Formation of an unsymmetrical dinuclear ruthenium complex with μ-H, μ-OH, and μ-κ2-CO2 bridges and multiple reactive sites

Article abstract of DOI:10.1002/anie.200501335

(Chemical Equation Presented) Holding on to hydrido: The reactivity of the asymmetric dinuclear ruthenium species 1, which is bridged by three different ligands, is studied. It undergoes ligand-exchange reactions, dehydration with protic acids, and decarb

Full text of DOI:10.1002/anie.200501335

Angewandte
Chemie
Organometallic Chemistry
DOI: 10.1002/anie.200501335
Formation of an Unsymmetrical Dinuclear
Ruthenium Complex with m-H, m-OH, and m-k2-
CO2 Bridges and Multiple Reactive Sites**
Yasuhiro Arikawa, Shuichi Nagae, Jun-ichi Morishita,
Katsuma Hiraki, and Masayoshi Onishi*
Hydrido ruthenium species and their organometallic deriva-
tives play important roles as chemically active intermediates
in the key steps of numerous catalytic reactions.[1] Judicious
design and syntheses of model compounds for these processes
have contributed to the rapid development of organoruthe-
nium chemistry. We have exploited some versatile hydrido
(phosphine)transition-metal compounds to obtain useful
highly reactive catalysts[1,2] and to investigate the structural
characteristics and chemical reactivities of organometallic
intermediates derived from them through the incorporation
of organic substrates, such as alkenes, alkynes, nitriles, and
allylic compounds.[3] In the course of these studies, we treated
ethanol solutions of some chloro(carbonyl)(phosphine) ruth-
enium(ii)complexes [RuCl 2(CO)n(PR3)m] with a large excess
of concentrated aqueous KOH solution, and from the
reactions of the PMe3 complexes, we succeeded in isolating
and characterizing of an unprecedented dinuclear ruthenium
complex with m-H, m-OH, and m-k2-CO2 bridges.[4] In contrast
to this result, Lavigne and co-workers have described that
reactions of the halo(carbonyl)ruthenium(ii)complex
[RuCl2(CO)3(thf)] with methanolic solutions of KOH result
in the formation of a hydroxycarbonyl species [RuCl2(CO)2-
{C(O)OH}]À, and that subsequent thermal decarboxylation
gives a transient hydride “[RuCl2(H)(CO)2]À”.[5] Our isolated
dinuclear species is bridged not only by hydrido but also by
hydroxo and k2-O,C- carbon dioxide ligands. Herein we
report the synthesis of this complex and its chemical reactivity
towards neutral monodentate donor molecules (i.e. Lewis
bases), protic acids, and molecular iodine.
[*] Dr. Y. Arikawa, S. Nagae, J.-i. Morishita, Prof. Dr. K. Hiraki,
Prof. Dr. M. Onishi
Department of Applied Chemistry
Faculty of Engineering
Nagasaki University
Bunkyo-machi 1-14, Nagasaki 852-8521 (Japan)
Fax: (+81)95-819-2684
E-mail: onishi@net.nagasaki-u.ac.jp
[**] This work was supported by a Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research on
Priority Areas(No. 16033101, “Reaction Control of Dynamic
Complexes”) from the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports,
Science and Technology, Japan. We are grateful to Dr. Y. Esumi and
Dr. M. Hoshino in the Institute of Physical and Chemical Research
for assistance in mass spectrometry. We also thank Mr. K. Nishida
and Mr. M. Okada in this Department for their technical assistance.
Supporting information for thisarticle isavailable on the WWW
under http://www.angewandte.org or from the author.
