General and selective palladium-catalyzed oxidative esterification of alcohols

Article abstract of DOI:10.1002/anie.201008035

Selectively esterified: Primary alcohols react with dioxygen as a benign oxidant in a palladium-catalyzed oxidative esterification (see scheme). The corresponding aldehydes and esters are formed highly selectively depending on the catalyst system. The reactions take place in the presence of commercially available ligands without the need for additional organic hydrogen acceptors. Copyright

Full text of DOI:10.1002/anie.201008035

DOI: 10.1002/anie.201008035
Oxidative Esterification
General and Selective Palladium-Catalyzed Oxidative Esterification of
Alcohols**
Saravanan Gowrisankar, Helfried Neumann, and Matthias Beller*
Dedicated to Professor Jae Nyoung Kim on the occasion of his 50th birthday
The development of new selective catalytic oxidations that
apply molecular oxygen in organic synthesis remains a
challenging task, which is of importance for chemical industry
as well as academic research.[1] Apart from oxidations of
olefins and alkynes, especially oxidative transformations of
easily available alcohols are of interest in this context.
In recent years, cascade sequences that use dehydrogen-
ation-functionalization reactions became a popular concept
for the selective activation of alcohols (Scheme 1).[2] Such
reactions have been named “hydrogen-borrowing method-
ology”[3] or “hydrogen autotransfer processes”[4]; they gen-
complexes by Milstein and co-workers.[6] Later on, Williams
and co-workers demonstrated the utility of [Ru-
(PPh3)3(CO)H2]/xantphos for the catalytic synthesis of
methyl esters from primary alcohols in the presence of
crotonitrile as hydrogen acceptor.[7] Similarly, Grꢀtzmacher
and co-workers observed oxidations to esters and carboxylic
acids using a cationic rhodium catalyst in the presence of a
hydrogen acceptor.[8] In addition, few iridium complexes are
known to catalyze this type of reaction.[9,10] Unfortunately, in
most cases stoichiometric amounts of organic by-products are
formed.
À
À
erate new C C or C N bonds with water as the only by-
Herein we report general catalytic oxidative cross-ester-
ifications of benzylic and aliphatic alcohols, which proceed
highly selectively under mild conditions with air as oxidant.[11]
To the best of our knowledge, no similar palladium-catalyzed
reactions are known to date (Scheme 2).
product.[5]
Scheme 2. Oxidative dimerization of alcohols to esters.
Our discovery is based on the recent development of
novel palladium-catalyzed arylations of primary alcohols with
aryl and heteroaryl halides.[12] While investigating the cou-
pling of 2-bromotoluene with n-butanol, we observed the
formation of n-butyl butyrate as side product depending on
the palladium catalyst system. Obviously, in this case the
corresponding aryl halide acted as the oxidation reagent that
produced stoichiometric amounts of unwanted toluene as by-
product.
Scheme 1. Proposed mechanism for dehydrogenative activation of
alcohols and subsequent functionalization.
However, so far relatively little work has been carried out
on similar oxidative transformations. An important milestone
in this context was the realization of oxidative esterifications
of primary alcohols in the presence of ruthenium pincer
Nevertheless, this transformation attracted our interest
and we studied the palladium-catalyzed reaction of benzyl
alcohol with and without methanol in the presence of air as
oxidant in more detail. As shown in Table 1 (entries 1 and 2),
in the presence of 2 mol% [Pd(OAc)2] without any ligand
only the well-known oxidation towards benzaldehyde oc-
curred in fair yield.[13] Using methanol as solvent and adding
K2CO3 as base led to some cross-esterification product (43%
methyl benzoate). However, the reaction proceeded in a
nonselective manner and the catalyst immediately turned
black (Table 1, entries 3–4).
[*] Dr. S. Gowrisankar, Dr. H. Neumann, Prof. Dr. M. Beller
Leibniz-Institut fꢀr Katalyse e.V. an der Universitꢁt Rostock
Albert-Einstein-Strasse 29a, 18059 Rostock (Germany)
Fax: (+49)381-1281-5000
E-mail: matthias.beller@catalysis.de
