Complexation-induced translational isomerism: Shuttling through stepwise competitive binding

Article abstract of DOI:10.1002/anie.200501761

Shuttle service: Progressive binding of a transition-metal ion to a peptide station (highlighted in green in the picture) displaces the macrocycle (blue) to an alternative station (orange) in a hydrogen-bonded molecular shuttle. (Chemical Equation Present

Full text of DOI:10.1002/anie.200501761

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response to an external trigger[3,4]—a key requirement for
developing mechanical molecular devices based on such
architectures[4]—remain rare. Competitive substrate binding
is often used to bring about conformational changes that elicit
function in biological “machines”[5] and has been successfully
utilized in artificial host–guest systems,[6] chemical sensing,[7]
and molecular Boolean logic operations.[8] However, as the
macrocycle–thread interactions in a rotaxane are normally
chosen so as to maximize the efficiency of the template
mechanism, it is difficult to find competitive binders that can
effectively disrupt these threaded and inherently self-organ-
ized complementary networks.[9,10] One elegant solution[11] to
this problem is to utilize the preferred binding geometries of
different metal d-orbital configurations (e.g. tetrahedral
CuI!five-coordinate CuII or ZnII) in transition-metal-based
molecular shuttles.[12,13] Here we report an alternative solu-
tion, which does not involve a change in metal ion or
oxidation state but uses the binding of a transition metal to
move a macrocycle in a hydrogen-bonded molecular shuttle.
Coordination of CuII or CdII ions to a bis(2-picolyl)amino
(BPA)-derivatized glycine “station”, followed by deprotona-
tion of the adjacent amide group progressively wraps up the
peptide station which leads to displacement of the macrocycle
to an intrinsically weaker hydrogen-bonding site. In the case
of CuII, the change in binding mode perturbs sensitive
transitions within the d orbitals and the change in position
of the shuttle is consequently accompanied by a color change.
The new shuttling strategy evolved out of the chance
observation of an unusual controlled stepwise binding
sequence of CuII ions to a multidentate ligand. Whilst
attempting to develop methodology for the attachment of
paramagnetic metal ions to macrocycles in rotaxanes, we
prepared ligand H1,[14,15] which features a glycine residue
substituted with two picoline units at its N terminus. Addition
of CuCl2·2H2O to H1 in CH3CN led to the formation of
H1CuCl2, light blue crystals of which separated from the
saturated liquors and gave the X-ray crystal structure shown
in Figure 1a.[16] Cooling the solution of H1CuCl2 to ꢀ208C in
the presence of an additional half-equivalent of CuCl2·2H2O
resulted in the deposition of large emerald-green crystals[17] of
[H1CuCl]2[CuCl4] on the walls of the flask which yielded the
crystal structure shown in Figure 1b. Addition of one
equivalent of NaH to solutions of either H1CuCl2 or [H1-
(CuCl)]2[CuCl4] in N,N-dimethylformamide led to a third
type of BPA–CuII complex as lime-green crystals of 1CuCl
(Figure 1c). The binding of the CuII ion—from the initial
tridentate chelation of CuCl2 to the BPA moiety in H1CuCl2,
to loss of a Clꢀ ligand and coordination to the carbonyl
oxygen of the amide group in [H1CuCl]+, and finally
exchange of the carbonyl group for the nitrogen atom upon
deprotonation of the amide group in 1CuCl—results in
progressive wrapping of the peptide unit around the metal
(Figure 1).[18] We reasoned that integration of this stepwise
changing coordination motif into a macrocycle-binding site in
a peptide-based molecular shuttle might permit the complex-
ation-controlled translocation of the macrocycle from one
station to another.
