Multicomponent synthesis of polyphenols and their in vitro evaluation as potential β-amyloid aggregation inhibitors

Article abstract of DOI:10.3390/molecules24142636

While plant polyphenols possess a variety of biological properties, exploration of chemical diversity around them is still problematic. Here, an example of application of the Ugi multicomponent reaction to the combinatorial assembly of artificial, yet “natural-like”, polyphenols is presented. The synthesized compounds represent a second-generation library directed to the inhibition of β-amyloid protein aggregation. Chiral enantiopure compounds, and polyphenol-β-lactam hybrids have been prepared too. The biochemical assays have highlighted the importance of the key pharmacophores in these compounds. A lead for inhibition of aggregation of truncated protein AβpE3-42 was selected.

Full text of DOI:10.3390/molecules24142636

molecules
Article
Multicomponent Synthesis of Polyphenols and Their
In Vitro Evaluation as Potential β-Amyloid
Aggregation Inhibitors
Denise Galante 1, Luca Banfi 2 , Giulia Baruzzo 2, Andrea Basso 2 , Cristina D’Arrigo 1
,
Dario Lunaccio 1, Lisa Moni 2 , Renata Riva 3 and Chiara Lambruschini 2,
*
1
Istituto per lo Studio delle Macromolecole, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, via De Marini 6,
16149 Genova, Italy
Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Genova, via Dodecaneso 31,
16146 Genova, Italy
Department of Pharmacy, Università di Genova, viale Cembrano 4, 16147 Genova, Italy
Correspondence: chiara.lambruschini@unige.it; Tel.: +39-010-3536119; Fax: +39-010-3538733
2
3
*
ꢀꢁꢂꢀꢃꢄꢅꢆꢇ
Academic Editor: Corrado Tringali
Received: 27 June 2019; Accepted: 18 July 2019; Published: 19 July 2019
ꢀꢁꢂꢃꢄꢅꢆ
Abstract: While plant polyphenols possess a variety of biological properties, exploration of chemical
diversity around them is still problematic. Here, an example of application of the Ugi multicomponent
reaction to the combinatorial assembly of artificial, yet “natural-like”, polyphenols is presented. The
synthesized compounds represent a second-generation library directed to the inhibition of
β-amyloid
protein aggregation. Chiral enantiopure compounds, and polyphenol- -lactam hybrids have been
β
prepared too. The biochemical assays have highlighted the importance of the key pharmacophores in
these compounds. A lead for inhibition of aggregation of truncated protein AβpE3-42 was selected.
Keywords: multicomponent reactions; polyphenols;
reaction; β-lactams
β-amyloid proteins; Alzheimer’s disease; Ugi
1. Introduction
Natural polyphenols of plant origin are important elements of our diet and, for this reason, their
biological properties have been thoroughly studied [ ]. Their most renowned characteristic is their
1,2
antioxidant activity, which is believed to play an important role in preventing age-related diseases such
as atherosclerosis. Since long ago, plant polyphenols have attracted much interest in the nutraceutical
and cosmetic fields. On the other hand, the pharmaceutical industry has remained so far rather detached
regarding the investigation of plant polyphenols as possible leads for drug development [3]. The reasons
for this lack of interest are not fully clear but may be related to the poor pharmacokinetic properties of
natural polyphenols, to their in vivo instability, and to the challenging synthetic modification of the
natural members of this family. Actually, only few studies on the preparation of artificial analogues
through total synthesis or semi-synthesis have been reported so far [
reports have pointed out that polyphenols, apart from anti-oxidant properties, may have a variety of
other biological effects, such as anti-inflammatory [13], anti-cancer [12 14 15], anti-microbial [16], and
anti-hyperglycemic [17] activity. Last but not least, some natural polyphenols have been demonstrated
3–12]. Nevertheless, several
,
,
to be able to inhibit
disease [18–21].
β-amyloid aggregation, thus being promising for the prevention of the Alzheimer’s
We reasoned that a “natural fragment-based approach” [22] to the combinatorial synthesis
of artificial polyphenols starting from small, phenolic, building blocks, would allow a more
systematic exploration of their chemical space, allowing to select possible hits for drug discovery,
Molecules 2019, 24, 2636; doi:10.3390/molecules24142636
www.mdpi.com/journal/molecules

Molecules 2019, 24, 2636
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endowed with modulable pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic properties. In particular, the
Ugi multi-component reaction seemed particularly well suited for this approach, since it leads to
mixed polyphenol-peptidomimetic structures and allows rigidification through post-MCR cyclization
steps [23,24]. A similar approach was recently used by Ismaili et al. [7], who developed a multi-target
lead for Alzheimer’s disease by joining ferulic acid to an acetylcholine esterase inhibitor, lipoic acid
and a melatonin analogue. However, in Ismaili’s work, only one of the four components used as
inputs in the Ugi reaction was a phenol, and the final product was not indeed polyphenols. On the
contrary, in our plan, depicted in Figure 1, up to four of the components would be of phenolic nature,
thus leading to true artificial, polyphenols of general formula 1. Our preliminary results using this
strategy were reported in a previous paper [25]. Now, also on the basis of the biochemical properties of
the first-generation library, we have extended exploration of the chemical space of these polyphenols,
preparing new chemical entities, also exploiting components that are chiral enantiopure or that allow
post-MCR cyclization.
Figure 1. General strategy for assembling artificial polyphenols from simple phenolic building blocks
through the Ugi reaction.
2. Results and Discussion
2.1. Synthesis
Scheme 1 shows a specific example of the general synthetic strategy used for the preparation of
polyphenols. This strategy was optimized also on the basis of the outcomes of our initial preliminary
work. The need, in particular for in vivo experiments, of high purity final polyphenols
8, prompted
us to prepare compounds through a high yielding solvolysis of polyacetates . In this way, the
8
7
purification is very simple, and we can avoid an extractive and chromatographic purification of the
polyphenols, which, in some cases, although not always, gave insufficiently pure compounds. On
the other hand, the acetate protecting group was found to be not fully stable under the conditions of
the Ugi reaction. Thus, our standard, optimized, procedure involved the use of phenolic building
blocks protected as allyl ethers. The Ugi reaction gave best results when preformation of the imine was
implemented and CF3CH2OH (TFE)/ethanol mixture was used as the solvent. Removal of the allyl
protecting groups was best performed with a minimum amount of Pd catalyst and ammonium formate
as the scavenger, followed by immediate acetylation. Chromatographic purification afforded acetates
7
, which were obtained in high purity and fully characterized at this level. Finally, deacetylation was
performed with a protocol that completely avoided both extractive and chromatographic purification
of the final polyphenols . As shown in Scheme 1, for compound 8c this procedure was very efficient,
and the final HPLC purity was 99%.
8

Molecules 2019, 24, 2636
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O
OH
O
O
NH2
OMe
N
5
2
EtOH : TFE 1:1
O
+
3 Å mol. sieves
rt, 8 h
EtOH : TFE 1:1
rt, 48 h
NC
4
O
CHO
O
87%
(98%)*
3
HN
HN
1) Pd(PPh3)2Cl2,
HCOONH4
CH3CN, reflux, 24 h
O
O
AcO
AllO
N
N
O
O
2) Ac2O, pyridine
85%
OAc
OAll
6c
7c
OMe
OAc
OMe
OAll
1) MeONa, MeOH
2) Amberlyst 15
quantitative
HN
HN
HN
O
O
O
HO
HO
HO
N
N
N
OH
O
O
O
OH
8c
8a
8b
OMe
OH
OMe
OH
* Yield calculated taking into account the recovered aldehyde
Scheme 1. Representative example of the synthesis of artificial polyphenols.
OMe
OH
99% HPLC purity
Other similar polyphenols prepared by us are shown in Figure 2. In designing the new entities to
be synthesized, we took as a model the best compounds that emerged from the preliminary studies [25].
In that paper, we tested the polyphenols on two amyloid proteins: Aβ1-42 and AβpE3-42. For the first
one, the best compound was found to be 8a. On the smaller fragment, the best hits contained a residue
derived from caffeic acid, but we later found that polyphenols containing the catechol moiety typical of
caffeic acid where less stable and, most of all, cytotoxic to neuronal cells [26]. Thus, we decided to keep,
as the lead for AβpE3-42, compound 8b, which was the best among those derived from ferulic acid.

Molecules 2019, 24, 2636
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Figure 2. Simple analogues of 8a prepared.
Since the ferulic derived part seemed to be very important, in this study we maintained the
carboxylic building block, and varied only the other three components. For example, looking at the
structure of 8a, we replaced benzylamine with a phenol containing benzylamine (see 8c and 8d). In 8f
and 8g we replaced p-hydroxybenzaldehyde (that was the aldehyde component for preparation of both
8a and 8b) with an aliphatic aldehyde (isobutyraldehyde). In 8e we replaced t-butyl isocyanide with a
phenol containing an aromatic isocyanide, whereas for 8g and 8h a benzyl isocyanide containing a
phenol was used. Finally, we also prepared compound 9, which is the analogue of 8a, totally devoid of
phenolic groups, in order to check the importance of this moiety for biological activity.
As far as it concerns the overall yields of the various syntheses, the most critical step was found to
be the Ugi reaction. In general, we can say that aromatic isocyanides (see 6d) and aliphatic aldehydes
(see 6e and 6f) bring about a less efficient multicomponent reaction. The high yield achieved for
compound
9 demonstrates that also protected ferulic acid, as the carboxylic component, is not ideal
for the Ugi reaction. The decrease in the yield is typically due to sluggish reactions and incomplete

Molecules 2019, 24, 2636
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conversion. In some instances, we have determined the yield considering the recovered starting
aldehyde. However, it should be noted that, since our main goal was to assess the biochemical
properties of our polyphenols, the individual syntheses have not been optimized.
All the polyphenols prepared in the previous paper and those depicted in Scheme 1 and Figure 2 are
racemic. To verify the possible influence of the absolute configuration of the stereogenic center generated
during the Ugi reaction, we decided to use, as amine component, enantiopure α-methylbenzylamine
10 (Scheme 2).
HN
1) 3, 3 Å mol. sieves
O
rt, 8 h, EtOH-TFE 1:1
AllO
*
N
5
2) tBuNC,
NH2
O
48% (overall)
d.r.: 50:50
(S)-10
11a
Rf >
11b Rf <
OMe
OAll
1) Pd(PPh3)2Cl2,
HCOONH4
CH3CN, reflux, 24 h
2) Ac2O, pyridine
HN
HN
O
O
HO
AcO
1) MeONa, MeOH
2) Amberlyst 15
*
N
*
N
O
O
13a
13b
: 90%,
HPLC purity: 94%
: 85%,
HPLC purity: 98%
12a
12b
: 45%
: 67%
OMe
OH
Scheme 2. Preparation of enantiopure polyphenols 13a,b.
OMe
OAc
As expected, the Ugi reaction was poorly diastereoselective (and slower compared to the ones
employing unsubstituted benzylamines). The two diastereomers could be conveniently separated at
this stage, and then independently converted into enantiopure polyphenols 13a and 13b.
Finally, we wanted to prepare some rigidified analogues, by applying a post-MCR cyclization. In
a previous work within our group [27], we have noticed that Ugi adducts derived from glycolaldehyde
could be cyclized to
β-lactams, exploiting the isocyanide derived secondary amide as the nucleophile
in an intramolecular SN2 process [23]. This interesting reaction was not fully explored, but we reasoned
that in the present case it could offer a possibility to obtain polyphenol-β-lactam hybrids as rigidified
analogues of 8a and 8b. Scheme 3 shows this approach.

