that every single constituent is inactive
towards DNMT 3A/3L. Altogether, our results suggest that the DNMT
inhibitory activity observed with commercial NSC 14778 (7) either
4

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Fig. 5. HPLC chromatogram of a) commercial NSC 14778; b) crude resynthesized NSC 14778; and c) purified resynthesized NSC 14778. Conditions: Agilent Eclipse
Plus C18 (3.5 mM, 4.6 × 100 mm), 0–100% acetonitrile in water (+0.06% TFA) over 20 min, absorbance measured at 230 nm.
Fig. 6. 1H NMR in methanol‑d4 of top) commercial NSC 14778; middle) resynthesized crude NSC 14778; bottom) resynthesized pure NSC14778.
5

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