Rotaxanes
DOI: 10.1002/anie.200501761
Complexation-Induced Translational Isomerism:
Shuttling through Stepwise Competitive
Binding**
Dana S. Marlin, Diego Gonzµlez Cabrera,
David A. Leigh,* and Alexandra M. Z. Slawin
Although many carefully designed rotaxane-forming reac-
tions have been developed in recent years,[1] new strategies[2]
for switching the position of the macrocycle on the thread in
[*] Dr. D. S. Marlin, D. Gonzµlez Cabrera, Prof. D. A. Leigh
School ofChemistry
University ofEdinburgh
The King’s Buildings
West Mains Road, Edinburgh EH93JJ (UK)
Fax: (+44)131-667-9085
E-mail: david.leigh@ed.ac.uk
Prof. A. M. Z. Slawin
School ofChemistry
University ofSt. Andrews
Purdie Building, St. Andrews, Fife KY169ST (UK)
[**] This work was supported by the European Union Future and
Emerging Technology Program Hy3M and the EPSRC. D.S.M. is a
Marie Curie Fellow.
To study the chemistry of the BPA-modified peptide
station in a simple model system, we first prepared thread H22
Supporting information for this article is available on the WWW
under http://www.angewandte.org or from the author.
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Figure 1. X-ray crystal structures[16] ofH 1CuCl2 (initial), [H1CuCl]+
(upon cooling[17]), and 1CuCl (after addition of NaH) showing the
change in binding mode ofCu II to the multidentate ligand. C gray,
Cl yellow, N blue, O red; all hydrogen atoms except the amide proton
have been omitted for clarity. Reagents and conditions a) 0.5 equiv
CuCl2·2H2O, ꢀ208C, 100%; b) NaH or phosphazene P1-tBu base,
91%. The insets show photographs ofthe corresponding powdered,
crystalline solids (from the left): H1CuCl2, [H1CuCl]2[CuCl4], and
1CuCl. Selected bond lengths [Š]: a) Cu1–N1 2.080, Cu1–N17 2.018,
Cu1–N24 1.995, Cu1–Cl1 2.240, Cu1–Cl2 2.569; b) Cu1–N1 2.036,
Cu1–N17 1.972, Cu1–N24 2.015, Cu1–Cl1 2.231, Cu1–O3 2.373;
c) Cu1–N1 2.031, Cu1–N17 2.099, Cu1–N24 2.124, Cu1–Cl1 2.250,
Cu1–N4 2.055.
and rotaxane H23 (Scheme 1). Formation of H23 proceeded in
44% yield from H22 (Scheme 1, a) which suggests that the
affinity of the benzylic amide macrocycle for the BPA-
glycylglycine station should be similar to that of other
peptide-based stations, namely, intermediate between a
strongly binding preorganized fumaramide group and a
more weakly binding succinic amide ester moiety.[9a] The X-
ray crystal structure of rotaxane H23 shows that both carbonyl
groups and both amide protons in the thread are involved in
intercomponent hydrogen bonding to the macrocycle in the
solid state (Figure 2b).[19]
Scheme 1. Synthesis of[2]rotaxane H 3 from the BPA-glycylglycine
2
thread H22, and their respective complexes with CuCl2 and Cd(NO3)2
(ꢁMX2). Reagents and conditions: a) p-xylylene diamine, isophthaloyl
chloride, Et3N, CHCl3, 44%; b) CuCl2·2H2O or Cd(NO3)2·4H2O, 90%
(H22CuCl2), 90% (H23CuCl2), 85% (H22Cd(NO3)2), 92% (H23Cd-
(NO3)2); c) NaH or phosphazene P1-tBu base, 77% (H2CuCl), 82%
(H2CdNO3). The coordination bond indicated by a dashed line in
H2MX is only observed in the cadmium complex.
The chelation geometries adopted by the BPA-glycylgly-
cine station were studied by binding H22 and H23 to CuII as
well as CdII, a diamagnetic metal that generally adopts ligand-
coordination geometries that are similar to those of CuII with
nitrogen-containing ligands, and attempted subsequent
deprotonation of one of the amide groups (Scheme 1).[20]
The X-ray crystal structures of several of the resulting
ure 2d) shows a coordination geometry which is similar to
that of the intermediate [H1CuCl]+ complex (Figure 1b), that
is, featuring metal coordination to the carboxamide carbonyl
oxygen.