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Treatment of cis,cis,trans-[RuCl2(CO)2(PMe3)2] with
bond length (2.089(9)Š)is comparable to that found in the
only other structurally characterized metallacyclic CO2-
bridged diruthenium complex [{Ru(CO)2}2{m-k2-C(O)O}{m-
(iPrO)2PN(Et)P(OiPr)2}2],[7a] but the Ru2-O2 bond
100 equivalents of KOH (10m aqueous solution)in refluxing
ethanol was found to afford [{Ru(CO)(PMe3)2}2(m-H)(m-
OH){m-k2-C(O)O}] (1)as yellow brown powder in 59%
yield (Scheme 1). The structural assignment of 1 was per-
formed by an X-ray diffraction study of single crystals grown
from benzene/hexane (Figure 1).[6]
À
(2.105(5)Š) of 1 is shorter. The C O bond length of
1.248(10)Š for the noncoordinated carboxyl oxygen atom
À
(O3), that is, the carbonyl oxygen, is shorter than the other C
À
O bond (C1 O2 1.320(10)Š)in the CO 2 ligand. The Ru1-P2
À
bond (2.402(2)Š)is the longest of the Ru P bonds in 1. The
O···O separation of 2.758(8)Š between the hydroxo oxygen
(O1)and neighboring non-coordinated carbonyl oxygen (O3)
atoms indicates the presence of intermolecular hydrogen
bonding.
The IR spectrum of 1 shows two n(CO)bands at 1920 and
1906 cmÀ1, together with a broad n(OH)band near 3390 cm À1
which arises from the intermolecular hydrogen-bonding. The
31P{1H} NMR spectrum displays four non-equivalent signals at
d = 16.1, 3.81, 0.21, and À18.4 ppm with multiple mutual
couplings. In the 1H NMR spectrum, a diagnostically split
signal for the bridging hydrido atom which couples with these
phosphorus atoms is observed at d = À11.2 ppm, in addition
to a broad signal (d = À0.61 ppm)for the hydroxo proton. The
latter signal diminished on addition of D2O to the NMR
sample. In the 13C{1H} NMR spectrum, the bridging CO2
carbon atom resonated at d = 205 ppm and shows a large
trans-phosphine coupling, in addition the spectrum also shows
two lowfield resonances for the CO ligands. The FAB-MS
spectrum supported the formulation of 1.
Scheme 1. Synthesis of 1.
While a similar reaction of the isomeric trans,trans,trans-
[RuCl2(CO)2(PMe3)2] failed to afford 1, the use of another
related ruthenium complex trans-[RuCl2(CO)(PMe3)3] gave
rise to 1 in a low yield (4%). Thus, employment of
cis,cis,trans-[RuCl2(CO)2(PMe3)2] was essential for the suc-
cessful isolation of the triply bridged diruthenium complex 1,
as the use of cis,cis,trans-stereoisomers with other phosphines
PR3 did not yield similar dinuclear complexes with the
exception of R3 = Me2Ph, where formation of the correspond-
ing dinuclear compound was detected in the solution, but it
could not be isolated owing to its high instability. Use of a
large excess of highly concentrated aqueous KOH solution
was also a crucial factor in the successful formation of 1. A
reasonable mechanistic rationalization for the formation of 1
would involve initial generation of the five-coordinated
hydroxycarbonyl species [RuCl{C(O)OH}(CO)(PMe3)2], fol-
lowed by its intermolecular unsymmetrical association as a
dimer through two hydroxycarbonyl groups. Decarboxylation
of one group and deprotonation of the other group would
afford the m-H and asymmetric m-k2-O,C-CO2 bridges, respec-
tively.[10] A similar formation mechanism has been suggested
by Lavigne and co-workers in the reaction of [RuCl2(CO)3-
(thf)] with Et4NOH to form polymeric carbonyl- and
chloride-bridged diruthenium polyanions.[5b]
Figure 1. ORTEP diagram of complex 1 (thermal ellipsoids set at 50%
probability). Selected bond lengths[Š] and angles[ 8]: Ru1-Ru2
2.788(1), Ru1-P1 2.282(2), Ru1-P2 2.402(2), Ru2-P3 2.273(3), Ru2-P4
2.312(3), Ru1-O1 2.089(5), Ru2-O1 2.089(5), Ru1-C1 2.089(9), Ru2-O2
2.105(5), O2-C1 1.320(10), O3-C1 1.248(10); O2-C1-O3 119.3(8).