Molecules 2019, 24, 2636
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1) benzylamine, 3 Å mol. sieves,
rt, 6 h, EtOH
HO
O
H
5
2) RNC, , 48 h
O
OH
N
N
R
O
HO
O
OAll
15a
15b
: R = tBu, 42%
14
OMe
: R = 4-(AllO)C6H4, 28%
O
O
NaH, DMF
rt, 2.5 h
S
N
N
N
N
O
O
1) Pd(PPh3)2Cl2,
HCOONH4
R
R
N
N
N
N
O
O
OH
CH3CN, reflux, 24 h
OAll
OMe
OMe
17a: R = tBu, 93%, HPLC purity 99%
17b: R = 4-(HO)C6H4, 90%, HPLC purity 99%
16a: R = tBu, 43%
16b: R = 4-(AllO)C6H4, 66%
Scheme 3. Preparation of β-lactams 17a,b.
Glycolaldehyde dimer 14 has been already used by us and others in Ugi or Ugi-type
reactions [27 29]. Ugi reactions with 14 are known to proceed only in moderate yields, and, as
stated above, protected ferulic acid, like other -unsaturated acids, is not an ideal component for this
–
α,β
MCR. Thus, we were not surprised by the low to moderate yields achieved for 15a and 15b. Cyclization
was then carried out using sulfonyl diimidazole in the presence of NaH. This method, first introduced
by Hanessian [30
,31], is a variant of the better renown Mitsunobu reaction, and offers advantages in
terms of operational simplicity and atom economy [32
,
33]. Formation of the -lactams took place quite
β
fast, but it was much cleaner starting with the more acidic aromatic secondary amine 16b, whereas
with the t-butyl derivative 16a several side products were present, lowering the yields.
In this case, we preferred to avoid the final deacetylation. Therefore, after deprotection of the allyl
groups, pure final phenols 17a,b were directly obtained by chromatography in highly pure form, being
not susceptible to degradation under chromatographic conditions.
2.2. Biochemical Assays
Then, we investigated the interaction of our candidates with two β-amyloid peptides, Aβ1-42 and
AβpE3-42. While the full-length A
β1-42 is one of the most abundantly identified in the brain deposits,
AβpE3-42 is a peptide N-terminal truncated at residue 3 (Glu) and further modified by cyclization of
Glu (E) to pyroglutamic acid (pE). These structural modifications are known to increase A
βpE3-42
aggregation propensity [34].
First, in order to check that no precipitation of our phenols could occur under the assay conditions,
we determined the solubility in phosphate buffer solution (PBS) at pH 7.4 containing 1% of DMSO.
This percentage of DMSO does not alter the aggregation of
experiments carried out with the solvent alone. This analysis was performed by UV-VIS spectroscopic
monitoring of the solutions of the compounds at different concentrations, both at the max (at around
330 nm) and at 405 nm to evidence the formation of turbidity. Only compound 8e was found to be
fully soluble in the whole range of concentrations tested (10–500 M). In this case the absorbance curve
β-amyloids, as demonstrated by control
λ
µ
at 333 nm was linear and the line at 405 nm flat. For the other compounds bending of the absorbance
curve and increase of turbidity started at the concentrations indicated in Table 1, which were anyway
far beyond the one used for the subsequent experiments (25 µM). Interestingly, most of the newly

Molecules 2019, 24, 2636
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synthesized compounds turned out to be more soluble than our previous lead 8a, and this may
represent ad advantage for in vivo tests. The aggregation inhibition experiments were carried out with
the thioflavin T methodology. This assay was selected during our previous work as the most helpful in
order to predict activity of our polyphenols. We also preliminary tried to investigate the activity of our
polyphenols by ANS fluorescence. However, ANS tests were not informative in the case of compounds
derived from ferulic acid, since they showed major spectral interferences with ANS. On the other hand,
also circular dichroism experiments were not useful, because of interference of 1% DMSO, which was
needed to keep our compounds in solution. During our preliminary work [25,26], we have also used
electron microscopy and NMR studies, which confirmed the thioflavin data. However, these long
studies were carried out only on 8a or other few selected compounds, and are not suited for a fast
selection of the here reported second generation compounds, that was made with thioflavin T.
Table 1. Solubility and Thioflavin assays on compounds 8a,g, 9, 13a,b, 17a,b.
Entry
Compound
Solubility 1
Plateau Aβ1-42 2
Plateau AβpE3-42 2
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
control
8a
8b
8c
8d
8e
8f
8g
8h
-
100%
50%
65%
74%
68%
68%
86%
102%
117%
136%
87%
86%
96%
70%
100%
90%
53%
51%
89%
72%
192%
127%
72%
104%
105%
77%
96%
72%
100 µM
250 µM
400 µM
200 µM
250 µM
>500 µM
100 µM
200 µM
100 µM
150 µM
100 µM
250 µM
250 µM
9
13a
13b
17a
17b
1
Concentration where the absorbance curve at about 330 nm starts to deflect from linearity and where the curve of
2
turbidimetry at 405 nm starts to increase. ThT Fluorescence in percentage respect to the control sample, after 24 h
of aggregation at 37 ◦C, the concentration was 5
µM for
β-amyloids and 25
µM for polyphenols in PBS + 1% DMSO.
β-Amyloid aggregation is known to start when a change of the secondary structure from
α
-helix
(in the membrane environment) or coil (in basic environment) to
In the presence of thioflavin-T,
β
-sheet conformation takes place [35].
β
-sheet formation results in a strong increase of fluorescence of the
solution. Ideally, inhibitors of aggregation should decrease the maximum plateau of fluorescence
obtained in the control experiment. Table 1 shows the relative decrease (or increase) of plateau achieved
with compounds 8a,h, 9, 13a,b, 17a,b.
From the results collected we can draw some useful information. First, as long as we consider
Aβ1-42, the lead compound 8a remains the best one. In particular, substitution of the t-Bu group of
the isocyanide with a hydroxybenzyl group is highly deleterious, leading to a complete loss of the
inhibitory effect (see entries 8 and 9). Only substitution with a hydroxyphenyl group is accepted
(entry 6) although a decrease of activity is observed compared to the lead compound 8a. Also replacing
of p-hydroxybenzaldehyde with an aliphatic counterpart is detrimental (entry 7).
For AβpE3-42, as already experienced in our previous work, even small differences seem to have
a significant effect. The best compound, among those prepared in this second campaign, is 8c, which
turned out to be slightly superior to our lead 8b. Moreover, this molecule is one of the few, together
with 8b, that shows acceptable activity towards both proteins. Therefore, we think that it is worth of
further investigation through in vivo assays. The difference, compared to 8b, is the amine component,
which is a hydroxybenzyl instead of a hydroxyphenyl group. Also, for AβpE3-42, the compounds
derived from iso-butyraldehyde did not inhibit aggregation. On the contrary, they seem, especially 8f
to even favor β-sheet formation.
,

