1403613-82-0

Upstream product

• 92-84-2 10H-phenothiazine 
• 85557-94-4 1-iodo-4-hexyloxybenzene 
• 68-12-2 N,N-dimethyl-formamide 
• 540-38-5 p-Iodophenol 
• 111-25-1 1-bromo-hexane 
• 1403613-81-9 3-bromo-10-[4-(hexyloxy)phenyl]-10H-phenothiazine 

Downstream Products

• 1403613-88-6 (E)-2-cyano-3-(10-(4-(hexyloxy)phenyl)-10H-phenothiazin-7-yl)acrylic acid 
• 1403613-86-4 7-bromo-10-(4-(hexyloxy)phenyl)-10H-phenothiazine-3-carbaldehyde 

Relevant academic research and scientific papers

Phenothiazine dye featuring encapsulated insulated molecular wire as auxiliary donor for high photovoltage of dye-sensitized solar cells by suppression of aggregation

Two efficient dye-sensitized solar cells have been fabricated by two novel D–D–π–A phenothiazine-based organic dyes (PH2 and PH3) with an encapsulated insulated molecular wire (EIMW) as an auxiliary donor. The cell sensitized by PH2 with EIMW as an auxiliary donor shows a much higher photovoltage (Voc) relative to the reference dye PH1 without EIMW, because the former dye can inhibit dye aggregation and suppress the charge recombination effectively. The results show that the cell sensitized by PH2 with co-adsorption of chenodeoxycholic acid obtains a high power conversion efficiency, even higher than that of the cell based on N719. Thus, an effective way to increase the photovoltage and efficiency of the DSSCs has been developed by introducing the EIMW into the organic dyes due to the effective inhibition of dye aggregation and charge recombination.

Structure-Directed Functional Properties of Phenothiazine Brominated Dyes: Morphology and Photophysical and Electrochemical Properties

A series of nine dyes based on electron-donating phenothiazine core functionalized with various carbonyl containing electron-withdrawing moieties as primary end group and with or without bromine as a second heavy end group were designed and synthesized to generate variable supramolecular architectures with distinct thermotropic, photophysical, and electrochemical properties. The supramolecular architecture of the obtained dyes was studied in detail by single crystal X-ray diffraction and polarized light microscopy, while optoelectronic properties were investigated by UV-vis and photoluminescence spectroscopy and cyclic voltammetry measurements. The phenothiazine dyes emit light from UV to orange domain, depending on the electron-withdrawing substituent, with great quantum yield reaching up to 71% and high color purity. The introduction of the bromine as a second substituent produced a nearly 2-fold increase of the quantum yield, compared with their counterparts. It was settled that this major benefit of the bromine on the improvement of the quantum yield happened because by its presence some molecular orbital interactions were generated. An interesting and challenging achievement was evidenced in the case of the direct connection of the formyl group to the phenothiazine ring when an unexpected planarization of the dye, unknown up to now in the literature, with drastic consequences on the photophysical and electrochemical behavior was attained. It was concluded that there is a close relationship between the nature of the building blocks of the phenothiazine dyes and their ability to promote favorable properties for different optoelectronic applications.

Co-sensitization of 3D bulky phenothiazine-cored photosensitizers with planar squaraine dyes for efficient dye-sensitized solar cells

A series of new phenothiazine-cored 3D bulky organic sensitizers TP1-TP4 have been prepared and employed in dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs). The 3D bulky configuration of these molecules can effectively retard the charge recombination at the TiO2/electrolyte interface. Amongst the four dyes, the co-adsorbent-free DSSC based on the dye TP3 exhibited the best conversion efficiency (η) of 8.00%. Subsequently, the photosensitizer TP3 with strong UV-visible absorption and excellent performance in adsorbent-free DSSCs was co-sensitized with a near-infrared (NIR) absorbing squaraine dye YR6 to realize a UV-visible-NIR light-harvesting capability, which can effectively suppress the dye aggregation of YR6 with a planar structure and retard the charge recombination in the as prepared DSSC. Upon optimization, the co-sensitized DSSCs exhibited remarkable overall efficiency enhancements of 33% and 356% as compared with the devices based on TP3 and YR6 alone, respectively, and a high efficiency up to 9.84% was achieved at the TP3/YR6 molar ratio of 25 : 1.

Synthesis of novel isophorone-based dyes for dye-sensitized solar cells

Four organic dyes containing isophorone as the π-bridge unit were synthesised and their photophysical and electrochemical properties were characterised. They were then used to fabricate dye-sensitised solar cells. Arylamine derivatives and cyanoacrylic acid functioned as electron donors (D) and electron acceptors (A), respectively, to form a D-π-A system without the need for a Pd catalyst. YC-1, with a long chain hexyloxy group and a strong phenothiazine donor moiety, improved both the open-circuit voltage (Voc) and short-circuit current (Jsc) and reduced charge recombination. The optimum device had a Jsc of 14.86 mA cm-2, a Voc of 0.67 V, a fill factor of 0.62 and a photon-to-current conversion efficiency of 60% at 385-605 nm, corresponding to an overall conversion efficiency of 6.18%. The photophysical properties of the dye-sensitised solar cells were analysed using a time-dependent density functional theory model with the B3LYP functional. The electronic nature of the devices was elucidated using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and controlled intensity modulated photo spectroscopy.

Organic dyes containing oligo-phenothiazine for dye-sensitized solar cells

A series of organic dyes containing oligo-phenothiazine were synthesized and used effectively on the fabrication of dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs). In these compounds the phenothiazine moiety functions both as an electron donor and as a π-bridge. Thes