The molecule consists of two [Ru(CO)(PMe3)2] units
bridged by hydrido, hydroxo, and additionally k2-O,C-carbon
dioxide ligands, resulting in an asymmetric dinuclear struc-
ture. Although some other dinuclear complexes containing
CO2 in a similar unsymmetrical bridging mode have been
reported,[7] such a triply bridged dinuclear species is unpre-
cedented. The geometry around each ruthenium atom is
approximately octahedral. The coordinated carbon and
oxygen atoms in the k2-O,C-CO2 ligand are trans to a PMe3
ligand (P2 of Ru1)and the CO ligand (of Ru2), respectively.
The CO ligand of Ru1 and the PMe3 (P3)ligand of Ru2
conform to the “A-frame” structure imposed by the bridging
hydroxo group. Moreover, two positions trans to the bridging
hydrido group are occupied by two PMe3 ligands. Compound
À
1 has 34 cluster valence electrons with a typical Ru Ru single
To examine the chemistry of the reactive sites in 1, its
reactivities toward neutral monodentate donor molecules
were tested (Scheme 2). Treatment of 1 with excess tBuNC or
CO in benzene gave rise to [{Ru2(CO)2(PMe3)3(L)}(m-H)(m-
OH){m-k2-C(O)O}] (L = tBuNC (2a)and CO ( 2b)), respec-
tively. Both 31P{1H} NMR spectra of 2a and 2b show a
disappearance of the highest-field signal (d = À18.4 ppm)of
bond of 2.788(1)Š. [8] The hydrido atom was located in a
difference electron density map, but unfortunately its position
was not refined. Bond lengths between the bridging hydroxo
oxygen atom and two ruthenium atoms (Ru1-O1 2.089(5),
Ru2-O1 2.089(5)) fall within the range of normal hydroxo
bridge bonds in dinuclear complexes.[9] Whereas the Ru1-C1
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[8]
À
typical Ru Ru single bonds. FAB-MS and elemental
analyses confirm the formulation.
When 1 was treated with HBArF4 (ArF4 = 3,5-C6H3(CF3)2)
at À788C, four new signals were detected in the 31P{1H} NMR
spectrum, these are at d = 17.1, 5.36–4.39 ppm (overlap of two
signals), and d = À14.0 ppm, and the 1H NMR spectrum
showed the multiplet hydride signal at d = À11.4 ppm along
with methyl protons of PMe3 and aryl protons of BArF . The
4
ESI-MS spectrum exhibited a parent peak at m/z 626 ascribed
to [1+H]+. Although complete purification of this product
was unsuccessful due to its low stability in solution, these data
probably indicate generation of an H2O-bridged species
[{Ru(CO)(PMe3)2}2(m-H)(m-OH2){m-k2-C(O)O}]BArF
(3’),
4
which would be the intermediate leading to 3a and 3b.
Unfortunately, the m-OH2 protons were not detectable even at
1
À608C in the H NMR spectrum.
Treatment of 1 with I2 at room temperature for 23 h
afforded [{Ru(CO)(PMe3)2}2(m-H)(m-I)2]I (4)in 66% yield
(Scheme 2). The 31P{1H} NMR spectrum exhibited only two
multiplet signals, indicating a higher symmetry in 4 than 1. A
triplet of triplet signal of the hydrido ligand of 4 supports the
presence of two pairs of PMe3 ligands. Cooling the acetone
solution of 4 afforded yellow crystals suitable for X-ray
diffraction analysis.
Scheme 2. Reactionsof 1 with variousreagents. a) tBuNC or CO,
b) benzoic acid or p-toluic acid, c) I2.
1
the four observed for 1, and in the H NMR spectrum the
resonances of the hydrido ligands were detected as doublet of
doublet of doublet signals (d = À11.0 (2a), À10.9 ppm (2b)).
