2268-44-2

Usage

Uses

Used in Refrigeration Industry:
1 1 2 2-Tetrachloro-1 3 3 3-tetrafluoropropane is used as a refrigerant in the refrigeration industry due to its non-flammable and non-reactive nature, providing a safe and efficient means of cooling.
Used in Industrial Solvents:
In the chemical industry, 1 1 2 2-Tetrachloro-1 3 3 3-tetrafluoropropane serves as a solvent for various applications, taking advantage of its stability and non-reactivity with other chemicals.
Environmental Considerations:
Despite its utility, the use of CFC-114 has been regulated under the Montreal Protocol due to its classification as a potent greenhouse gas and an ozone-depleting substance. Efforts are underway to phase out its production and use to minimize its adverse effects on the environment. Alternatives are being sought to replace CFC-114 in both refrigeration and industrial solvent applications to ensure environmental sustainability.

Upstream product

• 1652-89-7 1,1,1,2,2-pentachloro-3,3,3-trifluoropropane 
• 7783-56-4 antimony(III) fluoride 
• 7782-50-5 chlorine 
• 431-52-7 1,1,2-trichloro-3,3,3-trifluoropropene 
• 187737-37-7 propene 
• 74-98-6 propane 
• 463-49-0 1,2-propanediene 
• 74-99-7 prop-1-yne 
• 75-69-4 trichlorofluoromethane 
• 79-38-9 Chlorotrifluoroethylene 

Downstream Products

• 76-19-7 freon-218 
• 76-18-6 2-Chloro-F-propane 

Relevant academic research and scientific papers

Copper-Substituted Chromium Oxide Compositions, Their Preparation, and Their Use as Catalysts and Catalyst Precursors

A crystalline alpha-chromium oxide where from about 0.05 atom % to about 5 atom % of the chromium atoms in the alpha-chromium oxide lattice are replaced by divalent copper (Cu+2) atoms is disclosed. Also disclosed is a chromium-containing catalyst composition comprising as a chromium-containing component the crystalline copper-substituted alpha-chromium oxide; and methods for preparing a composition comprising the crystalline copper-substituted alpha-chromium oxide. One method involves (a) co-precipitating a solid by adding ammonium hydroxide to an aqueous solution of a soluble copper salt and a soluble trivalent chromium salt that contains at least three moles of nitrate per mole of chromium in the solution and has a copper concentration of from about 0.05 atom % to about 5 atom % of the total concentration of copper and chromium in the solution; and after at least three moles of ammonium per mole of chromium in the solution has been added to the solution, (b) collecting the co-precipitated solid formed in (a); (c) drying the collected solid; and (d) calcining the dried solid. Another method involves (a) preparing an aqueous solution of a soluble copper salt and a soluble trivalent chromium salt that contains a copper concentration of from about 0.05 atom % to about 5 atom % of the total concentration of copper and chromium in the solution, (b) evaporating the solution to dryness, and (c) calcining the dried solid. Also disclosed is a chromium-containing catalyst composition comprising a chromium-containing component prepared by treating the crystalline copper-substituted alpha-chromium oxide with a fluorinating agent; and a process for changing the fluorine distribution (i.e., content and/or arrangement) in a hydrocarbon or halogenated hydrocarbon in the presence of a catalyst. The process involves using as the catalyst a composition comprising the crystalline copper-substituted alpha-chromium oxide and/or the treated copper-substituted alpha-chromium oxide.

Compositions containing chromium, oxygen and gold, their preparation, and their use as catalysts and catalyst precursors

A catalyst composition is disclosed that includes chromium, oxygen, and gold as essential constituent elements. The amount of gold in the composition is from about 0.05 atom % to about 10 atom % based on the total amount of chromium and gold. Also disclosed is a process for changing the fluorine distribution (i.e., content and/or arrangement) in a hydrocarbon or halogenated hydrocarbon in the presence of the catalyst composition; and methods for preparing said catalyst composition. One preparation method involves; (a) co-precipitating a solid by adding ammonium hydroxide (aqueous ammonia) to an aqueous solution of a soluble gold salt and a soluble chromium salt that contains at least three moles of nitrate per mole of chromium in the solution and has a gold content of from about 0.05 atom % to about 10 atom % of the total content of gold and chromium in the solution to form an aqueous mixture containing co-precipitated solid; (b) drying the co-precipitated solid formed in (a); and (c) calcining the dried solid formed in (b) in an atmosphere containing at least 10% oxygen by volume. Another preparation method involves (a) impregnating solid chromium oxide with a solution of a soluble gold salt, (b) drying the impregnated chromium oxide prepared in (a); and optionally, (c) calcining the dried solid. A third preparation method involves (a) evaporating an aqueous solution of chromium(VI) oxide and a soluble gold salt to form a solid; (b) drying the solid formed in (a); and (c) calcining the dried solid formed in (b) in an atmosphere containing at least 10% oxygen by volume.

