22819-10-9

Upstream product

• 144-62-7 oxalic acid 
• 1937-19-5 1-aminoguanidine hydrochloride 
• 2200-97-7 aminoguanidine hydrogencarbonate 
• 2582-30-1 aminoguanidine bicarbonate 

Downstream Products

• 30003-46-4 3,3'-dinitro-5,5'-bis(1H-1,2,4-triazole) 

Relevant academic research and scientific papers

Thermal decomposition and safety assessment of 3,3'-dinitrimino-5,5'-bis(1H-1,2,4-triazole) by DTA and ARC

Thermal decomposition and safety assessment of 3,3'-dinitrimino-5,5'-bis(1H-1,2,4-triazole) (DNABT) were investigated by thermogravimetry–derivative thermogravimetry–differential scanning calorimetry (TG-DTG-DSC), differential thermal analysis (DTA), and accelerating rate calorimetry (ARC). The result of TG-DTG-DSC at a heating rate of 10 °C min-1 indicated that an endothermic decomposition and an exothermic decomposition occurred at 133.98 and 210.86 °C, respectively. The apparent activation energy (Ea) and pre-exponential factor (A) of the exothermic decomposition, and the free energy of activation, activation enthalpy, and activation entropy at initial decomposition temperature (Tp0) were calculated from the DTA curves recorded at the heating rates of 1, 2, 4, 8 °C min-1. The critical temperature of thermal explosion (Tbp0) obtained by Ozawa’s and Kissinger’s methods were calculated as 205.01 and 205.14 °C, respectively. The result of ARC indicated that the self-heating decomposition started at 200.22 °C and ended at 232.66 °C. The self-heating decomposition parameters, including the onset temperature, final temperature, temperature at maximum rate, maximum temperature rate, adiabatic temperature rise, and time to maximum rate were obtained, and these parameters were corrected by thermal inertia factor. The Ea and A under adiabatic condition were also calculated. In addition, the self-accelerating decomposition temperature (TSADT, 50kg) was calculated as 175.37 °C. These results could contribute to improve the safety in the reaction, transportation, and storage processes of DNABT.

Acylation of amino-1,2,4-triazoles

A scheme of acylation of amino-1,2,4-triazoles under conditions of low-temperature polycondensation is proposed. The effect of reaction conditions on the yield and properties of reaction products is established.

Synthesis, characterization and properties of a novel energetic ionic salt: dicarbohydrazide bis[3-(5-nitroimino-1,2,4-triazole)]

Dicarbohydrazide bis[3-(5-nitroimino-1,2,4-triazole)] (DCBNT) was firstly synthesized by ion exchange and salt formation reaction. A combination of single-crystal X-ray diffraction (SXRD), FTIR, 1H NMR, 13C NMR, and elemental analysis was utilized to analyze the structure and composition of DCBNT. DCBNT exhibits a high detonation velocity of 9234.87 m s?1 and a detonation pressure of 31.73 GPa as calculated by EXPLO5 v6.02 program. In addition, the sensitivities (impact sensitivity >40 J, H50 = 90 cm, and friction sensitivity = 216 N) and thermal stability (>230 °C) of DCBNT were investigated. Moreover, we measured the solubility of DCBNT in 12 common solvents by a polythermal method system which demonstrates its poor solubility in common organic solvents and water. These excellent physicochemical properties make DCBNT an environmentally friendly, low-sensitivity and high-energy explosive.

A study of dinitro-bis-1,2,4-triazole-1,1′-diol and derivatives: Design of high-performance insensitive energetic materials by the introduction of n-oxides

In this contribution we report on the synthesis and full structural as well as spectroscopic characterization of 3,3′-dinitro-5,5′-bis-1,2,4- triazole-1,1′-diol and nitrogen-rich salts thereof. The first synthesis and characterization of an energetic 1-hydroxy-bistriazole in excellent yields and high purity is presented. This simple and straightforward method of N-oxide introduction in triazole compounds using commercially available oxone improves the energetic properties and reveals a straightforward synthetic pathway toward novel energetic 1,2,4-triazole derivatives. X-ray crystallographic measurements were performed and deliver insight into structural characteristics and strong intermolecular interactions. The standard enthalpies of formation were calculated for all compounds at the CBS-4 M level of theory, revealing highly positive heats of formation for all compounds. The energetic properties of all compounds (detonation velocity, pressure, etc.) were calculated using the EXPLO5.05 program, and the ionic derivatives show superior performance in comparison to the corresponding compounds bearing no N-oxide. All substances were characterized in terms of sensitivities (impact, friction, electrostatic) and thermal stabilities, and the ionic derivatives were found to be high thermally stable, insensitive compounds that are exceedingly powerful but safe to handle and prepare.

Bis[3-(5-nitroimino-1,2,4-triazolate)]-based energetic salts: Synthesis and promising properties of a new family of high-density insensitive materials

Bis[3-(5-nitroimino-1,2,4-triazolate)]-based energetic salts were synthesized in a simple, straightforward manner. They exhibit low solubility in available solvents, high hydrolytic stability, excellent thermal stability, high density, positive heat of formation, low shock sensitivity, and excellent detonation properties. The physical and energetic properties of some salts are similar and even superior to those of RDX.