Second, addition of one equivalent of a suitable base[22]
(Scheme 1,c) to the thread intermediate complexes H22CuCl2
and H22Cd(NO3)2 yielded H2CuCl and H2CdNO3, respec-
tively. The X-ray crystal structure of H2CuCl (Figure 2a)
displays a CuII coordination sphere that is similar to that of
1CuCl (Figure 1c) as well as an additional (albeit long at
3.188 Š) directional hydrogen bond between the proton
(N7H) of the second amide group and the formal nitrogen
anion (N4) of the coordinating carboxamido functionality.
The X-ray crystal structure of H2CdNO3 (Figure 2c) is closely
related, but with the metal ion additionally coordinated to the
carbonyl oxygen of the second carboxamide group. The
binding of CdII (or CuII) ion to the BPA-glycine carbonyl
oxygen presumably lowers the pKa value of the adjacent NH
proton in complexes of the type H21MX2 and H22MX2 which
1
complexes are shown in Figure 2, and the H NMR spectra
([D6]acetone,[21] 298 K) of the free ligands H22 and H23 and
their complexes with Cd(NO3)2 are shown in Figure 3. The
changes in the signals for the BPA protons (Ha–f) upon
complexation of cadmium ions and the shielding of the
protons of the peptide (Hh, Hj, and Hk) by the macrocycle in
the rotaxanes compared to those of the thread confirm that
the structures in solution are closely related to those in the
solid state.
First, addition of CuCl2·2H2O or Cd(NO3)2·4H2O to both
the thread and rotaxane smoothly generated complexes of the
type H22MX2 and H23MX2, respectively (M = Cu, Cd;
Scheme 1,b). The solid-state structure of H23Cd(NO3)2 (Fig-
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Figure 3. Partial 1H NMR spectra (400 MHz, [D6]acetone, 298 K) of
a) H22, b) H23, c) H22Cd(NO3)2, d) H23Cd(NO3)2, and e) H2CdNO3.
Resonances colored and labeled as shown in Scheme 1. Peaks shown
in light gray in part (e) originate from the phosphazene P1-tBu base.
allows selective deprotonation at this site.[23] However, neither
of the metal coordination geometries shown in Figure 2a or c
would leave room on the peptide unit for a benzylic amide
macrocycle to occupy, or sufficient hydrogen-bonding part-
ners for it to bind to, in a rotaxane or molecular shuttle.
Indeed, treatment of H23CuCl2 or H23Cd(NO3)2 with strong
bases[22] led to complicated reaction mixtures and significant
degradation of the rotaxane structures, seemingly as a
consequence of the macrocycle sterically preventing depro-
tonation of the coordination-activated carboxamide or adop-
tion of the wrapped-up metal–ligand coordination architec-
ture.
The model compounds confirm the generic basis of the
stepwise binding chemistry and provide 1H NMR spectro-
scopic fingerprints (Figure 3) of the various coordination
modes, both with and without the macrocycle occupying the
station. These spectra could be used to determine the position
of the macrocycle in a more elaborate molecular shuttle, in
particularly distinguishing between whether CdII is bound to a
carbonyl oxygen or a carboxamido nitrogen atom and
whether the macrocycle still occupies the BPA-glycylglycine
station.
Accordingly, we prepared the two-station thread H24 and
rotaxane H25 which feature BPA-derivatized glycylglycine
(green) and succinic amide ester (orange) stations for the
macrocycle (Scheme 2). The rationale behind the design was
that although the ring would be expected to predominantly
occupy the BPA-glycylglycine binding site in H25Cd(NO3)2,
the ring would still spend some time away from the peptide
station on the weaker binding succinic amide ester moiety.