[**] This work has been funded by the State of Mecklenburg-Western
Pomerania, the BMBF, and the DFG (Leibniz Prize). We thank Drs.
W. Baumann, C. Fischer, R. Jackstell, and H. Klein, and S. Buchholz
(all LIKAT) for their support. We thank Prof. Aiwen Lei and his
students (University of Wuhan) for sharing information on their
work in this area.
To improve the stability and chemoselectivity of the
catalyst system, the influence of various ligands was inves-
Supporting information for this article is available on the WWW
under http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/anie.201008035.
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Communications
Table 1: Oxidative esterification of benzyl alcohol with and without
methanol: Influence of Pd catalyst systems.
nucleophilic phosphines bind more stably to the palladium
center compared to triarylphosphines, thereby preventing
agglomeration to palladium particles.
To our delight, a highly chemoselective oxidation (88%
yield of methyl benzoate, 2a) took place in the presence of
nBuP(1-adamantyl)2 (L3, cataCXiumA)[14] and AgPF6
(Table 1, entry 11). On the other hand, application of the
same ligand without AgPF6 using toluene as solvent gave
exclusively benzaldehyde in 84% yield (> 99% selectivity).
In this respect, it is interesting to note that Pd0 complexes of
cataCXiumA easily form the corresponding palladium–
peroxo complex in the presence of dioxygen at room temper-
ature.[15] However, this defined complex does not form any
oxidation products upon reaction with benzyl alcohol
(Scheme 4).
Entry
Additive
Ligand
Solvent[a,b]
Yield [%][d]
1a
2a
3a
1[e]
2[e]
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
MeOH
toluene
MeOH
toluene
MeOH
toluene
MeOH
toluene
MeOH
toluene
MeOH
toluene[c]
MeOH
toluene
MeOH
toluene
MeOH
toluene
MeOH
toluene
MeOH
toluene
2
–
–
43
–
65
–
55
–
46
–
88
–
27
–
5
–
81
–
33
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
20
–
33
–
–
–
46
–
85
–
69
–
35
–
40
–
–
50
10
62
14
49
4
–
5
4
–
84
–
–
5
–
–
–
AgPF6
AgPF6
AgPF6
AgPF6
AgPF6
AgPF6
AgBF4
AgNO3
Ag2O
–
L1
L2
L3
L4
L5
Scheme 4. Stoichiometric oxidative esterfication of benzylic alcohol by
PdII.
L3
L5
L3
L5
L3
L5
–
10
32
20
17
25
Notably, using 1,1’-bis(di-tert-butylphosphino)-o-xylene
(L5) as ligand and AgPF6, oxidative esterification proceeded
smoothly in toluene to give benzyl benzoate (3a) in 85%
yield (Table 1, entry 16). Hence, by switching from L3 to L5,
highly selective oxidations towards the aldehyde and the
different esters are achieved (Scheme 3). In Scheme 5 the
58
–
Reaction conditions: [a] Conditions a: 2 mol% Pd(OAc)2, 4mol% L1–
L5, 4 mol% silver salt, 50mol% K2CO3, 1 mL MeOH, 50–608C, 1 bar O2.
[b] Conditions b: 5 mol% [Pd(OAc)2], 5mol% L1–L5, 5 mol% silver salt,
120 mol% K2CO3, 1 mL toluene, 90–1008C, 1 bar O2. [c] 5 mol%
[Pd(OAc)2], 5 mol% L3, 30 mol% K2CO3, 1 mL toluene, 808C. [d] 18–
20 h, GC yield. [e] No base was added.
tigated in more detail in the presence of different silver salts.
From a study of more than 15 different ligands (Scheme 3; see
also the Supporting Information) bulky mono- and bidentate
ligands L3 and L5 turned out to perform best in the model
reaction. There were two reasons for our decision to use this
type of ligands, especially with adamantyl substituents:
Firstly, adamantyl-substituted phosphine groups are in gen-
eral quite air-stable and can be handled conveniently and
even be exposed to air for some time. Secondly, such bulky
Scheme 5. Proposed mechanism of the oxidative esterification.
proposed mechanism for these different reaction pathways is
shown: the ligated PdII complex of benzyl alcohol A will
undergo b-hydride elimination to form benzaldehyde and B.
Reoxidation of complex B forms the active Pd catalyst again.
Depending on the reaction conditions, benzaldehyde can
be oxidized further via hemiacetal C, which subsequently
undergoes a second palladium-catalyzed oxidation to give
ester D and B. Finally, B is reoxidized by dioxygen. It should
Scheme 3. Ligands (L) tested in Pd-catalyzed oxidative esterfications.
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Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2011, 50, 5139 –5143