Molecules 2019, 24, 2636
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Among the
β-lactams, only the one containing the p-hydroxyphenyl group showed some activity
(entry 14). It was equally active on both proteins and may be a good starting point for further refinement.
It was interesting to see if the different configuration of the new stereogenic center created during
the Ugi MCR could influence activity. The results achieved with diastereomers 13a and 13b shows a
negligible effect on Aβ1-42, but a significant difference in behavior for AβpE3-42. It is worth noting
that 13b, which has just an additional methyl, displays a higher activity for the truncated peptide
than 8a, but we do not know whether this is due to its enantiomeric purity or for the presence of the
methyl group.
Finally, it should be noted that compound
9, lacking any phenolic group, had no inhibitory activity
at all. On the contrary, it seems to favor aggregation of Aβ1-42. Furthermore, compounds 8f and 17a
,
that are just monophenols, behaved poorly, stressing the need for a polyphenolic system. The best
candidates found so far (8a, 8b, 8c) are indeed either diphenols or triphenols.
3. Materials and Methods
3.1. General Information
NMR spectra (see Supplementary Materials) were recorded on a Gemini 300 Mhz instrument
(Varian, Palo Alto, CA, USA) at r.t. in CDCl3 or in DMSO-d6 at 300 MHz (1H), and 75 MHz (13C), using,
as internal standard, TMS (1H NMR in CDCl3; 0.000 ppm) or the central peak of DMSO (1H-NMR:
2.506 ppm; 13C-NMR: 39.43 ppm) or the central peak of CDCl3 (13C in CDCl3; 77.02 ppm). Chemical
shifts are reported in ppm (δ scale). Peak assignments were made with the aid of gCOSY and gHSQC
experiments. In ABX system, the proton A is considered upfield and B downfield. IR spectra were
recorded as solid, oil, or foamy samples, with the ATR (attenuated total reflectance) technique. TLC
analyses were carried out on silica gel plates and viewed at UV (
λ
= 254 nm or 360 nm) and developed
4H2O (1 g)
with Hanessian stain (dipping into a solution of (NH4)4MoO4 4H2O (21 g) and Ce(SO4)2
·
·
in H2SO4 (31 mL) and H2O (469 mL) and warming). Rf values were measured after an elution of
7–9 cm. HRMS: samples were analyzed with a Synapt G2 QToF mass spectrometer (Waters, Milford,
MA, USA). MS signals were acquired from 50 to 1200 m/z in either ESI positive or negative ionization
mode. Column chromatography was done with the “flash” methodology by using 220–400 mesh silica.
Petroleum ether (40–60 ◦C) is abbreviated as PE. All reactions employing dry solvents were carried
out under nitrogen. After extractions, the aqueous phases were always re-extracted 2 times with the
appropriate organic solvent, and the organic extracts were always dried over Na2SO4 and filtered
before evaporation to dryness.
Due to a tendency to partially degrade, the free phenols (8c
–h
,
13a
,b, 18a,b) were fully characterized
and stored in the acetylated form (7c
–
h
,
12a
,
b
,
17a
,
b
) and then deprotected shortly before use through
1
procedure B, checking the purity by H-NMR and HPLC. HPLC analyses were carried out on a
HP-1100 system (Agilent, Santa Clara, CA, USA) equipped with a Phenyl C6 reverse phase column
(150
to pure CH3CN (time 10). detection was done with a DAD detector at 330 nm. Compounds
and and 4-(allyloxy)phenyl isocyanide were prepared as previously described [25]. Known [36
×
3 mm, 3 µ
m) at 25 ◦C with flow = 0.34 mL/min. Gradient from CH3CN/H2O 40:60 (time 0)
2, 3
5
]
2-(allyloxy)benzylamine was prepared as previously described [32].
3.2. Syntheses
(R,
butylamino)-2-oxoethyl)acrylamide (6c). A solution of aldehyde
trifluoroethanol (TFE, 2.5 mL) and dry ethanol (2.5 mL) was treated with amine
and freshly activated powdered 3 Å molecular sieves (62 mg). The suspension was stirred for 8 h at
rt. Then, allylated ferulic acid (318 mg, 1.36 mmol) and tert-butyl isocyanide (154 L, 1.36 mmol)
S)-(E)-3-(4-(Allyloxy)-3-methoxyphenyl)-N-(3-(allyloxy)benzyl)-N-(1-(4-(allyloxy)phenyl)-2-(tert-
(200 mg, 1.23 mmol) in dry
(221 mg, 1.35 mmol)
3
2
5
µ
were added. After stirring for 48 h at rt, the mixture was diluted with CH2Cl2/MeOH 1:1 and filtered
through a Celite cake. After evaporation of the solvent, the crude was taken up in EtOAc and washed

Molecules 2019, 24, 2636
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with saturated aqueous NaHCO3 to remove excess of 5, and then with brine. Evaporation of the
organic phase to dryness, followed by chromatography (PE:EtOAc 7:3) gave pure 6c as a white foam
(667 mg, 87%). Unreacted aldehyde
material: 98%. Rf 0.61 (PE/EtOAc 60:40). H-NMR (CDCl3):
3
(24 mg) was also recovered. Yield based on unrecovered starting
1
δ 7.65 (d, J = 15.1 Hz, 1 H, CH=CHCO),
7.33 (d, J = 8.2 Hz, 2 H), 7.19 (broad s, 1 H), 7.08 (t, J = 7.8 Hz, 1 H), 6.91 (d, J = 7.8 Hz, 1 H), 6.80 (d,
J = 8.1 Hz, 1 H), 6.78 (d, J = 8.2 Hz, 2 H), 6.67 (d, J = 8.2 Hz, 1 H), 6.65 (d, J = 8.2 Hz, 1 H), 6.54 (d,
J = 15.1 Hz, 1 H, CH=CHCO), 6.52 (s, 1 H), 6.13 (s, 1 H, CHN), 6.11–5.89 (m, 3 H, CH=CH2), 5.63
(s, 1 H, NH), 5.44–5.19 (m, 6 H, CH=CH2), 4.85 (d, J = 17.9 Hz, 1 H, CHHAr), 4.64 (d, J = 17.9 Hz,
1 H, CHHAr), 4.60 (d, J = 5.4 Hz, 2 H, CH2CH=CH2), 4.48 (d, J = 4.9 Hz, 2 H, CH2CH=CH2), 4.36 (d,
J = 4.2 Hz, 2 H, CH2CH=CH2), 3.78 (s, 3 H, OCH3), 1.35 (s, 9 H, C(CH3)3). 13C-NMR (CDCl3):
168.3 (C=O), 158.7, 158.6, 149.5, 149.3, 140.5, 128.4, 127.6 (quat.), 143.2 (CH=CHCO), 133.1, 133.0, 132.8
(CH=CH2), 131.1 ( 2), 129.3, 121.9, 118.7, 114.8 ( 2), 113.4, 112.8, 112.4, 110.0 (aromatic CH), 118.2,
δ 169.3,
×
×
117.8, 117.6 (CH=CH2), 116.5 (CH=CHCO), 69.7, 68.7, 68.6 (CH2CH=CH2), 61.9 (CHN), 55.8 (OCH3),
51.6 (C(CH3)3), 49.5 ((CH2Ar), 28.7 (C(CH3)3). HRMS: m/z (ESI+): 625.3270 (M + H+). C38H45N2O6
requires 625.3278.
(R,S)-(E)-3-(4-(Acetoxy)-3-methoxyphenyl)-N-(3-(acetoxy)benzyl)-N-(1-(4-(acetoxy)phenyl)-2-(tert-butylamino)-
2-oxoethyl)acrylamide (7c). A solution of triallyl derivative 6c (252 mg, 404
µmol), Pd(PPh3)2Cl2 (13 mg,
18.3 mol, 0.015 eq. calculated on the number of allyl groups), and ammonium formate (114 mg,
µ
1.81 mmol, 1.5 eq. calculated on the number of allyl groups) in dry CH3CN (3.6 mL) in a pressure
tube was first flushed with argon and then sealed and heated at 81 ◦C for 24 h. A tlc showed that the
reaction was complete. The resulting dark solution was diluted with EtOAc and saturated aqueous
NaHCO3. The phases were separated and the aqueous one re-extracted three times with EtOAc.
The organic phases were washed with brine and evaporated to dryness. The crude was taken up in
pyridine (1.45 mL, 18.0 mmol) and treated with acetic anhydride (1.45 mL, 15.3 mmol) and stirred at rt
for 3 h. The solution was diluted with EtOAc (20 mL), water (20 mL), and 2 M aqueous HCl (10 mL),
checking that the resulting pH is <2 (otherwise more HCl is added). The phases were separated, and
the aqueous one re-extracted three times with EtOAc. The organic extracts were washed with brine,
evaporated to dryness and chromatographed (PE/EtOAc 60:40 + 2% EtOH) to give pure 7c as a white
powder (221 mg, 87%). Rf 0.30 (PE/EtOAc 60:40). IR: υmax 3318, 2969, 2936, 1761, 1680, 1647, 1601, 1538,
1505, 1453, 1417, 1365, 1300, 1256, 1189, 1155, 1121, 1079, 1031, 1012, 977, 946, 908, 869, 829, 795, 750,
1
731, 697, 643 cm−1. H-NMR (CDCl3):
δ 7.72 (d, J = 15.3 Hz, 1 H, CH=CHCO), 7.38 (d, J = 8.2 Hz, 2 H),
7.17 (t, J = 7.8 Hz, 1 H), 7.10–6.79 (m, 7 H), 6.75 (s, 1 H), 6.61 (d, J = 15.3 Hz, 1 H, CH=CHCO), 6.10 (s,
1 H, CHN), 5.70 (s, 1 H, NH), 4.91 (d, J = 18.0 Hz, 1 H, CHHAr), 4.65 (d, J = 18.0 Hz, 1 H, CHHAr), 3.76
(s, 3 H, OCH3), 2.29, 2.27, 2.25 (3 s, 3
168.8, 168.7, 168.0 (C=O), 151.2, 150.8, 150.7, 141.0, 140.0, 134.0, 132.5 (quat.), 143.5 (CH=CHCO), 130.9
2), 129.4, 123.5, 123.1, 121.8 ( 2), 120.9, 120.2, 119.5, 111.4 (aromatic CH), 118.2 (CH=CHCO), 61.8
×
3 H, CH3CO), 1.36 (s, 9 H, C(CH3)3). 13C-NMR (CDCl3):
δ 169.1,
(
×
×
(CHN), 55.8 (OCH3), 51.8 (C(CH3)3), 49.2 (CH2Ar), 28.6 (C(CH3)3), 21.1 (
×
2), 20.6 (CH3CO). HRMS: m/z
(ESI+): 631.2664 (M + H+). C35H39N2O9 requires 631.2656.
(R, S)-(E)-N-(2-(tert-Butylamino)-1-(4-(hydroxy)phenyl)-2-oxoethyl)-N-(3-hydroxybenzyl)-3-(4-hydroxy-
3-methoxyphenyl)acrylamide (8c). A 0.2 M solution of MeONa in MeOH is freshly prepared treating
MeOH with solid Na (4.6 g per liter of MeOH) under nitrogen. Triacetate 7c (100 mg, 160
µmol) is
treated with such solution (4.8 mL, 920 mol, 2 eq. for each acetyl group). After stirring for 2 h at rt,
µ
the solution is treated with dry Amberlyst® 15 (4.7 mmol/g) (freshly thoroughly washed with dry
methanol) so that the resulting pH is around 4–5 (about 200 mg of dry resin). The resin was filtered off,
washing with methanol and the resulting filtrate evaporated to dryness, to afford 8c, pure enough for
biochemical assays (80 mg, quantitative). The purity by HPLC (for conditions see the general remarks)
was 99%. Rf 0.18 (PE/EtOAc 50:50) 1H-NMR (DMSO-d6, 90 ◦C):
OH), 7.39 (d, J = 15.3 Hz, 1 H, CH=CHCO), 7.33 (s, 1 H, NH), 7.11 (d, J = 8.4 Hz, 2 H), 6.98 (s, 1 H),
6.94 (d, J = 7.5 Hz, 1 H), 6.93 (broad t, 1 H), 6.75 (d, J = 8.1 Hz, 1 H), 6.73–6.68 (broad t, 1 H), 6.68
δ
9.07, 8.98, 8.84 (3 broad s, 3
×
1 H,

