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Fig. 3 Confocal fluorescence images of live RAW 264.7 macrophage
cells. The cells were incubated with chemodosimeter 1 (5 mM) for
15 min: (a) bright-field transmission image, (b) blue channel, (c) green
channel, and (d) ratio image generated from (c) and (b); the above cells
after addition of PdCl2 (40 mM) for another 10 min: (e) bright-field
transmission image, (f) blue channel, (g) green channel, and (h) ratio
image generated from (g) and (f). Incubation was performed at
37 1C under a humidified atmosphere containing 5% CO2. Scale
bar = 20 mm.
reveals that chemodosimeter
1 can penetrate the cell
membrane. And then, 40 mM PdCl2 was added to the above
cells for another 10 min (Fig. 3e–g). As expected, distinct
changes of ratiometric fluorescence responses in living cells
were observed (Fig. 3d and h). These results showed that
chemodosimeter 1 can be used for the ratiometric fluorescence
imaging of PdCl2 in living cells. Moreover, to evaluate
cytotoxicity of chemodosimeter 1, we performed 3-(4,5-di-
methylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT)
assays in HeLa cells with 5 and 10 mM chemodosimeter 1 for
1 h, respectively. The result clearly showed that chemodosimeter
1 was of low toxicity or non-toxic to cultured cells under the
experimental conditions at the concentration of 5 mM for
25 min (Fig. S8, ESIw).
In conclusion, we have developed a simple but highly
selective fluorescent chemodosimeter 1 for the ratiometric
determination of three typical palladium species (0, + 2
and + 4) without additional reagents. Additionally, chemo-
dosimeter 1 can monitor PdCl2 in live RAW 264.7 macrophage
cells by ratiometric fluorescence imaging. More importantly,
we provide a novel cell-permeable fluorophore containing the
ICT structure for designing ratiometric fluorescent chemodo-
simeters for other target analytes. And we anticipate that the
platform could become a popular moiety in the future, just as
aminonaphthalimide derivatives have done.
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We thank the National Natural Science Foundation of
China (No. 21075052, 20975012, and 40672158), National
Major Projects on Water Pollution Control and Management
Technology (2008ZX07422), National Science and Technology
Major Project (2009ZX07212-003), and the 111 Project
(B07012) for financial support and Hongying Jia in Institute
of Chemistry CAS for help in the bioimaging experiments.
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Notes and references
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c
8658 Chem. Commun., 2011, 47, 8656–8658
This journal is The Royal Society of Chemistry 2011