Controlling rigidity and planarity in conjugated polymers: Poly(3,4-ethylenedithioselenophene)

Full text of DOI:10.1002/anie.200901231

Angewandte
Chemie
DOI: 10.1002/anie.200901231
Conjugated Polymers
Controlling Rigidity and Planarity in Conjugated Polymers:
Poly(3,4-ethylenedithioselenophene)**
Yair H. Wijsboom, Asit Patra, Sanjio S. Zade, Yana Sheynin, Mao Li, Linda J. W. Shimon, and
Michael Bendikov*
Conjugated oligomers and polymers[1,2] attract considerable
interest owing to their application in photovoltaic cells,[3,4]
organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs),[5,6] organic field-
effect transistors (OFETs),[7] and electrochromic devices.[8]
Generally, planarity and good conjugation are required so
that organic materials can achieve band gaps in the semi-
conductor region, high conductivity, high mobility, and an
electrooptical response. Polythiophenes are among the most
promising and best-studied conducting polymers.[1,2] How-
ever, even parent bithiophene is not planar in the gas phase
(according to both experiment and theory),[9] and crystal
packing forces are responsible for the planarity of oligothio-
phenes in the solid state.[10] Various small substituents (such as
two adjacent alkyl chains on the same or neighboring rings:
3,4 or 3,3’-substitution) cause oligothiophene to become
nonplanar, and the availability of oligo- and polythiophenes
with substituents that do not disturb planarity is very limited
(for example, poly(3-hexylthiophene) is planar).[10,11]
Although twisting of the oligothiophene backbone requires
very little energy, it results in a significant increase in the
HOMO–LUMO gap.[12] The fact that small conformational
changes to conjugated polymers may produce large band-gap
effects has been utilized in the development of polythio-
phene-based sensors.[13,14]
owing to its very low oxidation potential and, consequently,
very low work function. PEDOT is believed to be planar;
however, its analogue, poly(3,4-ethylenedithiothiophene)
(PEDTT),[16–20] in which oxygen atoms are replaced by
sulfur atoms, is assumed to be twisted, as manifested by its
significantly wider band gap (2.2 eV for PEDTT vs. 1.6 eV for
PEDOT).[18,21] Indeed, the dimer of 3,4-ethylenedithiothio-
phene (bis-EDTT) has an inter-ring twist angle of 458,[18]
whereas bis-EDOT has a planar structure in the solid
state.[17,18,20,22,23]
Recently, we obtained the first conductive polyseleno-
phene, poly(3,4-ethylenedioxyselenophene) (PEDOS), which
has a relatively narrow band gap and excellent electrochromic
properties.[24,25] Synthesis of stable and conductive PEDOS
enables the development of applications of polyselenophenes
as organic electronic materials. Designing such materials
demands the identification of more rigid conjugated systems
capable of bearing various substituents on their backbone
whilst retaining their planarity. Herein, we report that the
range of substituents that polyselenophenes can bear whilst
still maintaining their planarity is wider than that of
polythiophenes, and is mostly due to the more rigid backbone
of the polyselenophenes. Poly(3,4-ethylenedithioseleno-
phene) (PEDTS) has a significantly narrower optical band
gap (0.6–0.8 eV) than PEDTT, which can be attributed to its
planarity. Moreover, PEDTS is a conducting polymer that is
not as electron-rich as PEDOS and PEDOT. The top of the
valence band of PEDTS is about 0.7 eV (0.64 eV experimen-
tal, 0.81 eV calculated) lower than that of PEDOT, which
makes PEDTS a very attractive material for organic solar cell
applications.
Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT)[15] has many
advantages over other conducting polymers in organic
electronics applications. However, it cannot be applied as a
light-absorbing donor in organic solar cells, for example,
[*] Y. H. Wijsboom, Dr. A. Patra, Dr. S. S. Zade,[+] Dr. Y. Sheynin,
Dr. M. Li, Dr. M. Bendikov
Department of Organic Chemistry
Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100 (Israel)
Fax: (+972)8934-4142
E-mail: michael.bendikov@weizmann.ac.il
Homepage: http://www.weizmann.ac.il/oc/bendikov/
Dr. L. J. W. Shimon
Chemical Research Support Unit
Weizmann Institute of Science (Israel)
[+] Current address: School of Chemistry
Indian Institute of Science, Education and Research
Kolkata-700106 (India)
[**] We thank Prof. Dmitrii F. Perepichka (McGill University) for helpful
discussions. We thank the MINERVA Foundation and the Israel
Science Foundation for financial support. M.B. is the incumbent of
the Recanati career development chair, a member ad personam of
the Lise Meitner-Minerva Center for Computational Quantum
Chemistry, and acknowledges DuPont for a Young Professor’s
Award.