Whilst it is on the succinic amide ester station, the ring should
Figure 2. X-ray crystal structures[16] ofa) H 2CuCl, b) H23, c) H2CdNO3,
and d) H23Cd(NO3)2. C (thread) yellow, C (macrocycle) blue, metal
atoms CuII and CdII gray; all hydrogen atoms except for the amide
protons have been omitted for clarity. Selected bond lengths [Š]:
a) Cu1–N1 2.052, Cu1–N4 1.968, Cu1–N24 2.176, Cu1–N31 2.079,
Cu1–Cl1 2.238, N7H–N4 3.188; b) N2H–O40 1.877, N42H–O10 2.201,
N39H–O21 1.944, N29H–O43 1.961; c) Cd1–N1 2.443, Cd1–N4 2.205,
Cd1–O6 2.476, Cd1–N24 2.304, Cd1–N31 2.416, Cd1–O41 2.407, Cd1–
O42 2.509; d) Cd1–N37 2.443, Cd1–N60 2.364, Cd1–N67 2.323, Cd1–
O39 2.331, Cd1–O72 2.335, Cd1–O73 2.463, Cd1–O77 2.794, Cd1–O75
2.400, N43H–O21 1.863, N40H–O10 1.861, N2H–O42 2.017.
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Figure 4. Partial 1H NMR spectra (400 MHz, [D6]acetone, 298 K) of
a) H24, b) H25, c) H24Cd(NO3)2, d) H25Cd(NO3)2, and e) H5CdNO3.
Resonances colored and labeled as shown in Scheme 2. Peaks shown
in light gray originate from residual nondeuterated solvent and, in
part (e), the phosphazene P1-tBu base.
Scheme 2. Conversion ofthread H 24 to rotaxane H25, and the rever-
sible complexation ofrotaxane H 25 with Cd(NO3)2·4H2O. Reagents
and conditions: a) p-xylylene diamine, isophthaloyl chloride, Et3N,
CHCl3, 22%; b) Cd(NO3)2·4H2O; c) phosphazene P1-tBu base;
d) NaCN, NH4Cl. Yields for conversions b–d were quantitative by
1H NMR spectroscopic analysis.
pare Figures 4c and d with Figures 4a and b, respectively),
indicating that the preferred position of the macrocycle
remains unchanged despite chelation of the terminal peptide
carbonyl group to a metal —the shifts experienced by the
protons around the metal-binding region, for example, Hf and
Hh, are similar to those in H23Cd(NO3)2 (Figure 3d). How-
ever, subsequent deprotonation of the amide proton Hg of
H25Cd(NO3)2 with one equivalent of phosphazene base P1-
tBu[22] (Scheme 2,c) causes major changes (Figure 4e). The
upfield shifts of Hm, Ho, and Hp (d = 3.2, 2.5, and 2.4 ppm in
H24Cd(NO3)2 (Figure 4c) to d = 2.4, 1.7, and 1.5 ppm, respec-
tively) are clear evidence for the translocation of the macro-
cycle to the succinic amide ester station (marked in orange).
Similarly, the downfield shift of Hf (d = 3.2 ppm in H25Cd-
(NO3)2 (Figure 4d) to d = 4.0 ppm) and the restoration of Hj
to its position at d = 3.2 ppm in the thread (Figure 4c) show
that the peptide station (marked in green) is no longer
occupied by the benzylic amide macrocycle. The small upfield
movement in Hh is consistent with the shift brought about by
coordination of the deprotonated amide group to the metal,
as seen with H2CdNO3 (Figure 3e).
not sterically hinder the coordination-activated peptide (as it
does so effectively in H23Cd(NO3)2, Scheme 1), so this minor
translational isomer can then be selectively deprotonated at
the carboxamide adjacent to the BPA unit. In accord with Le
Chatelierꢀs principle, H5CdNO3 is formed. If the cadmium ion
wraps itself up in the deprotonated glycylglycine residue in
the manner seen with the model systems, this will switch off
the peptide station and result in the macrocycle of H5CdNO3
predominately occupying the succinic amide ester station
(Scheme 2).