be noted that after the reaction also the oxidized ligand is
detected by 31P NMR spectroscopy.[16]
88%). Similarly, substituted benzyl alcohols and heterobenzyl
alcohols gave the corresponding methyl esters in good yield
(Table 2, entries 9–18).
Next, the oxidative homocoupling of different benzyl and
heterobenzyl alcohols was performed with the optimized
catalyst system that comprises [Pd(OAc)2] and 1,1’-bis(di-tert-
butylphosphino)-o-xylene (L5, Scheme 6). Indeed, the corre-
To demonstrate the general applicability of the [Pd-
(OAc)2]/cataCXium A system, various benzylic alcohols were
tested in cross-esterification reactions with methanol and
other aliphatic alcohols. In general, catalytic experiments
were done in the presence of 2 mol% of Pd and 4 mol% of
ligand at 50–608C under dioxygen atmosphere. As shown in
Table 2, benzyl alcohol reacts smoothly with methanol,
[D4]methanol, ethanol, and 1,1,1-trifluoroethanol; these reac-
tions give the desired products in high yields (Table 2,
entries 1–4; 71–86%). Notably, also less reactive, higher
alcohols such as n-propanol, n-butanol, n-pentanol, n-hexanol
give the desired products in moderate to good yields (52–
Table 2: Oxidative cross-esterification of benzyl alcohols.[a]
Entry Substrate
Product
Cond.[a] Yield
[%][b,d]
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
R=Me
R=CD3
R=Et
R=CH2CF3
R=n-propyl
R=nBu
R=n-pentyl
R=n-hexyl
a
a
a
a
b
c
86(80)[c]
83
81
71
53
52
88
82
Scheme 6. Oxidative “self”-esterification of benzylic alcohols (reaction
conditions: 5 mol% Pd(OAc)2, 5 mol% L5, 5 mol% AgPF6, 120 mol%
K2CO3, toluene, 1108C, 1 bar O2). Yields refer to isolated products.
[a] Reaction carried out on a 1 gram scale.
b
b
sponding benzoate esters are formed in 60–85% yield. There
is no real trend of the catalyst performance depending on the
electronic structure of the substrates. Finally, we demon-
strated that oxidative homocoupling reactions are also
possible with aliphatic alcohols as shown in Scheme 7. In
9
10
R=nBu
R=n-hexyl
b
b
85
69
11
12
R=nBu
R=n-pentyl
b
b
82
60
13
14
R=Me
R=n-propyl
b
b
75
54
Scheme 7. Oxidative homocoupling of 1-octanol to octyl octanoate.
15
16
a
a
63
84
preliminary experiments with 1-octanol, the desired ester is
formed in 72% yield at slightly higher temperatures (1008C).
In conclusion, we have developed new palladium-cata-
lyzed oxidative esterification reactions of primary alcohols
with dioxygen as benign oxidant. Depending on the catalyst
system, highly selective formation of the corresponding
aldehydes or esters is observed. Both oxidative homocoupling
reactions as well as cross-esterifications of benzyl alcohols
with various aliphatic alcohols proceed under mild conditions
(50–1008C, 1 bar oxygen) to give the corresponding esters
with water as the only side-product.
17
18
a
61
72
b
[a] Reaction conditions a: 2 mol% Pd(OAc)2, 4 mol% L3, 4 mol%
AgPF6, 50 mol% K2CO3, 3 mL ROH, 50–608C, 1 bar O2. Conditions b:
5 mol% [Pd(OAc)2], 5 mol% L3, 10 mol% AgPF6, 100 mol% K2CO3,
3 mL ROH, 808C, 1 bar O2. Conditions c: 5 mol% Pd(OAc)2, 5 mol% L3,
10 mol% AgPF6, 120 mol% K2CO3, 1 mL nBuOH, 808C, 4 bar O2.
[b] Yield of isolated product. [c] Reaction carried out on a 1 gram scale.
[d] 20–40 h, complete consumption of starting material as monitored by
TLC and GC–MS analysis.
Notably, these novel atom-efficient and selective oxida-
tion methods take place in the presence of commercially
available ligands without the need of additional organic
hydrogen acceptors.
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Communications
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Experimental Section
General procedure for oxidative “cross”-esterifications: An oven-
dried 10 mL vial tube was charged with [Pd(OAc)2] (12 mg,
0.050 mmol, 2 mol%), ligand L3 (39 mg, 0.108 mmol, 4 mol%),
AgPF6 (27 mg, 0.108 mmol,
4 mol%), and K2CO3 (186 mg,
1.35 mmol, 0.5 equiv). The vial tube was sealed with a septum,
evacuated and refilled with oxygen. Methanol (3 mL) and benzyl
alcohol (300 mg, 2.70 mmol, 1.0 equiv), were added by a syringe. The
reaction mixture was stirred at 50–608C for 20 h in the presence of an
oxygen balloon. After cooling to room temperature, the reaction
mixture was diluted with water and extracted with 50 mL of ethyl
acetate. The combined organic layers were subsequently concen-
trated and the crude product was purified by flash chromatography.
General procedure for oxidative “self” esterification of benzylic
alcohols: In an oven-dried 10 mL round-bottom flask, [Pd(OAc)2]
(31 mg, 0.139 mmol,
5 mol%), ligand L5 (55 mg, 0.139 mmol,
5 mol%), AgPF6 (33 mg, 0.139 mmol, 5 mol%), K2CO3 (458 mg,
3.32 mmol, 1.2 equiv), and benzyl alcohol (300 mg, 2.77 mmol,
1.0 equiv) were dissolved in 6 mL of toluene. The round-bottom
flask was fitted with a condenser. The reaction mixture was stirred at
1008C for 20 h in the presence of an oxygen balloon. After cooling to
room temperature, the reaction mixture was diluted with water and
extracted with 50 mL of ethyl acetate. The combined organic layers
were subsequently concentrated and the crude product was purified
by flash chromatography.
Received: December 20, 2010
Published online: April 26, 2011
Keywords: alcohols · aldehydes · esters · oxidative esterification ·
.
palladium
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