20822-89-3Relevant academic research and scientific papers
A Warburg effect targeting vector designed to increase the uptake of compounds by cancer cells demonstrates glucose and hypoxia dependent uptake
Glenister, Alexandra,Simone, Michela I.,Hambley, Trevor W.
, (2019/07/31)
Glycoconjugation to target the Warburg effect provides the potential to enhance selective uptake of anticancer or imaging agents by cancer cells. A Warburg effect targeting group, rationally designed to facilitate uptake by glucose transporters and promote cellular accumulation due to phosphorylation by hexokinase (HK), has been synthesised. This targeting group, the C2 modified glucose analogue 2-(2-[2-(2-aminoethoxy)ethoxy]ethoxy)-D-glu-cose, has been conjugated to the fluorophore nitrobenzoxadiazole to evaluate its effect on uptake and accumulation in cancer cells. The targeting vector has demonstrated inhibition of glucose phosphorylation by HK, indicating its interaction with the enzyme and thereby confirming the potential to facilitate an intracellular trapping mechanism for compounds it is conjugated with. The cellular uptake of the fluorescent analogue is dependent on the glucose concentration and is so to a greater extent than is that of the widely used fluorescent glucose analogue, 2-NBDG. It also demonstrates selective uptake in the hypoxic regions of 3D spheroid tumour models whereas 2-NBDG is distributed primarily through the normoxic regions of the spheroid. The increased selectivity is consistent with the blocking of alternative uptake pathways.
Intramolecular 1,3-dipolar nitrone and nitrile oxide cycloaddition of 2- and 4-O-allyl and propargyl glucose derivatives: A versatile approach to chiral cyclic ether fused isoxazolidines, isoxazolines and isoxazoles
Ghorai, Subir,Mukhopadhyay, Ranjan,Kundu, Asish P.,Bhattacharjya, Anup
, p. 2999 - 3012 (2007/10/03)
2-O- and 4-O-Allyl and -propargyl glucose and the corresponding oxime derivatives were prepared from readily available glucose dithioacetals. Intramolecular 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition of the N-benzyl and N-methyl nitrones of the above acyclic 2-O-allyl glucose derivatives led to the diastereoselective formation of chiral isoxazolidines incorporating the tetrahydrofuran ring. The EI mass spectra revealed a characteristic cleavage of the C-alkyl group adjacent to the furan oxygen atom. An enantiopure trisubstituted tetrahydrofuran was obtained by the reductive cleavage of the isoxazolidine ring of one of the cycloadducts. In contrast, the nitrile oxide cycloaddition of the 2-O-allyl derivatives afforded diastereomeric mixtures of the corresponding dihydroisoxazolines, the stereochemistry of which was tentatively assigned on the basis of the principle of optical superposition. The exclusive formation of a tetrahydrofuran ring from pentaallyl nitrone or nitrile oxide demonstrated the preferred formation of a five-membered ring to that of six or seven-membered rings. The nitrile oxide generated from a 3,4,5,6,7-pentaallyloxy-1-nitroheptane derivative obtained from pentaallylglucose underwent diastereoselective cycloaddition to give an isoxazoline fused to a pyran ring. Enantiopure isoxazoles containing tetrahydrofuran and oxepane rings were also prepared in good yields by the nitrile oxide cycloaddition of the 2-O- and 4-O-propargyl derivatives.
Synthesis and glycosidic reaction of 1,2-anhydromanno-, lyxo-, gluco-, and xylofuranose perbenzyl ethers
Du, Yuguo,Kong, Fanzuo
, p. 797 - 817 (2007/10/03)
Stereospecific synthesis of 1,2-anhydromanno-, lyxo-, gluco-, and xylofuranose perbenzyl ethers was successfully achieved via intramolecular SN2 reaction of the corresponding C-1 alkoxide with C-2 bearing tosyloxy group. The key intermediates, furanose 2-sulfonates, were prepared from the corresponding 1,2-diols and tosyl chloride under phase transfer conditions in good yields. Condensation of the anhydro sugars with 1,2:3,4-di-O-isopropylidene-α-D-galactopyranose or N-benzyloxycarbonyl L-serine methyl ester in the absence of catalyst gave 1,2-trans-linked glycofuranosides in high yield.
A facile synthesis of 1,2-anhydroglycofuranose benzyl ethers
Yuguo, Du,Fanzuo, Kong
, p. 427 - 430 (2007/10/02)
The synthesis of 1,2-anhydromanno-, -lyxo-, -gluco-, and -xylofuranose benzyl ethers was successfully achieved via intramolecular S(N)2 reaction of the corresponding C-1 alkoxide with C-2 bearing tosyloxy group. The key intermediates, furanose 2-sulfonate
ACID-CATALYZED CONVERSION OF 2-O-(2-HYDROXYPROPYL)-D-GLUCOSE DERIVATIVES INTO 1,2-O-(1-METHYL-1,2-ETHANEDIYL)-D-GLUCOSE ACETALS. STUDIES RELATED TO O-(2-HYDROXYPROPYL)CELLULOSE
Lee, Dae-Sil,Perlin, Arthur S
, p. 265 - 282 (2007/10/02)
The acid-catalyzed solvolysis of methyl 3,5,6-tri-O-benzyl-2-O-(2-hydroxypropyl)-α-D-glucofuranoside (1) in chloroform involves a neighboring-group attack on C-1 by the hydroxypropyl substituent, and opening of the furanoside ring to yield a diastereomeric pair of 3,5,6-tri-O-benzyl-1-Omethyl-1,2-O-(1-methyl-ethanediyl)-D-glucose acetals (2 and 3).The latter, which differ in configuration at C-8,represent a resolution of the enantiomeric forms of the original 2-O-(2-hydroxypropyl) group.In a succeeding reaction, the 1-methoxyl group of each acetal undergoes an intramolecular displacement by O-4, leading to the formation of the corresponding biycyclic acetals, i.e., the two diastereomers (4 and 5) of 3,5,6-tri-O-benzyl-1,2-O-(1-methyl-1,2-ethanediyl)-α-D-glucofuranose.Solvolysis of 6, the β anomer of 1, proceeds in an analogous manner, although more rapidly, to yield a corresponding pair of acyclic-aldose acetals (7 and 8), as well as bicyclic acetals 4 and 5.Similar results are observed for solvolysis in the 2-O-(2-hydroxyethyl) series, whereas the reaction of the 2-O-(2,3-epoxypropyl) counterpart of 1 (or 6) with hydrogen chloride affords the corresponding chloromethyl analogs of 4 and 5.In all of these series, one of each diastereomeric pair of products is more stable than the other, and reasons for this are considered.Evidence based on n.m.r.-spectral data and steric factors is presented to show that the configuration of the chiral center C-8 of 2, 4, and 7 is (S), whereas it is (R) in 3, 5, and 8.Also, conformational characteristics of the various solvolysis products are assessed, and mechanisms possibly involved in their formation are discussed.