Pleasingly, the 1H NMR spectra of the rotaxanes and
threads (shown in Figure 4) were fully consistent with the
predicted behavior. The relative shielding of the peptide
1
protons in the H NMR spectrum of H25 compared to H24
(Figure 4a and b, respectively) confirms that the occupancy of
the macrocycle is approximately 90:10 in favor of the
glycylglycine station in [D6]acetone at 298 K.[21] Addition of
one equivalent of Cd(NO3)2·4H2O to H24 and H25 to form
H24Cd(NO3)2 and H25Cd(NO3)2, respectively (Scheme 2,b),
resulted in little change (except for the BPA protons) in the
1H NMR spectra in [D6]acetone at room temperature (com-
The transition-metal-binding-induced translocation of the
macrocycle in the hydrogen-bonded shuttle is fully reversible
(Scheme 2,d). Removal of the CdII ion from H5CdNO3 with
80
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excess CNꢀ and reprotonation of the amide nitrogen atom
with NH4Cl quantitatively regenerates H25.
Finally, indirect evidence for a similar shuttling mecha-
nism using CuII binding is provided by the change in
absorption of weak (likely d–d) transitions in the low-
energy region of the UV/Vis spectrum of H25CuCl2 upon
addition of P1-tBu (Figure 5). The color change that occurs
macrocycle to a second station. The control over shuttling
while the metal is bound to the thread provides two well-
defined states in which the macrocycle is held either close to
or distant from a single metal atom. This feature could be
used to construct rotaxanes that display the intriguing
property of being able to switch the distance between two
metal centers, which are not connected by chemical bonds, by
an externally triggered mechanical motion.
Received: May 21, 2005
Revised: June 21, 2005
Published online: November 28, 2005
Keywords: coordination modes · molecular devices ·
.
noncovalent interactions · rotaxanes · transition metals
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Figure 5. Change in absorption spectrum for H25CuCl2 upon addition
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C. Dietrich-Buchecker, P. Gaviæa, M. C. JimØnez-Molero, J.-P.
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2026 – 2032; Complexes of this type of ligand have previously
only been reported in a single tetradentate form; see: b) S. Ito, T.
Okuno, H. Matsushima, T. Tokli, Y. Nishida, J. Chem. Soc.
Dalton Trans. 1996, 4479 – 4484; c) T. Okuno, S. Ohba, Y.
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[15] H1 = 5-[2-(bis(pyridin-2-ylmethyl)amino)acetyl)amino]iso-
phthalic acid dimethyl ester; H22 = 2-(bis(pyridin-2-ylmethyl)-
amino)-N-[(2,2-diphenyl-ethylcarbamoyl)methyl]acetamide;
H23 = ([2](1,7,14,20-tetraaza-2,6,15,19-tetraoxo-3,5,9,12,16,18,
22,25-tetrabenzocyclohexacosane)-(2-(bis(pyridin-2-ylmethyl)-
amino)-N-[(2,2-diphenylethylcarbamoyl)methyl]acetamide)
rotaxane; H24 = 2,2-diphenylethyl 4-(12-(2-(2-(bis(pyridine-2-
ylmethyl)amino)acetamido)acetamido)dodecylamino-4-oxobu-
tanoate; H25 = ([2](1,7,14,20-tetraaza-2,6,15,19-tetraoxo-3,5,9,
12,16,18,22,25-tetrabenzocyclohexacosane)-(2,2-diphenylethyl
4-(12-(2-(2-(bis(pyridine-2-ylmethyl)amino)acetamido)acet-
amido)dodecylamino-4-oxobutanoate) rotaxane.