Molecules 2019, 24, 2636
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(d, J = 8.4 Hz, 2 H), 6.58–6.46 (m, 3 H, CH=CHCO and 2 aromatic CH), 5.95 (s, 1 H, CHN), 4.76 (d,
J = 16.8 Hz, 1 H, CHHAr), 4.47 (d, J = 16.8 Hz, 1 H, CHHAr), 3.77 (s, 3 H, OCH3), 1.25 (s, 9 H, C(CH3)3).
(R,
butylamino)-2-oxoethyl)acrylamide (6d). This compound was prepared starting from 194 mg of aldehyde
, following the same procedure above described for 6c. Pure 6d was obtained after chromatography
S)-(E)-3-(4-(Allyloxy)-3-methoxyphenyl)-N-(2-(allyloxy)benzyl)-N-(1-(4-(allyloxy)phenyl)-2-(tert-
2
with PE/EtOAc 70:30 + 2% EtOH. Yield: 471 mg (63%). Also 59 mg of unreacted aldehyde was
recovered from the column (yield from unrecovered starting aldehyde = 91%). Slightly yellow foam.
1
Rf 0.36 (PE/EtOAc 70:30). H-NMR (CDCl3):
δ 7.67 (d, J = 15.3 Hz, 1 H, CH=CHCO), 7.29 (d, J = 8.2 Hz,
2 H), 7.19 (broad s, 1 H), 7.09 (t, J = 7.0 Hz, 1 H), 6.93 (d, J = 8.3 Hz, 1 H), 6.85–6.67 (m, 6 H), 6.56 (d,
J = 15.3 Hz, 1 H, CH=CHCO), 6.52 (s, 1 H), 6.12–5.92 (m, 3 H, CH=CH2), 5.86 (s, 1 H, CHN), 5.73 (s,
1 H, NH), 5.43–5.23 (m, 6 H, CH=CH2), 4.86 (d, J = 18.4 Hz, 1 H, CHHAr), 4.69 (d, J = 18.4 Hz, 1 H,
CHHAr), 4.60 (dt, J = 5.4 (d), 1.2 (t) Hz, 2 H, CH2CH=CH2), 4.55–4.40 (m, 4 H, CH2CH=CH2), 3.78
(s, 3 H, OCH3), 1.33 (s, 9 H, C(CH3)3). 13C-NMR (CDCl3):
149.3, 128.6, 127.5, 120.6 (quat.), 143.1 (CH=CHCO), 133.2, 133.0, 132.9 (CH=CH2), 131.0 (
127.8, 121.6, 120.6, 114.5 ( 2), 112.8, 110.9, 110.6 (aromatic CH), 118.2, 117.7, 117.4 (CH=CH2), 116.5
(CH=CHCO), 69.7, 68.7 ( 2) (CH2CH=CH2), 63.1 (CHN), 55.9 (OCH3), 51.4 (C(CH3)3), 44.9 ((CH2Ar),
28.7 (C(CH3)3). HRMS: m/z (ESI+): 625.3270 (M + H+). C38H45N2O6 requires 625.3263.
δ
169.1, 168.3 (C=O), 158.4, 155.0, 149.4,
2), 127.9,
×
×
×
(R, S)-(E)-3-(4-(Acetoxy)-3-methoxyphenyl)-N-(2-(acetoxy)benzyl)-N-(1-(4-(acetoxy)phenyl)-2-(tert-
butylamino)-2-oxoethyl)acrylamide (7d). It was prepared from 438 mg of 6d following the same procedure
employed for 7c. Pure 7d was obtained after chromatography (PE/EtOAc 60:40 + 1% EtOH) (267 mg,
60%). White foam. Rf 0.27 (PE/EtOAc 60:40). IR:
υ
3322, 2967, 2930, 1759, 1681, 1649, 1602, 1542,
max
1506, 1454, 1418, 1367, 1302, 1259, 1190, 1156, 1122, 1093, 1032, 1011, 980, 951, 907, 826, 751, 664,
1
645 cm−1. H-NMR (CDCl3):
δ 7.68 (d, J = 15.3 Hz, 1 H, CH=CHCO), 7.45 (d, J = 8.3 Hz 2 H), 7.16
(broad t, 1 H), 7.10–6.85 (m, 8 H), 6.53 (d, J = 15.3 Hz, 1 H, CH=CHCO), 6.15 (s, 1 H, CHN), 5.63 (s, 1 H,
NH), 4.79 (d, J = 18.4 Hz, 1 H, CHHAr), 4.56 (d, J = 18.4 Hz, 1 H, CHHAr), 3.74 (s, 3 H, OCH3), 2.30,
2.28, 2.27 (3 s, 3
168.1 (C=O), 151.2, 150.7, 150.7, 147.4, 141.0, 134.0, 132.7 (quat.), 143.5 (CH=CHCO), 130.8 (
128.1, 127.5, 126.2, 122.9, 121.9 ( 2), 121.8, 111.0 (aromatic CH), 117.7 (CH=CHCO), 61.8 (CHN), 55.8
×
3 H, CH3CO), 1.35 (s, 9 H, C(CH3)3). 13C-NMR (CDCl3):
δ
169.22, 169.16, 168.8, 168.5,
×
2), 130.2,
×
(OCH3), 51.8 (C(CH3)3), 44.4 (CH2Ar), 28.6 (C(CH3)3), 21.1 (
×
2), 20.6 (CH3CO). HRMS: m/z (ESI+):
631.2678 (M + H+). C35H39N2O9 requires 631.2656.
(R,S)-(E)-N-(2-(tert-Butylamino)-1-(4-(hydroxy)phenyl)-2-oxoethyl)-3-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-N-(2-
(hydroxy)benzyl)acrylamide (8d). It was prepared from triacetate 7c (100 mg, 160 mol) following the
same procedure used for 8c, Yield: 74.7 mg (93%). The purity by HPLC (for conditions see the general
remarks) was 92%. Rf 0.18 (PE/EtOAc 50:50) 1H-NMR (DMSO-d6, 90 ◦C):
9.33 (broad s, 1 H, OH), 9.08
µ
δ
(broad s, 2 H, OH), 7.40 (d, J = 15.3 Hz, 1 H, CH=CHCO), 7.13 (d, J = 8.5 Hz, 2 H), 7.03–6.58 (m, 9 H),
5.95 (s, 1 H, CHN), 4.75 (d, J = 17.0 Hz, 1 H, CHHAr), 4.50 (d, J = 17.0 Hz, 1 H, CHHAr), 3.77 (s, 3 H,
OCH3), 1.26 (s, 9 H, C(CH3)3).
(R,S)-(E)-3-(4-(Acetoxy)-3-methoxyphenyl)-N-(1-(4-(acetoxy)phenyl)-2-((4-(acetoxy)phenyl)amino)-2-oxoethyl)-
N-benzylacrylamide (7e). Triallyl derivative 6e was prepared from 97 mg of aldehyde
105 mg of 4-(allyloxy)phenyl isocyanide [25] (660 mol), 154.5 mg of acid (660 mol) and 72
benzylamine (660 mol) following the same procedure employed for 7c. However, after 48 h, both
aldehyde and the starting isocyanide were visible at TLC. The reaction was worked out anyway.
Chromatography (PE/EtOAc 60:40 + 1 % EtOH) gave pure 6e (127 mg, 33%). Starting aldehyde (43 mg)
was also recovered. Yield based on non-recovered starting aldehyde = 59%. This triallyl derivative 6e
3
(600
µmol),
µ
5
µ
µL of
µ
3
,
pure at TLC, was not fully characterized, but directly converted into 7e, following the same procedure
described for 7c. Chromatography (PE/EtOAc 70:30 + 3% EtOH) gave pure 7e (94 mg, 73%). White
foam. Rf 0.50 (PE/EtOAc 50:50). IR:
υ
3282, 3070, 2988, 1756, 1697, 1621, 1595, 1546, 1505, 1494, 1453,
max
1409, 1367, 1310, 1187, 1163, 1106, 1075, 1046, 1014, 966, 909, 846, 757, 737, 700, 675, 634, 611 cm−1
.