Preparation of composition containing chromium, oxygen, and either silver or palladium, and their use as catalysts and catalyst precursors

A method for preparing a catalyst composition suitable for increasing the fluorine content in a hydrocarbon or a halogenated hydrocarbon is disclosed. The method involves (a) co-precipitating a solid by adding ammonium hydroxide to an aqueous solution of a soluble trivalent chromium salt and a soluble salt of a modifier metal selected from silver and palladium, that contains at least three moles of nitrate (i.e., NO3?) per mole of chromium (i.e., Cr+3) in the solution and has a modifier metal concentration of from about 0.05 atom % to about 10 atom % of the total concentration of modifier metal and chromium in the solution to form an aqueous mixture containing co-precipitated solid and dissolved ammonium nitrate; and after at least three moles of ammonium hydroxide per mole of chromium in the solution has been added to the solution, (b) drying said aqueous mixture formed in (a); and (c) calcining the dried solid formed in (b) in an atmosphere containing at least 10% oxygen by volume (e.g., air). Also disclosed is a catalyst composition comprising alpha-chromium oxide and a modifier metal selected from silver and palladium prepared by the above method. Also disclosed is a process for increasing the fluorine content in a hydrocarbon or halogenated hydrocarbon in the presence of a catalyst; and processes using a catalyst composition comprising chromium, oxygen and a modifier metal selected from siver and palladium as essential constituent elements (e.g., a catalyst composition prepared by the above process). An azeotropic composition involving CF3CCl═CF2 and HF is also disclosed.

Compositions containing chromium, oxygen, and at least two modifier metals selected the group consisting of gold, silver, and palladium, their preparation, and their use as catalysts and catalyst precursors

A catalyst composition is disclosed that includes chromium, oxygen, and at least two of gold, silver, and palladium as essential constituent elements. The amount of modifier metals (gold, silver, and/or palladium) in the composition is from about 0.05 atom % to about 10 atom % based on the total amount of chromium and modifier metals. Also disclosed is a process for changing the fluorine distribution (i.e., content and/or arrangement) in a hydrocarbon or halogenated hydrocarbon in the presence of the catalyst composition; and methods for preparing said catalyst composition. One preparation method involves (a) co-precipitating a solid by adding ammonium hydroxide (aqueous ammonia) to an aqueous solution of soluble salts of modifier metals and a soluble chromium salt that contains at least three moles of nitrate per mole of chromium in the solution and has a modifier metal content of from about 0.05 atom % to about 10 atom % of the total content of modifier metals and chromium in the solution to form an aqueous mixture containing co-precipitated solid; (b) drying the co-precipitated solid formed in (a); and (c) calcining the dried solid formed in (b) in an atmosphere containing at least 10% oxygen by volume. Another preparation method involves (a) impregnating solid chromium oxide with a solution of a soluble modifier metal salts; (b) drying the impregnated chromium oxide prepared in (a); and optionally; (c) calcining the dried solid. Yet another preparation method involves mixing multiple compositions, each comprising chromium, oxygen, and at least one modifier metal.

Thermal chlorofluorination of propyne and propadiene

Propyne and propadiene have been found to readily undergo vapor phase catalyzed chlorofluorination. At temperatures to 285 °C, the reaction forms mixtures of C3F4Cl4 isomers that differ in composition from mixtures obtained from either propane or propene.

PROCESS FOR THE PREPARATION OF 1,1,1,3,3-PENTAFLUOROPROPANE AND 1,1,1,2,3-PENTAFLUOROPROPANE

A process is disclosed for the manufacture of CF3CH2CHF2 and CF3CHFCH2F. The process involves (a) reacting hydrogen fluoride, chlorine, and at least one halopropene of the formula CX3CCl=CClX (where each X is independently F or Cl) to produce a product including both CF3CCl2CClF2 and CF3CClFCCl2F; (b) reacting CF3CCl2CClF2 and CF3CClFCCl2F produced in (a) with hydrogen to produce a product including both CF3CH2CHF2, and CF3CHFCH2F; and (c) recovering CF3CH2CHF2 and CF3CHFCH2F from the product produced in (b). In (a), the CF3CCl2CClF2 and CF3CClFCCl2F are produced in the presence of a chlorofluorination catalyst including a ZnCr2O4/crystalline α-chromium oxide composition, a ZnCr2O4/crystalline α-chromium oxide composition which has been treated with a fluorinating agent, a zinc halide/α-chromium oxide composition and/or a zinc halide/α-chromium oxide composition which has been treated with a fluorinating agent.