[16] X-ray crystal structural data for H1CuCl2, [H1CuCl]2[CuCl4],
H23, H2CdNO3, and H23Cd(NO3)2 were collected at 93 K using a
Rigaku Saturn (MM007 high-flux RA/MoKa radiation, confocal
optic), while those for 1CuCl and H2CuCl were collected at 93 K
using a Mercury (MM007 high-flux RA/MoKa radiation, confocal
optic). All data collections employed narrow frames (0.3–1.08) to
obtain at least a full hemisphere of data. Intensities were
corrected for Lorentz polarization and absorption effects (multi-
ple equivalent reflections). Structures were solved by direct
methods, non-hydrogen atoms were refined anisotropically, with
ꢀ
C H protons refined in riding geometries (SHELXTL) against
F2. In most cases, amide protons were refined isotropically
subject to a distant constraint. The protons on solvate molecules
were not allowed for in the refinement. Data for
H1CuCl2·0.5CH3CN·0.055H2O: C25H25.61Cl2CuN4.5O5.06
,
M =
604.44, crystal size 0.1 ” 0.05 ” 0.01 mm3, trigonal, P3, a =
¯
40.804(2), c = 8.4772(4) Š, Z = 18, 1calcd = 1.478 Mgmꢀ3
; m =
1.044 mmꢀ1, 91570 collected, 14360 unique (Rint = 0.0825), R =
0.1258 for 12778 observed data [Fo > 4s(Fo)], S = 1.189 for 1037
parameters. Residual electron density extremes were 1.500 and
ꢀ3
ꢀ1.250 eŠ
.
Data
M = 1309.27, crystal size 0.1 ” 0.05 ”
0.03 mm3, monoclinic, P2(1)/n, a = 8.1667(16), b = 30.257(5),
c = 23.377(4) Š, Z = 4, 1calcd = 1.506 Mgmꢀ3 m = 1.433 mmꢀ1
for
[H1CuCl]2[CuCl4]·0.5H2O:
C48H49Cl6Cu3N8O10.5
,
;
,
82
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ꢀ 2006 Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim
Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2006, 45, 77 –83

Angewandte
Chemie
51258 collected, 11852 unique (Rint = 0.0484), R = 0.1234 for
However, for H24 and H25, which contain an ester linkage, only
9492 observed data [Fo > 4s(Fo)], S = 1.540 for 691 parameters.
P1-tBu proved suitable.
ꢀ3
[23] Without this discrimination, the more-complicated molecular
shuttle system containing multiple amide groups would not be
able to function.
Residual electron density extremes were 2.381 and ꢀ1.117 eŠ
.
Data for 1CuCl: C24H23ClCuN4O5, M = 546.45, crystal size 0.2 ”
0.1 ” 0.1 mm3, monoclinic, C2/c, a = 14.026(3), b = 11.390(3), c =
30.259(6) Š, Z = 8, 1calcd = 1.513 Mgmꢀ3; m = 1.065 mmꢀ1, 9975
collected, 3728 unique (Rint = 0.0644), R = 0.0456 for 3104
observed data [Fo > 4s(Fo)], S = 1.024 for 329 parameters.
Residual electron density extremes were 0.472 and
ꢀ0.383 eŠꢀ3. Data for H2CuCl: C30H30ClCuN5O2, M = 591.58,
crystal size 0.2 ” 0.1 ” 0.1 mm3, monoclinic, P2(1)/n, a =
16.089(3), b = 9.9833(18), c = 16.968(3) Š, Z = 4, 1calcd
=
1.446 Mgmꢀ3; m = 0.940 mmꢀ1, 15979 collected, 4822 unique
(Rint = 0.0333), R = 0.0486 for 4460 observed data [Fo > 4s(Fo)],
S = 1.053 for 357 parameters. Residual electron density extremes
were 2.384 and ꢀ0.553 eŠꢀ3. Data for H23: C68H71N9O8, M =
1142.34, crystal size 0.2 ” 0.1 ” 0.05 mm3, monoclinic, P2(1)/c, a =
13.0505(10), b = 19.1256(14), c = 25.970(2) Š, Z = 4, 1calcd
=
1.183 Mgmꢀ3; m = 0.079 mmꢀ1, 45077 collected, 11321 unique
(Rint = 0.1105), R = 0.1789 for 10284 observed data [Fo > 4s(Fo)],
S = 1.190 for 793 parameters. Residual electron density extremes
ꢀ3
were 1.387 and ꢀ0.435 eŠ
.