Furthermore, the IR spectra of 2a and 2b show additional
strong bands arising from n(CN)at 2148 and n(CO)at
2018 cmÀ1.
The crystal structure of 4 (Figure 2)[14] which has a
crystallographic two-fold axis verified the presence of two
{Ru(CO)(PMe3)2} units symmetrically bridged by two iodide
Yellow crystals of 2a were obtained and the molecular
structure was determined by single-crystal X-ray structural
analysis.[11] Complex 2a has a similar framework to 1, despite
the use of excess tBuNC only the PMe3 ligand situated trans to
the bridging CO2 carbon atom is selectively displaced by a
tBuNC ligand. In contrast to this result, some hydrido-bridged
dinuclear complexes have been reported to react with tBuNC
to give m-formimidoyl derivatives.[12] Moreover, it is noted
that treatment of 1 with CO gas also resulted in displacement
of the PMe3 ligand at the same position (based on the 31P{1H}
and 1H NMR spectra)to give 2b.
Figure 2. ORTEP diagram of complex 4 (thermal ellipsoids set at 50%
probability). Selected bond lengths[Š]: Ru1-Ru1* 2.8955(8), Ru1-I1
2.7644(5), Ru1*-I1 2.7817(5), Ru1-P1 2.338(2), Ru1-P2 2.293(2).
The reaction of 1 with benzoic acid as a protic acid was
carried out to give [{Ru(CO)(PMe3)2}2(m-H)(m-k2-O2CPh){m-
k2-C(O)O}] (3a)in 49% yield (Scheme 2). The 31P{1H} NMR
spectrum shows similar signal pattern arising from four non-
equivalent phosphorus atoms, indicating the framework of 3a
and one hydrido ligands, accompanied by a counterion IÀ.
The hydrido atom was located in a difference electron density
map, but unfortunately its position was not refined, however
1
is analogous to that of 1. In the H NMR spectrum, the aryl
protons, the methyl protons of the PMe3 groups, and the
hydride are detected but there is no signal from the hydroxo
proton. The p-toluic derivative [{Ru(CO)(PMe3)2}2(m-H)(m-
k2-O2CC6H4Me){m-k2-C(O)O}] (3b)was also isolated in 77%
yield from reaction with p-toluic acid under the same
conditions, and the molecular structure of the monohydrate
of 3b was revealed by X-ray crystallographic analysis.[13]
Complex 3b consists of two [Ru(CO)(PMe3)2] units con-
nected by hydrido, k2-O,C-CO2, and a new arylcarboxylato
bridge. During this reaction, the configuration of the dinu-
clear structure remains intact. The bond lengths of 3b are
1
its presence was confirmed by the H NMR spectrum (see
À
Supporting Information). The Ru1 Ru1* distance of
2.8955(8)Š,which clearly indicates the presence of a metal–
metal single bond,[8] is slightly longer than that of similar
[15]
complex [{Ru(CO)(PPh3)2}2(m-H)(m-Cl)2]BF4 (2.842(1)Š).
The cationic structure of [{Ru(CO)(PMe3)2}2(m-H)(m-I)2]+
was also confirmed by the observation of the parent ion
[MÀ1]+ at m/z 817 in the positive ESI mass spectrum
(acetone).
Interestingly, when 1 was treated with molecular iodine I2
in dilute acetone solutions for only 30 min, the intermediate
[{Ru(CO)(PMe3)2}2(m-H)(m-OH)(m-I)]I (4’)was detected
À
comparable to those of 1, except for the elongation of the Ru
Ru bond to 3.0160(5)Š, which is still within the range of
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Communications
Matsuda, I. Takaki, K. Hiraki, S. Oishi, Bull. Chem. Soc. Jpn.
1989, 62, 2963 – 2967.
with a small amount of 4 on the basis of NMR spectroscopy
and ESI mass spectra. This result indicates that the mecha-
nism of formation in the initial I2 oxidation involves the
release of CO2 in 1 and coordination of IÀ to the resulting
vacant site generating the intermediate 4’. Further reaction of
the bridging OH group of 4’ with another mole of I2 would
proceed to produce 4. However, isolation of 4’ failed owing to
its facile conversion into 4 during the separation procedures.