The energy required to twist around inter-ring bonds in
decaselenophene is small; however, it is notably greater (by a
factor of 1.2–1.8; Supporting Information, Figure S7)[26] than
in decathiophene. Twisting to a 608 inter-ring dihedral angle
requires only 2.6 kcalmolꢀ1 per inter-ring bond for decasele-
nophene (2.1 kcalmolꢀ1 for decathiophene) and twisting to a
Supporting information for this article is available on the WWW
under http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/anie.200901231.
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308 inter-ring angle requires only 0.5 kcalmolꢀ1 per inter-ring
repeated cyclic voltammetry scans in anhydrous acetonitrile
bond for decaselenophene (0.3 kcalmolꢀ1 for decathio-
phene).[12] These calculations suggest that twisting of oligose-
lenophenes and polyselenophenes requires more energy than
for their thiophene analogues, and they should maintain
planarity with a wider range of substituents.[26,27] We decided
to test this computational prediction by synthesizing bis-
EDTS and PEDTS and comparing them to their sulfur
analogues, bis-EDTT and PEDTT.
solution with 0.1m tetra-n-butylammonium perchlorate
ꢀ1
(TBAPC) electrolyte at 50 mVs
on either Pt or ITO
(indium tin oxide) electrodes (Figure 2, and Supporting
Information, Figure S2) to produce an insoluble film.[30] The
The synthesis of EDTS (Scheme 1) was accomplished in
74% yield by transetherification of 3,4-dimethoxyseleno-
phene (DMOS)[24] with an excess of 1, 2-ethanedithiol at 558C
Figure 2. Cyclic voltammograms of the electropolymerization of EDTS
on a Pt working electrode in acetonitrile, with 0.1m TBAPC, 0 to
1.12 V, at 50 mVsꢀ1 for 10 cycles (first cycle shown bold). Inset: Cyclic
voltammogram of PEDTS in monomer-free acetonitrile solution at
sweep rates of 25, 50, 75, 100 150, and 200 mV sꢀ1 (vs. AgjAgCl wire,
Fc/Fc+ =0.37 V).
Scheme 1. Synthesis of EDTS, PEDTS, and bis-EDTS.
p-TSA=p-toluenesulfonic acid.
in the presence of a catalytic amount of p-toluenesulfonic acid
(p-TSA).[28] Bis-EDTS was obtained in 67% yield by lith-
iation of EDTS followed by an oxidative coupling reaction
with CuCl2 (Scheme 1). Bis-EDTS crystals were grown from
chloroform; examination of the crystal structure of bis-EDTS
(Figure 1) revealed that it has a planar structure around the
polymer obtained on the Pt electrode has a redox potential of
0.65 V, with an on-set at 0.20 V vs. Ag j AgCl wire calibrated
using Fc/Fc+ = 0.37 V (Table 1). PEDTT was obtained by
ꢀ
inter-ring C C bond. This result is in agreement with our
calculations, but in complete contrast to the crystal structure
Table 1: Experimental and calculated data for polymers.[a]
Polymer
onset [V]
Polymer Optical HOCO[b] LUCO[c] Eg
of bis-EDTT,[18] which is strongly twisted by 458 around the
lmax [nm] Eg [eV]
[eV]
[eV]
calcd
[eV]
[29]
ꢀ
inter-ring C C bond.
The differences in planarity observed between the dimers
are emphasized even more strongly in the polymers. Electro-
chemical polymerization of EDTS was performed by
PEDTS
PEDTT
0.20
0.43
ca. 610[d] 1.4
341, 426 2.0
ꢀ4.33[e] ꢀ2.50[e] 1.83[e]
ꢀ4.10[e] ꢀ2.05[e] 2.06[e]
ꢀ4.91[f] ꢀ1.78[f] 3.13[f]
PEDOS ꢀ0.64
PEDOT ꢀ0.44
673
635
1.4
1.6
ꢀ3.44
ꢀ3.52
ꢀ1.79 1.66
ꢀ1.68 1.84
[a] Calculated at the PBC/B3LYP/6-31G(d) level. Data for PEDOS and
PEDOT are taken from Ref. [24]. Eg =band-gap energy. [b] Highest
occupied crystal orbital from PBC calculations. [c] Lowest unoccupied
crystal orbital. [d] Broad peak from 500 to 700 nm. [e] Planar, 1808.