Data for H2CdNO3:
C30H30CdN6O5, M = 667.00, crystal size 0.15 ” 0.15 ” 0.05 mm3,
monoclinic, P2(1)/c, a = 9.8549(14), b = 17.620(3), c =
16.444(3) Š, Z = 4, 1calcd = 1.553 Mgmꢀ3; m = 0.817 mmꢀ1, 20308
collected, 4953 unique (Rint = 0.0301), R = 0.0285 for 4357
observed data [Fo > 4s(Fo)], S = 1.085 for 384 parameters.
Residual electron density extremes were 0.872 and
ꢀ0.334 eŠꢀ3. Data for H23Cd(NO3)2: C62H59CdN11O12, M =
1262.6, crystal size 0.1 ” 0.1 ” 0.03 mm3, monoclinic, C2/c, a =
28.252(13), b = 10.588(5), c = 42.457(19) Š, Z = 8, 1calcd
=
1.439 Mgmꢀ3; m = 0.426 mmꢀ1, 27366 collected, 9652 unique
(Rint = 0.0925), R = 0.0814 for 5850 observed data [Fo > 4s(Fo)],
S = 1.076 for 857 parameters. Residual electron density extremes
were 0.976 and ꢀ0.640 eŠꢀ3. CCDC 269894–269900 contain the
supplementary crystallographic data for this paper. These data
can be obtained free of charge from The Cambridge Crystallo-
graphic Data Centre via www.ccdc.cam.ac.uk/data_request/cif.
[17] Some of the emerald-green color of [H1CuCl]2[CuCl4] can be
attributed to the [CuCl4]2ꢀ counterion.
[18] Wrapped up metal–peptide complexes are widely seen in
biological contexts, for example, with copper and various
tripeptide ligands; see: a) H. Sigel, R. B. Martin, Chem. Rev.
1982, 82, 385 – 426; b) P. Deschamps, P. P. Kulkarni, M. Gautam-
Basak, B. Sarkar, Coord. Chem. Rev. 2005, 249, 895 – 909.
However, the use of a designed auxiliary ligand attached to the
peptide that facilitates stepwise control over the binding modes
is, to the best of our knowledge, unknown.
[19] Several different hydrogen-bonding motifs are in equilibrium in
solution. G. W. H. Wurpel, A. M. Brouwer, I. H. M. van Stok-
kum, A. Farran, D. A. Leigh, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2001, 123,
11327 – 11328.
[20] CdII exhibits a strong binding affinity and kinetic stability for
BPA-type ligands [for example, see: N. Niklas, F. Hampel, G.
Liehr, A. Zahl, R. Alsfasser, Chem. Eur. J. 2001, 7, 5135 – 5141],
and its stable diamagnetic ground state allows the character-
1
ization of complexes by H NMR spectroscopy.
[21] The molecular shuttle rotaxane and thread cadmium complexes
were insufficiently soluble in CDCl3 or CD2Cl2 for 1H NMR
spectroscopic studies so [D6]acetone was used throughout.
[22] For the metal complexes of the short thread, H22, either NaH or
Schwesingerꢀs phosphazene P1-tBu base (N’-tert-butyl-
N,N,N’,N’,N’’,N’’-hexamethylphosphorimidic triamide) [R.
Schwesinger, C. Hasenfratz, H. Schlemper, L. Walz, E.-M.
Peters, K. Peters, H. G. von Schnering, Angew. Chem. 1993, 105,
1420 – 1422; Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 1993, 32, 1361 – 1363]
could be used to deprotonate BPA at its terminal amide group.
Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2006, 45, 77 –83
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www.angewandte.org
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