In conclusion, we have isolated the novel dinuclear
species 1 that is bridged by hydrido, hydroxo, and k2-O,C-
CO2, and which has multiple reactive sites. With tBuNC and
CO 1 undergoes simple ligand replacement of one PMe3
molecule to give 2a and 2b, respectively. The reactions with
protic acids (benzoic and p-toluic acid)afford arylcarboxylato
bridging complexes (3a and 3b)in reactions that proceed
through the selective protonation on the hydroxo ligand. A
[3] a)H. Kawano, Y. Nishimura, M. Onishi, Dalton Trans. 2003,
1808 – 1812; b)H. Kawano, H. Narimatsu, D. Yamamoto, K.
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[4] Reactions of [RuCl2(CO)2(PMe3)2] with NaBH4 in alcohol have
resulted in mononuclear hydrido complexes, [RuCl(H)(CO)2-
(PMe3)2] and [Ru(H)2(CO)2(PMe3)2]: a)M. P. Waugh, R. J.
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3710.
similar result was also observed in the reaction with HBArF .
4
On the other hand, for the reaction of 1 with I2, oxidative
addition occurred to afford the decarboxylated complex 4 via
the intermediate 4’. Further investigations on other chemical
reactivities of 1 are underway.
[6] a)Crystal data for 1: C15H37O5P4Ru2 (Mr = 623.49); monoclinic,
P21/n (No. 14), a = 11.663(5), b = 12.589(3), c = 18.762(2)Š, b =
103.024(2)8, V= 2683(1)Š 3, Z = 4, 1calcd = 1.543 gcmÀ3
,
R
(Rw) = 0.133 (0.137), GOF = 1.19 for 235 variables and 5947
unique reflections (all data).[6b] For crystallographic details, see
Supporting Information; b)CCDC-268894 to 268897 contain the
supplementary crystallographic data for this paper. These data
can be obtained free of charge from the Cambridge Crystallo-
graphic Data Centre via www.ccdc.cam.ac.uk/data_request/cif.
[7] a)J. S. Field, R. J. Haines, J. Sundermeyer, S. F. Woollam, J.
Chem. Soc. Dalton Trans. 1993, 2735 – 2748; b)D. H. Gibson,
Chem. Rev. 1996, 96, 2063 – 2095; c)D. H. Gibson, B. A. Sleadd,
M. S. Mashuta, J. F. Richardson, Organometallics 1997, 16,
4421 – 4427; d)D. H. Gibson, Y. Ding, J. G. Andino, M. S.
Mashuta, J. F. Richardson, Organometallics 1998, 17, 5178 –
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11200 – 11201.
[8] R. J. Haines in Comprehensive Organometallic Chemistry II,
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Lin, J. Organomet. Chem. 2002, 658, 117 – 125.
Experimental Section
Details on the syntheses as well as full spectroscopic characterization
of 1–4 are given in the Supporting Information.
1: An aqueous 10m KOH solution (76 mL, 760 mmol)was added
to an ethanol solution (230 mL)of cis,cis,trans-[RuCl2(CO)2(PMe3)2]
(2.9 g, 7.6 mmol). The mixture was heated under reflux for 24 h and
the resulting red brown solution was concentrated to one-third of its
original volume to produce red brown oil. The supernatant colorless
solution was then removed and the oily product was dried in vacuo.