Molecules 2019, 24, 2636
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1H-NMR (CDCl3):
δ
8.52 (s, 1 H, NH), 7.66 (d, J = 15.2 Hz, 1 H, CH=CHCO), 7.50 (d, J = 8.7 Hz 2 H),
7.45 (d, J = 8.4 Hz 2 H), 7.25–7.14 (m, 3 H), 7.12–6.89 (m, 8 H), 6.82 (s, 1 H), 6.68 (d, J = 15.3 Hz, 1 H,
CH=CHCO), 6.30 (s, 1 H, CHN), 4.93 (d, J = 17.7 Hz, 1 H, CHHPh), 4.73 (d, J = 17.7 Hz, 1 H, CHHPh),
3.74 (s, 3 H, OCH3), 2.29, 2.27 (
168.0 (C=O), 151.2, 150.8, 146.9, 141.0, 137.7, 135.5, 133.8, 131.8 (quat.), 143.7 (CH=CHCO), 130.8 (
128.6 ( 2), 127.3, 126.2 ( 2), 123.1, 121.9 ( 2), 121.8 ( 2), 120.9 ( 2), 120.8, 111.5 (aromatic CH), 118.1
2), 20.6 (CH3CO). HRMS: m/z (ESI+):
×
2) (3 s, 3 x 3 H, CH3CO). 13C-NMR (CDCl3):
δ
169.5, 169.1, 168.8, 168.4,
×
2),
×
×
×
×
×
(CH=CHCO), 63.1 (CHN), 55.8 (OCH3), 50.1 (CH2Ph), 21.1 (
651.2371 (M + H+). C37H35N2O9 requires 631.2343.
×
(R,S)-(E)-N-Benzyl-3-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-N-(1-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-2-((4-hydroxyphenyl)-amino)-
2-oxoethyl)acrylamide (8e). It was prepared from triacetate 7e (110 mg, 169 mol) following the same
procedure used for 8c, Yield: 74.2 mg (84%). The purity by HPLC (for conditions see the general
remarks) was 96%. Rf 0.17 (PE/EtOAc 50:50) 1H-NMR (DMSO-d6, 90 ◦C):
9.67 (s, 1 H, OH), 9.14 (s,
µ
δ
1 H, OH), 8.99 (broad s, 1 H, NH), 8.84 (s, 1 H, OH), 7.42 (d, J = 15.3 Hz, 1 H, CH=CHCO), 7.32 (d,
J = 9.0 Hz, 2 H), 7.22–7.05 (m, 7 H), 6.96 (broad s, 1 H), 6.90 (broad d, J = 8.1 Hz, 1 H), 6.78–6.65 (m,
6 H), 6.20 (s, 1 H, CHN), 4.89 (d, J = 17.1 Hz, 1 H, CHHAr), 4.63 (d, J = 17.1 Hz, 1 H, CHHAr), 3.75 (s,
3 H, OCH3).
(R,S)-(E)-3-(4-(Acetoxy)-3-methoxyphenyl)-N-benzyl-N-(2-(tert-butylamino)-1-isopropyl-2-oxoethyl)acrylamide
(
7f). Allyl derivative 6f was prepared from 223.2 mg of acid
isobutyraldehyde and tert-butyl isocyanide, following the same procedure employed for 7c. However,
after 48 h, acid was still visible at TLC. The reaction was worked out anyway. Chromatography
(PE/EtOAc 60:40 + 1% EtOH) gave pure 6f (155 mg, 34%) This allyl derivative 6f, pure at TLC, was not
5 (1.05 mmol) and 1.1 eq. of benzylamine,
5
fully characterized, but directly converted into 7f, following the same procedure described for 7c
.
Chromatography (PE/EtOAc 70:30) gave pure 7f (103.8 mg, 67%). White foam. Rf 0.29 (PE/AcOEt
1
70:30). H-NMR (CDCl3):
δ 7.63 (d, J = 15.3 Hz, 1 H, CH=CHCO), 7.35–7.18 (m, 5 H), 6.99–6.88 (m,
2 H), 6.79 (s, 1 H), 6.61 (d, J = 15.3 Hz, 1 H, CH=CHCO), 6.27 (broad s, 1 H, NH), 4.93 (d, J = 17.2 Hz,
1 H, CHHPh), 4.74 (d, J = 17.2 Hz, 1 H, CHHPh), 4.56 (broad d, J = 6.9 Hz, 1 H, CHN), 3.74 (s, 3 H,
OCH3), 2.51–2.34 (m, 1 H, CH(CH3)2), 2.29 (s, 3 H, CH3CO), 1.29 (s, 9 H, C(CH3)3), 0.99 (d, J = 6.4 Hz,
3 H, CH3CH), 0.87 (d, J = 6.5 Hz, 3 H, CH3CH). 13C-NMR (CDCl3):
140.9, 138.3, 134.1 (quat.), 142.5 (CH=CHCO), 128.6 ( 2), 127.2, 126.4 (
CH), 118.8 (CH=CHCO), 65.6 (very broad) CHN), 55.8 (OCH3), 51.4 (C(CH3)3), 48.5 (very broad)
(CH2Ph), 28.6 (C(CH3)3), 27.5 (CH(CH3)2, 20.6 (CH3CO), 19.7, 19.0 (CH3CH). HRMS: m/z (ESI+):
481.2708 (M + H+). C28H37N2O5 requires 481.2702.
δ
169.2, 168.8, 168.2 (C=O), 151.2,
2), 123.1, 120.8, 111.2 (aromatic
×
×
(R,S)-(E)-N-benzyl-N-(2-(tert-butylamino)-1-isopropyl-2-oxoethyl)-3-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-acrylamide
(8f). Prepared from acetate 7f (89.6 mg, 186 µmol) following the same procedure used for 8c, Yield:
59.1 mg (73%). The purity by HPLC (for conditions see the general remarks) was 96%. Rf 0.32
1
(PE/EtOAc 60:40). H-NMR (DMSO-d6, 90 ◦C; some signals were still rather broad at this temperature):
δ
8.96 (broad s, 1 H, OH), 7.41 (d, J = 15.3 Hz, 1 H, CH=CHCO), 7.41 (broad s, 1 H, NH), 7.32–7.24 (m,
5 H), 7.23–7.11 (m, 1 H), 7.10–6.87 (broad m, 2 H), 6.77 (d, J = 8.1 Hz, 1 H), 4.94 (broad d, J = 16.2 Hz,
1 H, CHHPh), 4.75 (d, J = 16.2 Hz, 1 H, CHHPh), 3.79 (s, 3 H, OCH3), 2.37–2.23 (m, 1 H, CH(CH3)2),
1.22 (s, 9 H, C(CH3)3), 0.95 (d, J = 6.5 Hz, 3 H, CH3CH), 0.82 (d, J = 6.6 Hz, 3 H, CH3CH).
(R,S)-(E)-N-(2-(4-(Acetoxy)benzyl)-1-isopropyl-2-oxoethyl)-3-(4-(Acetoxy)-3-methoxyphenyl)-N-benzylacrylamide
(7g). Diallyl derivative 6g was prepared from 357 mg of acid 5 (1.52 mmol), 1 eq. each of benzylamine
and isobutyraldehyde and 1.3 eq. of 4-(allyloxy)benzyl isocyanide [32], following the same procedure
employed for 7c. The reaction was worked out as usual after 48 h. As in our previous paper [32], the
isocyanide was not stripped at high vacuum due to its volatility/lability and thus the actual amount
used was slightly lower. Chromatography (PE/EtOAc 60:40) gave pure 6g (382 mg, 44%) This diallyl
derivative 6g, pure at TLC, was not fully characterized, but directly converted into 7g, following the
same procedure described for 7c. Chromatography (PE/EtOAc 70:30) gave pure 7g (253 mg, 66%).

Molecules 2019, 24, 2636
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White foam. Rf 0.37 (PE/EtOAc 60:40). IR:
υ
3290, 3065, 2965, 2874, 1759, 1673, 1647, 1600, 1507,
max
1453, 1418, 1367, 1301, 1257, 1213, 1190, 1156, 1121, 1080, 1031, 1013, 972, 941, 908, 830, 731, 697,
645 cm−1 1H-NMR (CDCl3):
.
δ
7.62 (d, J = 15.3 Hz, 1 H, CH=CHCO), 7.31–7.16 (m, 8 H), 7.02 (d,
J = 8.7 Hz, 2 H), 6.99-6.90 (m, 2 H), 6.81 (d, J = 1.2 Hz, 1 H), 6.63 (d, J = 15.3 Hz, 1 H, CH=CHCO),
4.83, 4.77 (AB syst., J = 17.4 Hz, 2 H, CH2N), 4.62 (broad d, J = 10.5 Hz, 1 H, CHN), 4.43 (dd,
J = 14.9, 6.1 Hz, 1 H CHHNH), 4.27 (dd, J = 14.9, 5.7 Hz, 1 H CHHNH), 3.76 (s, 3 H, OCH3), 2.59–2.43
(m, 1 H, CH(CH3)2), 2.30 (s, 3 H, CH3CO), 2.28 (s, 3 H, CH3CO), 1.00 (d, J = 6.4 Hz, 3 H, CH3CH), 0.87
(d, J = 6.6 Hz, 3 H, CH3CH). 13C-NMR (CDCl3):
137.7, 135.8, 133.9 (quat.), 143.0 (CH=CHCO), 128.8 (
120.8, 111.3 (aromatic CH), 118.4 (CH=CHCO), 65.8 (very broad) (CHN), 55.8 (OCH3), 49.2 (very broad)
(CH2Ph), 42.7 (CH2NH), 27.1 (CH(CH3)2, 21.1 (CH3CO), 20.6 (CH3CO), 19.9, 19.2 (CH3CH). HRMS:
m/z (ESI+): 573.2608 (M + H+). C33H37N2O7 requires 573.2601.
δ
170.1, 169.4, 168.8, 168.5 (C=O), 151.2, 149.8, 141.0,
2), 128.7 ( 2), 127.4, 126.4 ( 2), 123.1, 121.7 ( 2),
×
×
×
×
(R,S)-(E)-N-benzyl-N-(2-(4-hydroxybenzyl)-1-isopropyl-2-oxoethyl)-3-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-acrylamide
(8g). Prepared from acetate 7g (104.2 mg, 182 µmol) following the same procedure used for 8c, Yield:
71.9 mg (73%). The purity by HPLC (for conditions see the general remarks) was 96%. Rf 0.35
1
(PE/EtOAc 50:50). H-NMR (DMSO-d6, 90 ◦C; some signals were still rather broad at this temperature):
δ
9.00 (broad s, 1 H, OH), 8.93 (s, 1 H, NH), 8.27 (s, 1 H, OH), 7.40 (d, J = 15.2 Hz, 1 H, CH=CHCO),
7.36–7.14 (m, 7 H), 7.05 (d, J = 8.4 Hz, 2 H), 7.05–6.93 (broad m, 2 H), 6.77 (d, J = 7.8 Hz, 1 H), 6.70 (d,
J = 8.4 Hz, 2 H), 4.95–4.55 (m, 3 H, CH2Ph and CHN), 4.12 (d, J = 6.0 Hz, 2 H, CH2NH), 3.78 (s,
3 H, OCH3), 2.41–2.22 (m, 1 H, CH(CH3)2), 0.92 (d, J = 6.6 Hz, 3 H, CH3CH), 0.81 (d, J = 6.6 Hz,
3 H, CH3CH).
N-3-(Allyloxy)benzyl formamide. Amine 2, prepared as previously described [25] (1.10 g, 6.74 mmol) was
dissolved in ethyl formate (27 mL) and heated at reflux for 16 h. Evaporation of the solvent gave the
title compound in quantitative yield (1.289 g) as a white solid. M.p.: 39.3–41.5 ◦C. Rf 0.12 (PE/AcOEt
50:50). IR: υmax 3271, 3044, 2933, 2914, 2888, 2863, 2775, 1642, 1614, 1587, 1539, 1486, 1452, 1423, 1388,
1367, 1347, 1310, 1295, 1261, 1236, 1216, 1156, 1098, 1035, 992, 946, 913, 884, 813, 772, 730, 693, 658,
1
625 cm−1. H NMR (CDCl3) (two conformers A and B in 87:13 ratio, are visible):
δ:
δ
8.24 (A) (s, 0.87 H,
CH=O), 8.15 (B) (d, J = 11.9 Hz, 0.13 H, CH=O), 7.30–7.19 (A + B) (m, 1 H), 6.90–6.77 (A + B) (m, 3 H),
6.04 (A + B) (ddt, J = 17.1, 10.5 (d), 5.3 Hz (t), 1 H, CH=CH2), 5.99 (A + B) (broad s, NH), 5.28 (A +
B) (dq, J = 10.5 (d), 1.2 Hz (q), 1 H CH=CHH), 4.56–4.49 (A + B) (m, 2 H, CH2CH=CH2), 4.44 (A) (d,
J = 5.9 Hz, 1.74 H, CH2Ar), 4.36 (B) (d, J = 6.5 Hz, 0.26 H, CH2Ar). 13C-NMR (CDCl3) only the peaks of
major conformer are listed):
δ 161.0, 158.9 (C=O), 139.1, 129.8 (quat.), 133.0 (C=CH2), 129.8, 120.1, 114.2,
113.8 (aromatic CH), 117.7 (CH=CH2), 68.7 (CH2CH=CH2), 42.0 (ArCH2). HRMS: m/z (ESI+): 192.1017
(M + H+). C11H14NO2 requires 192.1025.
3-(Allyloxy)benzyl isocyanide. N-3-(Allyloxy)benzyl formamide (386 mg, 2.02 mmol) was dissolved
in dry CH2Cl2 (20 mL), cooled to
−
30 ◦C and treated with triethylamine (1.30 mL, 9.29 mmol) and
POCl3(282 L, 3.05 mmol). After stirring for 3 h at the same temperature, the brown solution was
µ
poured into saturated aqueous NaHCO3, and extracted three times with CH2Cl2. The organic extracts
were washed with brine, evaporated to dryness and chromatographed (PE/EtOAc 95:5) to give the
pure title compound as a colorless liquid. Due to its partial volatility, it was evaporated only at 15 mbar
and 25 ◦C. The yield (331 mg, 95%) is therefore slightly overestimated, since it probably contains few
amounts of solvent. Ths isocyanide was directly used for the next Ugi reaction to give 6h (see below).
(R, S)-(E)-N-(2-(3-(Acetoxy)benzyl)-1-(4-acetoxyphenyl)-2-oxoethyl)-3-(4-(Acetoxy)-3-methoxyphenyl)-N-
benzylacrylamide (7h). Triallyl derivative 6h was prepared from 243 mg of aldehyde
3 (1.50 mmol),
387 mg of acid (1.65 mmol), 1.1 eq. of benzylamine and and freshly prepared 3-(allyloxy)benzyl
5
isocyanide (330 mg, 1.91 mmol), following the same procedure employed for 7c. The reaction was
worked out as usual after 48 h. Chromatography (PE/EtOAc 60:40) gave pure 6h (580 mg, 59%).
Chromatography gave also mg 90 of recovered starting aldehyde 3. Thus, the yield from unrecovered