[f] Twisted, 111.68.
electropolymerization of EDTT under similar conditions
(Supporting Information, Figures S3–S5). The electrochemi-
cally determined HOMO energies for PEDOT, PEDOS, and
PEDTS (obtained from the on-set of their oxidation poten-
tials from Table 1 by assuming that a zero potential in
electrochemical measurements corresponds to a HOMO level
of ꢀ4.8 eV) are ꢀ4.0, ꢀ3.8, and ꢀ4.6 eV, respectively.
Spectroelectrochemical data for PEDTS and PEDTT
obtained on an ITO electrode are shown in Figure 3 and in the
Supporting Information, Figure S6, respectively. PEDTS has
Figure 1. Crystal structure of bis-EDTS, showing two independent
molecules in the unit cell; both are planar. Thermal ellipsoids are set
at 50% probability.
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Figure 4. SEM images of the surface of PEDTS obtained by solid-state
polymerization of a) DBEDTS and b) DIEDTS. Scale bars in each pair
of images: left, 20 mA; right, 200 nm.
from the bromine derivative (Figure 4a) is more granulated
than the iodine product (Figure 4b). The as-obtained powder
from PEDTS has a high conductivity of about 3 Scmꢀ1
measured with a two-probe pressed-pellet setup, which is
similar to the conductivity of PEDOS[24] measured under
similar conditions.[32] For comparison, chemically prepared
Figure 3. Spectroelectrochemistry of a PEDTS thin film, prepared on
ITO-coated glass, as a function of applied potential between ꢀ0.2 to
1.0 V in propylene carbonate (vs. AgjAgCl wire, Fc/Fc+ =0.34 V).
a very broad and shallow peak between 500 to 700 nm, which
is in contrast to the sharp peak with a well-defined lmax of
PEDOS.[24] This result can be explained by the superposition
of several absorption peaks resulting from planar and twisted
fragments of the polymer chain. The spectroelectrochemically
measured band gap of PEDTS (assigned as the onset of the p–
p* transition) is 1.43 eV (870 nm), and lmax is (610 ꢁ 30) nm.
The spectroelectrochemically measured band gap of PEDTT
(Supporting Information, Figure S6)[26] is 2.0 eV, which is
somewhat smaller than the previously reported value of
2.2 eV,[18] and which is significantly larger than that of PEDTS.
Chemical polymerization of EDTS was performed using
the solid-state polymerization method,[24,31] which requires
mild polymerization conditions. 2,5-Dibromo-3,4-ethylenedi-
thioselenophene (DBEDTS) was easily polymerized within
24 h under slight heating at 508C (Scheme 2). The resulting
PEDTT has a significantly lower conductivity of 0.1 Scmꢀ1 [16]
.
The as-prepared polymer from DIEDTS (which includes
iodine as a dopant) has a conductivity (measured in a pressed
pellet) of about 3–4 Scmꢀ1.
The greater degree of planarity for EDTS derivatives
compared to EDTT derivatives is further supported by DFT
calculations.[33] The B3LYP/6-31G(d) calculated structure of
ꢀ
bis-EDTT includes an 80–838 twist around the central C C
bond, which depends on the conformation of the ethyl-
enedithio ring.[26,34] The symmetry-constrained planar struc-
ture (Ci symmetry) of bis-EDTT is not a minimum, but rather
a first-order saddle point lying above the twisted structure by
3.6–4.2 kcalmolꢀ1, depending on the conformation of the
ethylenedithio ring. Replacing the two thiophene rings with
selenophene rings results in major conformational changes.