Thermal decomposition behavior and thermal stability of DABT·2DMSO

The thermal decomposition behavior and thermal stability of 3,3′-diamino-5,5′-bis(1H-1,2,4-triazole) with 2DMSO (DABT·2DMSO) were investigated by thermo gravimetry–derivative thermo gravimetry–differential scanning calorimetry (TG–DTG–DSC), differential thermal analysis (DTA) and accelerating rate calorimeter (ARC). The result of TG–DTG–DSC at a heating rate of 10?°C?min?1 indicated that an endothermic decomposition and an exothermic decomposition occurred at 388.23 and 468.23?°C, respectively. The apparent activation energy (Ea) and pre-exponential factor (A) of the exothermic decomposition, and the free energy of activation, activation enthalpy and activation entropy at initial decomposition temperature (Tp0) were calculated from the DTA curves recorded at heating rates of 1, 2, 4, 8?°C?min?1. The critical temperature of thermal explosion (Tbp0) obtained by the Ozawa’s and Kissinger’s methods were calculated as 470.46 and 470.73?°C, respectively. The result of ARC indicated that the self-heating decomposition started at 443.61?°C and ended at 480.91?°C, within the time span of 1397.50?min. The self-heating decomposition parameters, including the onset temperature, final temperature, temperature at max rate, max temperature rate, adiabatic temperature rise and time to maximum rate were obtained, and these parameters were corrected by thermal inertia factor. The Ea and A under adiabatic condition were also calculated. In addition, the self-accelerating decomposition temperature (TSADT, 50kg) was calculated as 429.54?°C.

High-energy coordination polymers (CPs) exhibiting good catalytic effect on the thermal decomposition of ammonium dinitramide

High-energy coordination polymers (CPs) not only exhibit good energetic performances but also have a good catalytic effect on the thermal decomposition of energetic materials. In this contribution, two high-energy CPs Cu2(DNBT)2(CH3OH)(H2O)3·3H2O (1) and [Cu3(DDT)2(H2O)2]n (2) (H2DNBT = 3,3′-dinitro-5,5′-bis(1H?1,2,4-triazole and H3DDT = 4,5-bis(1H-tetrazol-5-yl)-2H-1,2,3-triazole) were synthesized and structurally characterized. Furthermore, 1 was thermos-dehydrated to produce Cu2(DNBT)2(CH3OH)(H2O)3 (1a). The thermal decomposition kinetics of 1, 1a and 2 were studied by Kissinger's method and Ozawa's method. Thermal analyses and sensitivity tests show that all compounds exhibit high thermal stability and low sensitivity for external stimuli. Meanwhile, all compounds have large positive enthalpy of formation, which are calculated as being (1067.67 ± 2.62)?kJ?mol?1 (1), (1464.12 ± 3.12)?kJ?mol?1 (1a) and (3877.82 ± 2.75)?kJ?mol?1 (2), respectively. The catalytic effects of 1a and 2 on the thermal decomposition of ammonium dinitramide (ADN) were also investigated.

Insensitive nitrogen-rich energetic compounds based on the 5,5'-dinitro-3,3'-bi-1,2,4-triazol-2-ide anion

In this contribution the improvements achieved in the synthesis of the thermally stable energetic heterocycle 5,5'-dinitro-2H,2'H-3,3'-bi-1,2,4- triazole (DNBT) are described. The main goal was the synthesis of at least equally stable but more powerful energetic compounds based on the DNBT 2- anion in combination with nitrogen-rich cations. A complete structural and spectroscopic characterization, including IR, Raman, and multinuclear NMR analyses of the uncharged compound is presented. In addition, X-ray crystallographic measurements on DNBT revealed a very high density of 1.903 g cm-3. To increase both performance and stability, highly nitrogen-rich salts of DNBT formed from ammonium, hydroxyammonium, hydrazinium, guanidinium, aminoguanidinium and triaminoguanidinium cations were prepared and fully characterized by vibrational and multinuclear NMR spectroscopy, DSC, and X-ray diffraction measurements. The standard enthalpies of formation were calculated for selected compounds at the CBS-4M level of theory and the detonation parameters were calculated by using the EXPLO5.5 program. In addition, the impact as well as friction sensitivities and sensitivity against electrostatic discharge were determined. The main goal was to synthesize high thermally stable and powerful energetic compounds based on the DNBT2- anion in combination with nitrogen-rich cations. A complete structural and spectroscopic characterization of all compounds by IR, Raman, and NMR spectroscopy is presented. The compounds exhibit low sensitivities, high positive heats of formation, and excellent detonation parameters. Copyright

Synthesis, Crystal Structure, and Properties of Energetic Complex Magnesium 5,5′-Dinitramino-3,3′-bi[1,2,4-triazolate] Hexahydrate

Alkaline Earth metal (Mg) energetic complex with 5,5′-dinitramino-3,3′-bi[1,2,4-triazolate] dihydrate (DNABT) has been synthesized and structurally characterized by FTIR spectroscopy, elemental analysis, and single X-ray diffraction. The thermal decomposi

Nitrogen doped carbon spheres with wrinkled cages for the selective oxidation of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural to 5-formyl-2-furancarboxylic acid

Nitrogen doped carbon spheres with wrinkled cages (NCSWCs), which were used for the first time as metal-free catalysts, exhibited high catalytic activity and selectivity in the oxidation of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) to 5-formyl-2-furancarboxylic acid