Molecules 2019, 24, 2636
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starting aldehyde is 93%. This triallyl derivative 6h, pure at TLC, was not fully characterized, but
directly converted into 7h, following the same procedure described for 7c. Chromatography (PE/EtOAc
40:60) gave pure 7h (560 mg, 96%). White foam. Rf 0.51 (PE/EtOAc 50:50). IR: υmax 3297, 3064, 2938,
1759, 1677, 1648, 1601, 1506, 1451, 1418, 1367, 1299, 1257, 1189, 1155, 1121, 1081, 1014, 976, 956, 907, 829,
1
793, 731, 696, 635 cm−1. H-NMR (CDCl3):
δ 7.70 (d, J = 15.3 Hz, 1 H, CH=CHCO), 7.42 (d, J = 8.4 Hz,
2 H), 7.31 (t, J = 7.7 Hz, 1 H), 7.25–6.94 (m, 12 H), 6.84 (s, 1 H), 6.64 (d, J = 15.3 Hz, 1 H, CH=CHCO),
6.33 (broad t, J = 5.7 Hz, 1 H, NH), 6.08 (s, 1 H, CHN), 4.89, 4.65 (AB syst., J = 17.8 Hz, 2 H, CH2Ph),
4.51, 4.46 (AB part of an ABX syst, JAB = 14.6, JAX = 5.0, JBX = 6.0 Hz, CH2NH), 3.76 (s, 3 H, OCH3),
2.29 (s, 3 H, CH3CO), 2.27 (s, 3 H, CH3CO), 2.26 (s, 3 H, CH3CO). 13C-NMR (CDCl3):
δ
169.5, 169.4,
169.1, 168.8, 168.0 (C=O), 151.1, 150.8, 141.0, 139.7, 137.8, 134.0, 132.2 (quat.), 143.2 (CH=CHCO), 131.0
2), 129.6, 128.6 ( 2), 127.1, 126.2 ( 2), 125.1, 123.0, 121.9 ( 2), 120.84, 120.81, 120.6, 111.3 (aromatic
(×
×
×
×
CH), 118.3 (CH=CHCO), 62.3 (CHN), 55.8 (OCH3), 50.0 (CH2Ph), 43.2 (CH2NH), 21.1 (CH3CO), 21.0
(CH3CO), 20.6 (CH3CO). HRMS: m/z (ESI+): 665.2522 (M + H+). C38H37N2O9 requires 665.2499.
(R,S)-(E)-N-Benzyl-N-(2-(3-(hydroxy)benzyl)-1-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-2-oxoethyl)-3-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)
acrylamide (8h). Prepared from acetate 7h (100.0 mg, 150 µmol) following the same procedure used
for 8c. Yield: 76.2 mg (94%). The purity by HPLC (for conditions see the general remarks) was 94%.
Rf 0.32 (PE/EtOAc 60:40). 1H-NMR (DMSO-d6, 90 ◦C) (some signals were still rather broad at this
temperature):
δ 9.09 (s, 1 H), 8.90 (s, 2 H), 8.27 (broad s, 1 H), 7.41 (d, J = 15.3 Hz, 1 H, CH=CHCO),
7.25–7.02 (m, 9 H), 6.96 (s, 1 H), 6.90 (d, J = 8.1 Hz, 1 H), 6.75 (d, J = 8.1 Hz, 1 H), 6.72–6.61 (m, 5 H),
6.14 (broad s, CHN), 4.88 (d, J = 17.1 Hz, 1 H, CHHPh), 4.61 (d, J = 17.1 Hz, 1 H, CHHPh), 4.26, 4.21
(AB part of an ABX syst, JAB = 15.2, JAX = 5.9, JBX = 6.2 Hz, CH2NH), 3.76 (s, 3 H, OCH3).
N-Benzyl-N-(2-(tert-butylamino)-2-oxo-1-phenylethyl)cinnamamide (
benzylamine (180 L, 1.65 mmol), cinnamic acid (245 mg, 1.65 mmol) and tert-butyl isocyanide (185
1.65 mmol) were reacted as described for the synthesis of 6c. Chromatography (PE: AcOEt 75:25)
gave pure as a white foam (571 mg, 89%). Rf 0.36 (PE/EtOAc 75:25). IR: 3316, 3063, 3030,
9
). Benzaldehyde (153
µL, 1.50 mmol),
µ
µL,
9
υ
max
2971, 2926, 1650, 1596, 1547, 1496, 1470, 1450, 1411, 1392, 1363, 1351, 1331, 1303, 1284, 1253, 1220,
1201, 1189, 1174, 1078, 1032, 997, 976, 947, 915, 892, 860, 841, 804, 768, 758, 740, 723, 695, 642, 622,
1
615 cm−1. H-NMR (CDCl3):
δ 7.77 (d, J = 15.3 Hz, 1 H, CH=CHCO), 7.43–7.08 (m, 14 H), 7.01 (broad d,
J = 6.9 Hz, 1 H), 6.72 (d, J = 15.3 Hz, 1 H, PhCH=CH), 6.11 (s, 1 H, CHN), 5.68 (s, 1 H, NH), 4.93, 4.69
(AB syst., J = 17.9 Hz, 2 H, CH2Ph), 1.35 (s, 9 H, C(CH3)3). 13C-NMR (CDCl3):
168.9, 168.2 (C=O),
138.2, 135.3, 135.1 (quat.), 143.7 (CH=CHCO), 129.7 ( 3), 128.7 ( 2), 128.6 ( 2), 128.3 ( 3), 127.9, 126.9
2), 126.2 ( 2) (aromatic CH), 118.2 (CH=CHCO), 62.9 (CHN), 51.7 (C(CH3)3), 49.7 (CH2Ph), 28.6
(C(CH3)3). HRMS: m/z (ESI+): 427.2378 (M + H+). C28H31N2O2 requires 427.2386.
δ
×
×
×
×
(×
×
(E )-N-(1-(4-Acetoxyphenyl)-2-(tert-butylamino)-2-oxoethyl))-3-(4-acetoxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-N-((S)-1-
phenylethyl)acrylamide (12a) and (E)-N-(1-(4-Acetoxyphenyl)-2-(tert-butylamino)-2-oxoethyl))-3-(4-acetoxy-3-
methoxyphenyl)-N-((S)-1-phenylethyl)acrylamide (12b). Aldehyde (243 mg, 1.50 mmol), protected ferulic
L, 1.65 mmol) and tert-butyl isocyanide
L, 1.65 mmol) were reacted as described for the synthesis of 6c. Chromatography (PE/EtOAc
3
acid
(185
5
µ
(387 mg, 1.65 mmol), (S)-α-methylbenzylamine (212.7 µ
70:30) gave: the faster running diastereomer 11a (182.1 mg) (Rf = 0.27, PE/EtOAc 70:30), the slower
running diastereomer 11b (190.4 mg) (Rf = 0.19, PE/EtOAct 70:30), and some mixed fractions (37.6 mg).
A second chromatography of the mixed fractions gave additional 11a (21.7 mg) and 11b (15.9 mg).
Overall yield: 420.1 mg (44%). Diastereomeric ratio = 50:50. The realtive configuration was not
established. Diallyl derivatives 11a and 11b, pure at TLC, were not fully characterized, but directly
independently converted into 12a and 12b, following the same procedure described for 7c.
12a. Obtained in 45% yield (96.3 mg from 212.1 mg of 11a) after chromatography with PE/EtOAc 60:40).
Rf 0.34 (PE/EtOAc 60:40). IR:
υ
3300, 2965, 2930, 1768, 1689, 1644, 1603, 1547, 1508, 1452, 1434, 1416,
max
1389, 1368, 1337, 1260, 1193, 1152, 1123, 1034, 1014, 978, 946, 909, 883, 846, 828, 794 cm−1. H-NMR
1
(CDCl3) (due to the presence of conformers around the tertiary amide, the signals are rather broad