The B3LYP/6-31G(d) calculated structure of bis-EDTS is
ꢀ
planar around the central C C bond. Other conformations of
bis-EDTS also exist, with energies of ꢀ1.9 and + 0.1 kcal
molꢀ1 and twisting angles of 528 and 668.[26] This energy
difference between the twisted and planar conformations of
bis-EDTS is in the order of magnitude of crystal packing
energy. Therefore, our calculations support the experimental
finding that bis-EDTS packs in the planar conformation in the
solid state, whereas bis-EDTT is heavily twisted in the
crystalline state (see above).[35]
The energy of the planar conformation of PEDTT lies
higher than the twisted one by 2.33 kcalmolꢀ1 per ring, or
4.66 kcalmolꢀ1 per unit cell.[36] The band gap of the twisted
conformation is significantly wider (by 1.07 eV) than that of
the planar conformation. The energy difference between the
planar and twisted PEDTS conformers is only 0.27 kcalmolꢀ1
per ring (0.54 kcalmolꢀ1 per unit cell), which is in the range of
crystal-packing forces. Therefore, polymer chains of PEDTS
should exhibit flexible behavior. However, the band-gap
difference between these planar and twisted structures is
1.09 eV. In the solid state, PEDTS should prefer the planar
structure (although some nonplanar backbone fragments are
also observed, as evidenced by broad absorption peak in UV/
Vis spectrum), whereas PEDTT will remain twisted. As the
planarization energy for PEDTT is already close to the range
of crystal-packing forces, polymer regions with planar and
Scheme 2. Synthesis of DBEDTS and DIEDTS and their solid-state
polymerization. NBS=N-bromosuccinimide, NIS=N-iodosuccinimide.
bromine-doped PEDTS is completely insoluble in common
organic solvents. Similarly, 2,5-diiodo-3,4-ethylenedioxysele-
nophene (DIEDTS) polymerized within 3 days at 1108C.
White crystals of DBEDTS slowly transformed to black
crystals with a metallic luster that retained the morphology of
the starting material. However, SEM analysis of solid-state
polymerized PEDTS showed that the structure of the crystal
was destroyed by the release of bromine or iodide (Figure 4).
Moreover, the surface of solid-state polymerized PEDTS
shows a granulated surface, rather than the flattened cauli-
flower or spiked surface obtained from PEDOT[31] and
PEDOS,[24] respectively. Interestingly, PEDTS obtained
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1
47–488C; H NMR (250 MHz, CDCl3): d = 7.62 (s, 2H), 3.18 ppm (s,
twisted fragments are expected, and PEDTT may also exhibit
4H); 13C NMR (62.5 MHz, CDCl3): d = 127.3, 122.3, 28.6 ppm; 77Se
NMR (CDCl3): d = 586.9 ppm. HRMS for C6H6S2Se [M+] calcd
221.9076, found 221.9076.
flexible behavior. Indeed, the additional, and previously
unreported, shoulder at around 613 nm[26] observed in the
absorption spectra of PEDTT might originate from polymer
fragments having a planar structure (see the Supporting
Information, Figure S6, and the discussion therein). The
calculated band gap Eg of planar PEDTS (Table 1; 1.83 eV)
is somewhat wider than that of PEDOS (1.66 eV).[24] How-
ever, performing a similar comparison between the calculated
band gaps of PEDOT and PEDTT[22] yields a much larger
difference between their band gaps, which are 1.83 eV for
PEDOT and 3.13 eV for twisted PEDTT (2.06 eV for planar
PEDTT).[37], The calculated HOCO (highest-occupied crystal
orbital) values for PEDOT, PEDOS, and PEDTS (in its
lowest energy planar conformation) are ꢀ3.52, ꢀ3.44, and
ꢀ4.33 eV, respectively; these values are in agreement with the
electrochemically determined HOMO energies. Therefore,
based on both experimental and calculated results, the work
function of PEDTS is expected to be about 0.6–0.8 eV lower
than that of PEDOT, which makes PEDTS derivatives
attractive polymers for organic solar cells.
bis-EDTS: n-Butyllithium (1.6m in hexane, 0.28 mL, 0.45 mmol)
was added over a period of 5 min to a stirred solution of 3,4-
ethylenedisulfanylselenophene (EDTS; 90 mg, 0.4 mmol) in THF
(10 mL) at ꢀ788C under a dry N2 atmosphere. The reaction mixture
was then slowly warmed to room temperature. After additional
stirring for 30 min at room temperature, the solution was cooled to
ꢀ788C, CuCl2 (65 mg, 0.48 mmol) was added, and stirring was
continued overnight. The reaction mixture was quenched with H2O
(40 mL) and the resulting aqueous layer was extracted with chloro-
form (3 ꢀ 20 mL). The combined organic extracts were washed with
brine, dried (MgSO4), and concentrated. The crude product was
purified by column chromatography on silica gel (4% ethyl acetate/
hexane) to provide bis-EDTS (60 mg, 66%) as a light yellow
crystalline solid. M.p. > 2008C; 1H NMR (250 MHz, CDCl3): d =
7.74 (s, 2H), 3.19 ppm (s, 8H); 13C NMR (125 MHz, CDCl3): d =
131.8, 128.2, 128.2, 124.1, 28.8, 28.1 ppm; 77Se NMR (CDCl3): d =
636.1 ppm. X-ray-quality crystals were obtained from a CHCl3
solution.[26] CCDC 714899 contains the supplementary crystallo-
graphic data for this paper. These data can be obtained free of
charge from the Cambridge Crystallographic Data Centre via www.
