Copper
Copper General
| Name:Copper | Symbol:Cu |
| Type:Transition Metal | Atomic weight:63.546 |
| Density @ 293 K:8.96 g/cm3 | Atomic volume:7.1 cm3/mol |
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Discovered:
Copper has been known since ancient times and has been used by people for over ten thousand years. The Copper Age sits between the Neothilic (Stone) and Bronze Ages. The Copper Age took place at different times in different cultures, when people began using copper tools alongside stone tools. The word copper is derived from the Latin word 'cuprum' meaning 'metal of Cyprus'. The Mediterranean island of Cyprus was an ancient source of mined copper. |
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Copper States
| State (s, l, g):solid | |
| Melting point:1357.77 K (1084.62 °C) | Boiling point:2833 K (2560 °C) |
Copper Energies
| Specific heat capacity: 0.38 J g-1 K-1 | Heat of atomization:338 kJ mol-1 |
| Heat of fusion:13.050 kJ mol-1 | Heat of vaporization :300.30 kJ mol-1 |
| 1st ionization energy:745.4 kJ mol-1 | 2nd ionization energy:1957.9 kJ mol-1 |
| 3rd ionization energy:3553.5 kJ mol-1 | Electron affinity:118.5 kJ mol-1 |
Copper Oxidation & Electrons
| Shells: 2,8,18,1 | Electron configuration: [Ar] 3d104s1 |
| Minimum oxidation number: 0 | Maximum oxidation number:4 |
| Min. common oxidation no.: 0 | Max. common oxidation no.:2 |
| Electronegativity (Pauling Scale):1.95 | Polarizability volume:6.7 Å3 |
Copper Appearance & Characteristics
| Structure:fcc: face-centered cubic | Color:orange-red |
| Hardness:3.0 mohs | |
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Harmful effects:
Copper is essential in all plants and animals. Excess copper is, however, toxic. |
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Characteristics:
Copper is a reddish orange, soft metal that takes on a bright metallic luster. Uses: As a result of its excellent electrical conductivity, copper's most common use is in electrical equipment such as wiring and motors. |
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Copper Reactions
| Reaction with air:mild, w/ht ⇒ CuO, Cu2O | Reaction with 6 M HCl:none |
| Reaction with 15 M HNO3:mild, ⇒ Cu(NO3)2, NOx | Reaction with 6 M NaOH: |
Copper Compounds
| Oxide(s):CuO, Cu2O (cuprite) | Chloride(s):CuCl, CuCl2 |
| Hydride(s):CuH |
Copper Radius
| Atomic radius:135 pm | Ionic radius (1+ ion):91 pm |
| Ionic radius (2+ ion):87 pm | Ionic radius (3+ ion):68 pm |
| Ionic radius (2- ion): pm | Ionic radius (1- ion): pm |
Copper Conductivity
| Thermal conductivity:401 W m-1 K-1 | Electrical conductivity:60.7 x 106 S m-1 |
Copper Abundance & Isotopes
| Abundance earth's crust:60 parts per million by weight, 19 parts per million by moles | |
| Abundance solar system:700 parts per billion by weight, 10 parts per billion by moles | |
| Cost, pure:$9.76 per 100g | |
| Cost, bulk:$0.66 per 100g | |
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Source:
Copper is occasionally found native (i.e. as the uncombined metal), and is also found in many minerals such as the oxide; cuprite (Cu2O), the carbonates; malachite (Cu2CO3(OH)2)and azurite (Cu2(CO3)2(OH)2) and the sulfides; chalcopyrite (CuFeS2) and bornite (Cu5FeS4). Most copper ore is |
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Isotopes:
Copper has 24 isotopes whose half-lives are known, with mass numbers 57 to 80. Of these, four are stable, 63Cu and 65Cu. Over 69.1% of of naturally occurring copper is in the form of 63Cu. |
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Copper Other
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Other:
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