Molecules 2019, 24, 2636
14 of 19
and splitting of some signal is present):
δ
7.72 (d, J = 15.0 Hz, 1 H, CH=CHCO), 7.64–7.25 (m, 7 H),
7.10 (d, J = 8.7 Hz, 2 H), 6.97–6.78 (m, 2 H), 6.73–6.53 (m, 1 H), 6.44 (d, J = 15.0 Hz, 1 H, CH=CHCO),
6.59 (minor conformer) and 5.43 (major conformer) (2 very broad s, 1 H, CHCH3), 5.00 (s, 1 H, CHN),
4.78 (s, 1 H, NH), 3.72 (s, 3 H, OCH3), 2.29 (s, 6 H, CH3CO), 1.53–1.17 (m, 6 H, CH3CH and C(CH3)3
(minor conformer)), 0.94 (s, 6 H, C(CH3)3, major conformer). 13C-NMR (CDCl3):
δ
169.2, 168.8, 168.3,
167.6 (C=O), 151.1, 150.0, 142.7, 141.0, 140.9, 134.0, 133.3 (quat.), 142.7 (CH=CHCO), 129.7 ( 2), 129.0
2), 128.6, 127.9 ( 2), 123.0, 121.7, 121.1 ( 2), 111.3 (aromatic CH), 119.9 (CH=CHCO), 63.0 (C(CH3)3),
×
(
×
×
×
59.7 (CHN), 55.7 (OCH3), 51.5 (CHPh), 28.3 (C(CH3)3), 21.1, 20.6 (CH3CO), 16.3 (CHCH3). HRMS: m/z
(ESI+): 587.2774 (M + H+). C34H39N2O7 requires 587.2757.
12b. Obtained in 67% yield (145.5 mg from 216.5 mg of 11a) after chromatography with PE/EtOAc
60:40). Rf 0.30 (PE/EtOAc 60:40). IR:
υ
3300, 2970, 2936, 1761, 1685, 1646, 1600, 1545, 1506, 1452,
max
1431, 1417, 1393, 1366, 1339, 1260, 1191, 1154, 1121, 1031, 1012, 975, 945, 908, 882, 844, 827, 792 cm−1
1H-NMR (CDCl3) (due to the presence of conformers around the tertiary amide, the signals are rather
broad and splitting of some signal is present): 7.64 (d, J = 15.0 Hz, 1 H, CH=CHCO), 7.50–7.12 (m,
.
δ
6 H), 7.10–6.85 (m, 4 H), 6.82 (d, J = 15.0 Hz, 1 H, CH=CHCO), 6.52 (s, 1 H, NH), 5.38 (CHCH3), 5.05
(CHN), 3.80 (s, 3 H, OCH3), 2.31 (s, 3 H, CH3CO), 2.25 (s, 3 H, CH3CO), 1.92–1.60 (m, 3 H, CH3CH),
1.35 (s, 9 H, C(CH3)3). 13C-NMR (CDCl3):
134.2, 133.9 (quat.), 142.6 (CH=CHCO), 129.7 (
δ
169.5, 169.1, 168.8, 167.3 (C=O), 151.2, 150.0, 140.9, 139.9,
2), 128.5 ( 2), 127.8, 127.3 ( 2), 123.1, 121.4 ( 2), 120.7
×
×
×
×
( 2), 111.2 (aromatic CH), 119.3 (CH=CHCO), 64.2 (CHN), 60.4 (C(CH3)3), 55.8 (OCH3 and CHPh), 28.3
×
(C(CH3)3), 21.1, 20.6 (CH3CO), 16.3 (CHCH3). HRMS: m/z (ESI+): 587.2768 (M + H+). C34H39N2O7
requires 587.2757.
(E )-N-(2-(tert-Butylamino)-1-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-2-oxoethyl))-3-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-N-((S)-1-
phenylethyl)acrylamide
3-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-N-((S)-1-phenylethyl)acrylamide (13b).
(
13a
)
and
(E)-N-(2-(tert-Butylamino)-1-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-2-oxoethyl))-
They were independently
prepared respectively from diacetates 12a and 12b, following the same procedure used for 8c.
13a. Yield: 90%. The purity by HPLC (for conditions see the general remarks) was 94%. Rf 0.29
(PE/EtOAc 50:50). 1H-NMR (DMSO-d6, 90 ◦C):
δ 9.09 (broad s, 2 H, OH), 7.50 (d, J = 7.5 Hz, 2 H),
7.36–7.17 (m, 6 H, aromatic CH and CH=CHCO), 6.94 (s, 1 H, NH), 6.81–6.69 (m, 5 H, aromatic CH),
6.50 (d, J = 15.3 Hz, CH=CHCO), 5.79 (broad m, 1 H, CHCH3), 5.45 (s, 1 H, CHN), 3.74 (s, 3 H, OCH3),
1.49 (d, J = 7.0 Hz, 3 H, CH3CH), 1.14 (s, 9 H, C(CH3)3).
13b. Yield: 85%. The purity by HPLC (for conditions see the general remarks) was 98%. Rf 0.34
1
(PE/EtOAc 50:50). H-NMR (DMSO-d6, 90 ◦C):
δ
9.02 (broad s, 2 H, OH), 7.65 (s, 1 H, NH), 7.41–7.16
(m, 7 H, aromatic CH and CH=CHCO), 6.86 (d, J = 7.9 Hz, 2 H), 6.81–6.67 (m, 3 H, aromatic CH), 6.60
(d, J = 8.6 Hz, 1 H), 6.51 (d, J = 15.3 Hz, CH=CHCO), 5.68 (broad m, 1 H, CHCH3), 5.35 (s, 1 H, CHN),
3.75 (s, 3 H, OCH3), 1.66 (d, J = 7.0 Hz, 3 H, CH3CH), 1.35 (s, 9 H, C(CH3)3).
(R,S)-(E)-3-(4-(Allyloxy)-3-methoxyphenyl)-N-benzyl-N-(1-(tert-butyl)-2-oxoazetidin-3-yl)acrylamide (16a).
A solution of glycolaldehyde dimer (135 mg, 1.125 mmol) in dry ethanol (7.5 mL), was treated with
benzylamine (246
suspension was stirred for 6 h at rt. Then, allylated ferulic acid
isocyanide (220 L, 1.94 mmol) were added. After stirring for 48 h at rt, the mixture was diluted with
CH2Cl2/MeOH 1:1 and filtered through a Celite cake. After evaporation of the solvent, the crude was
taken up in EtOAc and washed with saturated aqueous NaHCO3 to remove excess of , and then with
µL, 2.25 mmol) and freshly activated powdered 3 Å molecular sieves (115 mg). The
5
(350 mg, 1.50 mmol) and tert-butyl
µ
5
brine. Evaporation of the organic phase to dryness, followed by chromatography (PE/EtOAc 50:50 + 2%
EtOH) gave pure 15a as a brownish foam (292 mg, 42%). This compound (277 mg, 0.59 mmol) was taken
up in dry DMF (2.0 mL) cooled at 0 ◦C and treated with sulfonyl diimidazole (177 mg, 0.89 mmol) and
NaH (60% in mineral oil) (36 mg, 0.89 mmol). After stirring for 2.5 h at rt, the mixture was diluted with
saturated aqueous NH4Cl (30 mL) and Et2O/DCM 20:1. The phases were separated, and the aqueous
one re-extracted three times with Et2O/DCM 20:1. The organic phases were washed with brine ( 4),
×