The residue was extracted with benzene and addition of hexane
precipitated a yellow brown powder of 1 (1.4 g, 59%). 1H NMR
(C6D6, 400 MHz): d = 1.51 (d, J = 9.4 Hz, PMe3), 1.30 (d, J = 9.9 Hz,
PMe3), 1.26 (d, J = 9.8 Hz, PMe3), 1.15 (d, J = 6.0 Hz, PMe3), À0.61 (s,
m-OH), À11.2 ppm (m, m-H); 31P{1H} NMR (C6D6; 162 MHz): d =
16.1 (d, J = 26 Hz, PMe3), 3.81 (dd, J = 11, 41 Hz, PMe3), 0.21 (dd, J =
26, 41 Hz, PMe3), À18.4 ppm (d, J = 11 Hz, PMe3); 13C{1H} NMR
(C6D6; 100 MHz): d = 207 (dd, J = 7.9, 16 Hz, CO), 205 (br, d, J =
102 Hz, CO2), 204 (t, J = 14 Hz, CO), 20.3 (d, J = 31 Hz, PMe3), 19.4
(d, J = 27 Hz, PMe3), 18.9 (d, J = 16 Hz, PMe3), 15.8 ppm (d, J =
ꢀ
27 Hz, PMe3). IR (KBr, pellet): n˜ = n(OH)3390 (br); n(C O)1920
(s), 1906 (s); 951 (m) cmÀ1. FAB-MS (m/z): 626 ([M+1]+), 581
([MÀCO2À1]+), 505 ([MÀCO2ÀPMe3À1]+). Elemental analysis (%)
calcd for C15H38O5P4Ru2: C 28.97, H 6.60; found: C 28.85, H 6.13.
[10] A probable mechanistic scheme is given in the Supporting
Information.
¯
[11] Crystal data for 2a: C17H37NO5P3Ru2 (Mr = 630.54); cubic, Pa3
(No. 205), a = 26.0919(3)Š, V= 17763.0(4)Š 3, Z = 24, 1calcd
=
1.415 gcmÀ3
, R (Rw) = 0.073 (0.096), GOF = 1.90 for 253
Received: April 18, 2005
Published online: July 26, 2005
variables and 6787 unique reflections (all data).[6b] For ORTEP
diagram and crystallographic details, see Supporting Informa-
tion.
Keywords: carbon dioxide · carbonyl complexes·
.
[12] a)F. J. García Alonso, M. García Sanz, V. Riera, A. Anillo Abril,
A. Tiripicchio, F. Ugozzoli, Organometallics 1992, 11, 801 – 808;
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Muir, Dalton Trans. 2004, 2708 – 2719; c)C. M. Alvarez, M. A.
Alvarez, M. E. García, A. Ramos, M. A. Ruiz, M. Lanfranchi, A.
Tiripicchio, Organometallics 2005, 24, 7 – 9.
hydrido species · hydroxides · ruthenium
[1] a)T. Naota, H. Takaya, S.-I. Murahashi, Chem. Rev. 1998, 98,
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[13] Crystal data for 3b·H2O: C23H35O7P4Ru2 (Mr = 749.56); mono-
clinic, P21/c (No. 14), a = 17.586(2), b = 11.408(2), c =
17.5779(3)Š, b = 103.0707(4)8, V= 3435.0(8)Š 3, Z = 4, 1calcd
=
1.449 gcmÀ3
, R (Rw) = 0.075 (0.101), GOF = 0.91 for 337
variables and 7523 unique reflections (all data).[6b] For ORTEP
diagram and crystallographic details, see Supporting Informa-
tion.
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[14] Crystal data for 4: C14H37O2P4Ru2I3 (Mr = 944.19); monoclinic,
C2/c (No. 15), a = 14.661(1), b = 18.278(2), c = 14.1796(4)Š, b =
108.356(1)8, V= 3606.3(5)Š 3, Z = 4, 1calcd = 1.739 gcmÀ3
, R
(Rw) = 0.061 (0.089), GOF = 1.32 for 114 variables and 4045
unique reflections (all data).[6b] For crystallographic details, see
Supporting Information.
[15] R. A. Sꢁnchez-Delgado, U. Thewalt, N. Valencia, A. Andriollo,
R.-L. Mꢁrquez-Silva, J. Puga, H. Schꢂllhorn, H.-P. Klein, B.
Fontal, Inorg. Chem. 1986, 25, 1097 – 1106.
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