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Relevant academic research and scientific papers

Performance of Br?nsted-Lewis acidic ionic liquids supported Ti-SBA-15 for the esterification of acetic acid to benzyl alcohol

Br?nsted-Lewis acidic ionic liquids (BLAILs)[3-methyl-1-(3-sulfonic acid) imidazolium zinc sulfate ([MIMPS]+(1/2Zn2+)SO42?)] with Br?nsted acid ionic liquid [MIMPS]+HSO4- and ZnO were synthesized, and their acidities were determined by infrared pyridine probe. Ti doped SBA-15 mesoporous molecular sieves (Ti-SBA-15) were synthesized by co-condensation method. Ionic liquid [MIMPS]+(1/2Zn2+)SO42? and Ti-SBA-15 are compounded at different mass ratios by impregnation method. FT-IR, TG, XRD, N2 physical adsorption, elemental analysis, mass spectroscopy, TEM, and XPS were used to characterize the composition and structure of the catalysts. The catalytic activities of catalysts were investigated via esterification of acetic acid with benzyl alcohol (BnOH). When the reaction temperature is 90 ℃, reaction time is 3 h, nbenzyl alcohol/nacetic acid =1.8, and the amount of catalyst was 0.4 g, the conversion of acetic acid was as high as 93.8 %. After 5 cycles, the conversion of acetic acid decreased only 5%, suggesting that the resulting catalyst had good stability.

Effect of zwitterionic salt on the electrochemical properties of a solid polymer electrolyte with high temperature stability for lithium ion batteries

In this study, we prepare a kind of solid polymer electrolyte (SPE) based on N-ethyl-N′-methyl imidazolium tetrafluoroborate (EMIBF4), LiBF4 and poly(vinylidene difluoride-co-hexafluoropropylene) [P(VdF-HFP)] copolymer. The resultant SPE displays high thermal stability above 300 °C and high room temperature ionic conductivity near to 10-3 S cm-1. Its electrochemical properties are improved with incorporation of a zwitterionic salt 1-(1-methyl-3-imidazolium)propane-3- sulfonate (MIm3S). When the SPE contains 1.0 wt% of the MIm3S, it has a high ionic conductivity of 1.57 × 10-3 S cm-1 at room temperature, the maximum lithium ions transference number of 0.36 and the minimum apparent activation energy for ions transportation of 30.9 kJ mol -1. The charge-discharge performance of a Li4Ti 5O12/SPE/LiCoO2 cell indicates the potential application of the as-prepared SPE in lithium ion batteries.

Addition of suitably-designed zwitterions improves the saturated water content of hydrophobic ionic liquids

The saturated water content in a hydrophobic ionic liquid, 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)-imide, was improved from 0.4 wt% to 17.8 wt% by adding a 3-(1-butyl-3-imidazolio)propanesulfonate- type zwitterion in appropriate amounts. The mixture containing 17.8 wt% water successfully dissolved horse heart cytochrome c without significant change of the higher ordered structure.

Design of ionic liquids for electrochemical applications

Zwitterionic liquids composed of a tethered cation and anion were synthesized and their thermal properties and ionic conductivity were investigated as novel ionic liquids especially for electrochemical applications. We prepared nine zwitterions in this study. In addition, this paper includes 36 kinds of zwitterions already reported in order to discuss the relationship between the zwitterion structure and their properties. Most zwitterions melt above 100°C; their melting points are generally higher than that of simple ionic liquids. When an equimolar amount of equimolar amount of lithium salt (LiTFSI, LiBETI, LiCF3SO3, LiBF4, or LiClO4) was added to the zwitterion, the mixture showed only a glass transition temperature Tg. The Tg values of the zwitterionic liquid/salt mixture showed the lowest value of -37°C when with LiTFSI. This mixture also showed the highest ionic conductivity of 8.9 × 10-4 S cm-1 at 100°C. There is a good relationship between Tg and ionic conductivity of the zwitterionic liquid/lithium salt mixtures.

Synthesis of immobilized heteropolyanion-based ionic liquids on mesoporous silica SBA-15 as a heterogeneous catalyst for alkylation

Phosphotungstic acid (H3PW12O40) has been successfully loaded onto sulfonate-functionalized ionic liquid-modified mesoporous silica SBA-15 by total anion-exchange. The immobilized catalysts were characterized by XRD, N2 adsorption, TEM, and FTIR spectroscopy. Characterization results show that the mesopore structure of SBA-15 was maintained well even after surface modification and the subsequent anion-exchange step of [PW12O40]3- (PW). In comparison with the task-specific basic ionic liquid (1-(propyl-3-sulfonate) 3-methyl-imidazolium phosphotungstate), the obtained catalyst showed much higher efficiency in alkylation of o-xylene with styrene. More importantly, such an immobilized task-specific basic ionic liquid could be reused without significant loss of catalytic activity even after recycling six times. This journal is the Partner Organisations 2014.