Molecules 2019, 24, 2636
15 of 19
evaporated to dryness and chromatographed (PE/EtOAc 3:2 + 2% EtOH) to give pure 16a as a yellowish
oil (115 mg, 43%). Rf 0.49 (PE/EtOAc 50:50 + 2% EtOH). 1H- NMR (CDCl3):
7.72 (d, J = 15.3 Hz, 1 H,
δ
CH=CHCO), 7.41–7.24 (m, 5 H), 7.01 (d, J = 7.8 Hz, 1 H), 6.91 (s, 1 H), 6.82 (d, J = 8.4 Hz, 1 H), 6.66 (d,
J = 15.3 Hz, 1 H, CH=CHCO), 6.06 (ddt, J = 5.4 (t), 10.6, 17.6 Hz (d), 1 H, CH=CH2), 5.40 (dq, J = 17.6
(d), 0.9 Hz (q), 1 H, CHH=CH), 5.30 (dq, J = 10.6 (d), 0.9 Hz (q), 1 H, CHH=CH), 4.97 (broad s, 1 H,
CHN), 4.86, 4.78 (AB syst., J = 17.4 Hz, 2 H, CH2Ph), 4.62 (d, J = 5.4 Hz, 2 H, CH2CH=CH2), 3.85 (s, 3 H,
OCH3), 3.39 (t, J = 5.1 Hz., CHHCO), 3.18 (broad s, 1 H, CHHCO), 1.24 (s, 9 H, C(CH3)3). 13C-NMR
(CDCl3):
δ
167.7, 164.8 (C=O), 149.8, 149.4, 137.6, 128.2 (quat.), 144.2 (CH=CHCO), 132.8 (CH=CH2),
2), 121.9, 112.9, 110.4 (aromatic CH), 118.3 (CH=CH2), 114.7 (CH=CHCO), 69.7
128.9 ( 2), 127.8, 126.7 (
×
×
(CH2CH=CH2), 61.3 (CHN), 56.0 (OCH3), 53.2 (C(CH3)3), 51.0 (CH2Ph), 43.7 ((CH2CO), 27.4 (C(CH3)3).
HRMS: m/z (ESI+): 449.2443 (M + H+). C27H33N2O4 requires 449.2440.
(R,S)-(E)-3-(4-(Allyloxy)-3-methoxyphenyl)-N-(1-(4-allyloxyphenyl)-2-oxoazetidin-3-yl)-N-benzyl-acrylamide
(16b). Prepared following the same procedure above described for 16a. Starting from 350 mg of
allylated ferulic acid (1.50 mmol), pure 15b was obtained after chromatography (PE/EtOAc from
5
50:50 + 1% AcOH to 50:50 + 2% EtOH) as yellow-green oil (222 mg, 28%). Then, this alcohol (210 mg,
0.40 mmol) was converted into 16b as described for 16a. Chromatography: PE/EtOAc from 75:25 +
2% EtOH to 50:50 + 4% EtOH. Yield: 139 mg, 66%. Rf 0.35 (PE/EtOAc 70:30 + 2% EtOH). 1H-NMR
(CDCl3):
δ 7.73 (d, J = 15.2 Hz, 1 H, CH=CHCO), 7.40–7.22 (m, 7 H), 7.00 (d, J = 8.3 Hz, 1 H), 6.92–6.78
(m, 4 H), 6.65 (d, J = 15.2 Hz, 1 H, CH=CHCO), 6.04 (ddt, J = 5.4 (t), 10.6, 17.6 Hz (d), 1 H, CH=CH2),
6.03 (ddt, J = 5.4 (t), 10.6, 17.6 Hz (d), 1 H, CH=CH2), 5.39 (dq, J = 17.4 (d), 1.5 Hz (q), 2 H, CHH=CH),
5.30 (dq, J = 10.6 (d), 0.9 Hz (q), 1 H, CHH=CH), 5.28 (dq, J = 10.6 (d), 0.9 Hz (q), 1 H, CHH=CH), 5.25
(broad s, 1 H, CHN), 4.83 (broad s, 2 H, CH2Ph), 4.62 (dt, J = 5.4 (d), 1.4 Hz (t), 2 H, CH2CH=CH2),
4.50 (dt, J = 5.3 (d), 1.5 Hz (t), 2 H, CH2CH=CH2), 3.83 (s, 3 H, OCH3), 3.79 (t, J = 5.7 Hz., CHHCO),
3.63 (broad s, 1 H, CHHCO). 13C-NMR (CDCl3):
128.0 (quat.), 144.6 (CH=CHCO), 133.1, 132.7 (CH=CH2), 129.0 (
2), 115.3 ( 2), 112.9, 110.3 (aromatic CH), 118.3, 117.7 (CH=CH2), 114.3 (CH=CHCO), 69.7, 69.1
δ
167.7, 162.9 (C=O), 155.2, 149.9, 149.4, 137.1, 131.8,
2), 127.9, 126.6 ( 2), 122.1, 117.9
×
×
(
×
×
(CH2CH=CH2), 62.6 (CHN), 55.9 (OCH3), 51.4 (CH2Ph), 45.7 ((CH2CO). HRMS: m/z (ESI+): 525.2398
(M + H+). C32H33N2O5 requires 525.2389.
(R,S)-(E)-N-Benzyl-N-(1-(tert-butyl)-2-oxoazetidin-3-yl)-3-(4-(hydroxy)-3-methoxyphenyl)-acrylamide (17a).
A solution of allyl derivative 16a (84 mg, 187
µmol), Pd(PPh3)2Cl2 (2.0 mg, 3.68
µmol, 0.015 eq.
calculated on the number of allyl groups), and ammonium formate (18 mg, 280
µmol, 1.5 eq. calculated
on the number of allyl groups) in dry CH3CN (2.0 mL) in a pressure tube was first flushed with argon
◦
and then sealed and heated at 81 C for 24 h. A tlc showed that the reaction was complete. The
resulting dark solution was diluted with EtOAc and saturated aqueous NaHCO3. The phases were
separated and the aqueous one re-extracted three times with EtOAc. The organic phases were washed
with brine and evaporated to dryness. Chromatography (PE/EtOAc 2:3 + 2% EtOH) gave pure 17a as a
white foam (71 mg, 93%). The purity by HPLC (for conditions see the general remarks) was >99%. Rf
0.30 (PE/EtOAc 50:50 + 2% EtOH). 1H-NMR (CDCl3):
δ 7.70 (d, J = 15.3 Hz, 1 H, CH=CHCO), 7.41–7.25
(m, 5 H), 7.01 (d, J = 7.5 Hz, 1 H), 6.89 (s, 1 H), 6.88 (d, J not measurable, 1 H), 6.63 (d, J = 15.3 Hz, 1 H,
CH=CHCO), 5.97 (s, 1 H, OH), 4.96 (broad s, 1 H, CHN), 4.84, 4.77 (AB syst., J = 17.3 Hz, 2 H, CH2Ph),
3.87 (s, 3 H, OCH3), 3.38 (t, J = 5.3 Hz., CHHCO), 3.18 (broad s, 1 H, CHHCO), 1.24 (s, 9 H, C(CH3)3).
13C-NMR (CDCl3):
2), 127.8, 126.7 ( 2), 122.3, 114.8, 109.9 (aromatic CH), 114.2 (CH=CHCO), 61.3 (CHN), 56.0 (OCH3),
δ 167.8, 164.9 (C=O), 147.7, 146.7, 137.6, 127.5 (quat.), 144.3 (CH=CHCO), 128.9
(×
×
53.2 (C(CH3)3), 51.0 (CH2Ph), 43.7 ((CH2CO), 27.4 (C(CH3)3). HRMS: m/z (ESI+): 409.2133 (M + H+).
C24H29N2O4 requires 409.2127.
(R,S)-(E)-N-Benzyl-3-(4-(hydroxy)-3-methoxyphenyl)-N-(1-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-2-oxoazetidin-3-yl)acrylamide
(17b). It was prepared from 16b (93 mg, 177 µmol), following the same procedure described above
for 17a, but in this case the workup was only the evaporation to dryness due to the low solubility
of the product. Chromatography (DCM/MeOH 100:4) gave pure 17b as a white solid (71 mg, 90%).

Molecules 2019, 24, 2636
16 of 19
The purity by HPLC (for conditions see the general remarks) was 99%. Rf 0.42 (PE/ EtOAc 40:60 +
2% EtOH). 1H-NMR (DMSO-d6, 90 ◦C):
9.06 (s, 1 H, OH), 8.98 (s, 1 H, OH), (7.48 (d, J = 15.2 Hz,
δ
1 H, CH=CHCO), 7.39–7.22 (m, 5 H), 7.21–7.14 (m, 3 H), 7.03 (dd, J = 8.2, 1.9 Hz, 1 H), 6.88 (d,
J = 15.2 Hz, 1 H, CH=CHCO), 6.81–6.73 (m, 3 H), 5.26 (broad s, 1 H, CHN), 4.92, 4.77 (AB syst.,
J = 16.4 Hz, 2 H, CH2Ph), 3.83 (t, J = 5.6 Hz, CHHCO), 3.79 (s, 3 H, OCH3), 3.64–3.57 (m, 1 H, CHHCO).
13C-NMR (DMSO-d6, 90 ◦C):
(CH=CHCO), 128.6 ( 2), 127.2, 126.6 (
δ
166.7, 163.2 (C=O), 153.4, 148.8, 147.7, 138.5, 130.6, 126.2 (quat.), 143.3
2), 122.6, 117.4 ( 2), 115.4 ( 3), 111.2 (aromatic CH), 114.2
×
×
×
×
(CH=CHCO), 63.2 (CHN), 55.6 (OCH3), 51.5 (CH2Ph), 44.8 ((CH2CO). HRMS: m/z (ESI+): 445.1766
(M + H+). C26H25N2O5 requires 445.1763.
3.3. Thioflavin Experiments
One milliliter of DMSO was added to 1 mg of lyophilized synthetic peptide (Aβ1-42, AβpE3-42,
AnaSpec, Fremont, CA, USA), to reach a final concentration of 1 mg mL−1. Aliquots of 75
µ
L were
20 ◦C until being used. For all experiments, stock peptides were reconstituted
as reported [37]. For the preparation of the working samples, a stock solution of each peptide was
divided into two or more aliquots. One was diluted to 5 M in PBS containing 1% (v/v) DMSO to
lyophilized and stored at
−
µ
have a reference sample, and the others were diluted in PBS containing the appropriate quantity of
polyphenol stock solution in DMSO in such a manner that each sample contains 1% of DMSO. The
final pH was measured and eventually corrected to 7.4 using a few
were incubated at 37 ◦C in the presence/absence of polyphenols as previously described and analyzed
in parallel. ThT fluorescence was followed in time during aggregation. For this purpose, 47.5 L of
with and without test compounds were mixed with 2.5 L ThT (400 M) in a 3 mm path length
µL of 1 M HCl. Aβ peptides (5 µM)
µ
A
β
µ
µ
fluorescence cuvette. ThT fluorescence was measured by using a luminescence spectrometer (LS50B,
PerkinElmer, Waltham, MA, USA) at excitation and emission wavelengths of 440 nm (slit width = 5 nm)
and 482 nm (slit width = 10 nm), respectively. ThT fluorescence data were plotted as ayfunction of time
yi
f−
and fitted by a sigmoidal curve described by the following equation: [38
]
y = yi +
where yi
(t−t )k
0
fib
and yf are the initial and final ThT fluorescence, respectively and kfib is the fibril gro1w+ieng rate, t is time
and t0 is the time to 50% of maximal fluorescence. The lag time (T) is derived as t0 – 2/kfib.
4. Conclusions
In conclusion, the present study has demonstrated that replacement of the various pharmacophores
in our previous leads may be critical, only small changes being permitted. A new possible hit has been
selected from the second-generation library produced during this work. From the synthetic point of
view, the feasibility of the overall strategy was again demonstrated, as well as the possibility to use the
Ugi reaction with glycolaldehyde dimer for the synthesis of β-lactam-polyphenol hybrids. Due to
the wide range of biological activities of polyphenols, we plan to investigate the many compounds
synthesized through this strategy on other biological targets or in phenotypic assays. Studies towards
this goal are in progress.
Supplementary Materials: The following are available online: copies of all NMR spectra.
Author Contributions: Conceptualization, L.B., C.D. and C.L.; Data curation, D.G., C.D., R.R. and C.L.; Formal
analysis, G.B., C.L. and D.L.; Funding acquisition, L.B. and C.D.; Investigation, G.B., D.L., L.M. and C.L.;
Methodology, D.G., A.B., L.M. and C.L.; Resources, L.B., A.B. and R.R.; Supervision, D.G., L.B., C.D. R.R. and C.L.;
Writing—original draft, L.B. and C.L.; Writing—review & editing, D.G., C.D., L.M. and R.R.
Funding: This study is supported by Fondazione Cariplo, under the “Integrated Biotechnology and
Bioeconomy” programme.
Acknowledgments: We thank Valeria Rocca for HPLC analyses and Andrea Armirotti for HRMS.
Conflicts of Interest: The authors declare no conflict of interest.

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Sample Availability: No sample of compounds reported in this paper is available from the authors.
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2019 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access
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