ccdc.cam.ac.uk/data_request/cif.
Herein we have shown that oligo- and polyselenophenes
can maintain planarity and a low band gap with substituents
that cause their oligo- and polythiophene analogues to adopt
a strongly twisted conformation. Polyselenophenes may be an
excellent choice for controlling planarity in conjugated
polymers; more substituents can be introduced onto their
backbones than onto those of their thiophene analogues
without reducing the extent of conjugation. Although PEDTS
obtained herein is analogous to PEDTT, PEDOS, and
PEDOT that were previously reported, it has a unique
combination of relatively low band gap, conductivity, planar-
ity, and relatively high oxidation potential. Additional work is
underway to explore the advantages bestowed by the
planarity of polyselenophenes and to obtain soluble deriva-
tives of PEDTS for solar-cell applications.
Received: March 4, 2009
Published online: June 2, 2009
Keywords: conjugated polymers · planarity · polyselenophenes ·
.
solid-state polymerization · steric hindrance
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Experimental Section
Detailed experimental procedures for monomer syntheses and their
characterization are given in the Supporting Information.
All electrochemical measurements were performed in a standard
three-electrode setup in anhydrous acetonitrile solution with 0.1m
tetra-n-butylammonium perchlorate (TBAPC) as the supporting
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EDTS:
A solution of 3,4-dimethoxyselenophene (250 mg,
1.30 mmol) with 5 equivalents of 1,2-ethylenedithiol (610 mg,
6.5 mmol) and a catalytic amount of p-TSA (50 mg) in dry toluene
(60 mL) was stirred for 12 h at 55–608C. The completion of the
reaction was monitor by thin-layer chromatography (TLC). Toluene
was removed under reduced pressure, and the residue was diluted
with water (60 mL). The mixture was extracted with ether (3 ꢀ
40 mL). The combined organic layers were washed with dilute
NaHCO3 solution and brine and then concentrated. Purification of
the crude residue by chromatography on silica gel (hexane) gave
EDTS (200 mg, 74%) as a low-melting white crystalline solid. M.p.
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ꢀ
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[33] All calculations were performed using the Gaussian03 program.
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ꢀ
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[27] For full details see: S. S. Zade, N. Zamoshchik, M. Bendikov,
Chem. Eur. J. 2009, DOI: 10.1002/chem.200900971.
[28] EDTTwas obtained from 3,4-dimethoxythiophene in 77% yield
following the procedure reported in: F. Goldoni, B. M. W.
Langeveld–Voss, E. W. Meijer, Synth. Commun. 1998, 28,
2237 – 2244.
b) Bis-EDTT calculated at the B3LYP/6–31G(d,p) level was
[18]
ꢀ
reported to have a 778 twist around the central C C bond.
[35] It was suggested that attractive S···O interactions are responsible
for the planar structure of bis-EDOT, whereas repulsive S···S
interactions are responsible for twisting in bis-EDTT.[18] It is very
difficult to differentiate between steric effects (which result from
the larger radius of sulfur vs. oxygen) and electronic effects, and
we did not find any evidence from NBO analyses of significant
S···O or Se···S interactions in bis-EDOT and bis-EDTS, respec-
tively.
[36] All calculations for polymers were performed at the PBC/
B3LYP/6-31G(d) level of theory.
[29] Two independent molecules are present in the crystal of bis-
EDTS; the molecules differ with respect to the conformations of
[37] The PBC/B3LYP/6-31G(d) calculations overestimate the band
gap for PEDOT and PEDOS derivatives by 0.2–0.4 eV.
Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2009, 48, 5443 –5447
ꢀ 2009 Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim
www.angewandte.org
5447