PROCESS FOR THE PREPARATION OF 1,1,1,3,3,3-HEXAFLUOROPROPANE AND AT LEAST ONE OF 1,1,1,2,3,3-HEXAFLUOROPROPANE AND 1,1,1,2,3,3,3-HEPTAFLUOROPROPANE

A process is disclosed for the manufacture of 1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoropropane (HFC-236fa) and at least one 1,1,1,2,3,3-hexafluoropropane (HFC-236ea) and 1,1,1,2,3,3,3-heptafluoropropane (HFC-227ea). The process involves (a) reacting HF, Cl2, and at least one halopropene of the formula CX3CCl=CX2 (where each X is independently F or Cl) to produce a product including both CF3CCl2CF3 and CF3CClFCClF2; (b) reacting CF3CCl2CF3 and CF3CClFCClF2 produced in (a) with hydrogen to produce a product comprising CF3CH2CF3 and at least one compound selected from the group consisting of CHF2CHFCF3, and CF3CHFCF3; and (c) recovering from the product produced in (b), CF3CH2CF3 and at least one compound selected from the group consisting of CHF2CHFCF3 and CF3CHFCF3. In (a), the CF3CCl2CF3 and CF3CClFCClF2 are produced in the presence of a chlorofluorination catalyst including a ZnCr2O4/crystalline α-chromium oxide composition, a ZnCr2O4/crystalline α-chromium oxide composition which has been treated with a fluorinating agent, a zinc halide/α-chromium oxide composition and/or a zinc halide/α-chromium oxide composition which has been treated with a fluorinating agent.

PROCESSES FOR THE PREPARATION OF 2-CHLORO-1,1,1,2,3,3,3-HEPTAFLUOROPROPANE, HEXAFLUOROPROPENE AND 1,1,1,2,3,3,3-HEPTAFLUOROPROPANE

A process for the preparation of 2-chloro-1,1,1,3,3,3-heptafluoropropane is disclosed which involves (a) contacting a mixture comprising hydrogen fluoride, chlorine, and at least one starting material selected from the group consisting of halopropenes of the formula CX3CCl=CX2 and halopropanes of the formula the CX3CClYCX3, wherein each X is independently F or Cl, and Y is H, Cl or F (provided that the number of X and Y which are F totals no more than six) with a chlorofluorination catalyst in a reaction zone to produce a product mixture comprising CF3CClFCF3, HCl, HF, and underfluorinated halogenated hydrocarbon intermediates. The process is characterized by said chlorofluorination catalyst comprising at least one chromium-containing component selected from (i) a crystalline alpha-chromium oxide where at least 0.05 atom % of the chromium atoms in the alpha-chromium oxide lattice are replaced by nickel, trivalent cobalt or both nickel and trivalent cobalt, provided that no more than 2 atom % of the chromium atoms in the alpha-chromium oxide lattice are replaced by nickel and that the total amount of chromium atoms in the alpha-chromium oxide lattice that are replaced by nickel and trivalent cobalt is no more than 6 atom % , and (ii) a fluorinated crystalline oxide of (i).Also disclosed is a process for the manufacture of a mixture of HFC-227ea and hexafluoropropene by reacting a starting mixture comprising CFC-217ba and hydrogen in the vapor phase at an elevated temperature, optionally in the presence of a hydrogenation catalyst. This process involves preparing the CFC-217ba by the process described above.

Synthesis of > and Some Chlorofluoropropenes

The starting substances C3Cl5F3 (1) and C3Cl4F4 (2) prepared earlier by the addition of CCl3F with CClF=CClF and/or CF2=CClF were utilized for the synthesis of chlorofluoropropenes by means of fluorination, reduction of C-Cl bonds in halogenopropanes, and final dehalogenation, all the reactions being performed at atmospheric pressure.The reaction conditions permit laboratory scale production.The contents of the isomeric admixtures in the resultant products were determined by NMR spectroscopy.The starting halogenopropanes 1, 2 represent mixtures of isomers, but in course of the individual synthetic steps the content of the main isomer was generally increased.In comparison with previously used syntheses, our procedure proves advantageous for the synthesis of "perfluoroallylchloride" (9a, isomer purity 95percent).Using this procedure a number of halogenopropanes were prepared and dechlorinated to give the corresponding halogenopropenes (isomer purity percent): CClF2-CClF-CCl2F (2a, 87), CF3-CClF-CCl3 (2b, 78), CClF2-CClF-CClF2 (3a, 87), CF3-CClF-CCl2F (3b, 90), CF3-CClF-CHCl2 (5a, 90), CF3-CClF-CHClF (6a, 73), CClF2-CF=CClF (8a, 93), CF3-CF=CCl2 (8b, 84), 9a, CF3-CF=CClF (9b, 86) and CF3-CF=CHCl (11a, 84).The minor isomers in substance 2 yielded products which were isolated after being combined from several preparations: CClF2-CF2-CHCl2 (5b, 84); CClF2-CF=CHCl (10a, 98), which by addition of chlorine yielded CClF2-CClF-CHCl2 (4a, 95).The NMR spectra of all the major and minor products, excluding perhalogenopropanes, are listed.