Chemical Analysis of Ionic Liquids Using Photoelectron Spectroscopy

The feasibility of utilizing X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) to analyze roomerature ionic liquids (RTILs) was investigated in this study. Conventionally, the chemical structure of organic compounds is identified by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. The properties of RTILs, especially their low vapor pressure, make it possible to analyze RTILs by using XPS. The usefulness of XPS on RTILs was confirmed by commercial RTILs. All atoms in RTILs were detected in survey XPS spectra, and the calculated atomic percentages matched well with theoretical values. After the verification of commercial RTILs by XPS, we synthesized three RTILs and investigated them with XPS. The atomic ratio and chemical environment of carbon in RTILs were verified by XPS. By adapting XPS to the investigation of RTILs, carbon atoms in different chemical environments were distinguishable by the binding energy shift, and the atomic ratio of the constituent atoms was identifiable after peak deconvolution. In addition, inorganic constituents were detected by XPS unlike in the case of NMR spectroscopy.

Synthesis and thermophysical properties of imidazolium-based bronsted acidic ionic liquids

A range of imidazolium-based Bronsted acidic ionic liquids (ILs) have been synthesized by varying the side chain length of the alkyl and alkyl sulfonic group incorporated to the C1 and C3 positions in the imidazolium ring respectively with a fixed HSO4- anion. The synthesized ILs were characterized using NMR for structure confirmation and CHNS for elemental analysis. The thermal properties such as thermal decomposition temperature were determined using thermogravimetric analysis, and several key physical properties such as viscosity and density were measured within a temperature range of 20 C to 80 C using an Anton Paar viscometer and densitometer. The density measurement results and established equations were used to calculate the molecular volumes, standard entropies, crystal lattice energies, and thermal expansion coefficients of the synthesized ILs.

A direct synthesis of 5-alkoxymethylfurfural ethers from fructose via sulfonic acid-functionalized ionic liquids

5-Alkoxymethylfurfural ethers are synthesized directly from fructose using ionic liquids (imidazolium propanesulfonic acids) and alcohols in a novel biphasic system. The Royal Society of Chemistry.

Silica ionogels for proton transport

A number of ionogels - silica-ionic liquid (IL) hybrid materials - were synthesized and studied for their ionic conductivity. The materials are based on a sulfonated IL, 1-methyl-3-(3-sulfopropyl-)-imidazolium p-toluenesulfonate, [PmimSO3H][PTS], which contains a sulfonic acid/sulfonate group both in the IL anion and in the side chain of the IL cation. By way of the sulfonate-sulfonic acid proton transfer, the IL imparts the ionogel with a high ionic conductivity of ca. 10-2 S cm-1 in the as-synthesized state at 120 °C and 10-3 S cm-1 in the dry state at 120 °C. The ionogels are stable up to ca. 150 °C in dynamic thermogravimetric analysis. This suggests that these materials, which are relatively cheap and easily fabricated, could find application in fuel cells in intermediate temperature ranges where many other membrane materials are not suitable. The Royal Society of Chemistry 2012.

Br?nsted acidic ionic liquids for cellulose hydrolysis in an aqueous medium: Structural effects on acidity and glucose yield

The conversion of cellulose into valuable chemicals has attracted much attention, due to the concern about depletion of fossil fuels. The hydrolysis of cellulose is a key step in this conversion, for which Br?nsted acidic ionic liquids (BAILs) have been considered promising acid catalysts. In this study, using BAILs with various structures, their acidic catalytic activity for cellulose hydrolysis assisted by microwave irradiation was assessed using the Hammett acidity function (H0) and theoretical calculations. The glucose yields exceeded 10% when the H0 values of the BAIL aqueous solutions were below 1.5. The highest glucose yield was about 36% in 1-(1-octyl-3-imidazolio)propane-3-sulfonate (Oimps)/sulfuric acid (H2SO4) aqueous solution. A long alkyl side chain on the imidazolium cation, which increased the hydrophobicity of the BAILs, enhanced the glucose yield.