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  • High Quality 99% 5,12-Naphthacenedione,10-[(3-amino-2,3,6-trideoxy-a-L-lyxo-hexopyranosyl)oxy]-7,8,9,10-tetrahydro-6,8,11-trihydroxy-8-(2-hydroxyacetyl)-1-methoxy-,(8S,10S)- 23214-92-8 ISO Producer

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23214-92-8 Usage

Antitumor antibiotics

Adriamycin is a kind of anthracycline antitumor antibiotics produced by Streptomyces peucetius sub sp caesius, belonging to cell cycle non-specific drug (CCNSA). Cells of S and M phases are most sensitive to it. Its hydrochloride appears as orange needle crystal. The melting point is 204 ~ 205 ℃. It is easily soluble in water, ethanol and methanol. The aqueous solution is stable and stays constant at 5 ° C for 1 month but is not stable at higher temperatures or in acidic or alkaline solutions. The acidic aqueous solution is orange, neutral orange-red, alkaline (pH> 9) purple-blue. It is insoluble in acetone, benzene, petroleum ether, ether and chloroform. It is an antitumor antibiotic isolated from the actinomycetes culture. The mechanism of action is similar to daunorubicin, which has a broader anti-tumor spectrum and a higher therapeutic index. It is clinically applied for the treatment of acute and chronic lymphocytic leukemia and solid tumor leukemia, lymphoma, breast cancer, ovarian cancer, soft tissue sarcoma, osteogenic sarcoma, rhabdomyosarcoma, Ewing's sarcoma, nephroblastoma, neuroblastoma, gastric cancer, pancreatic cancer, liver cancer, prostate cancer, head and neck squamous cell carcinoma, testicular cancer, lung cancer, bladder cancer, medullary thyroid carcinoma and sarcoma. This product can cause myelosuppression, gastrointestinal reactions and cardiac toxicity. 4'-Epirubicin (4'-epi-adriamycin) is the reverse configuration of the C4 hydroxyl in the glycosyl group of Adriamycin. Its anti-tumor effect is similar to that of Adriamycin, but its cardiotoxicity is low. 4'-deoxyadriamycin (4'-deoxyadriamycin) has a different antitumor spectrum of animal tumors with doxorubicin with lower damage to the heart compared to doxorubicin.

Pharmacological effects

This product belongs to anthracycline antineoplastic drugs, having similar structure to daunorubicin with the only difference being an H-hydroxy substitution in the side chain 14 carbon atoms. It has both fat-soluble anthracene ring ligand and water-soluble daunosamine. It also has acidic phenolic hydroxyl and basic amino group, thus having a strong anticancer pharmacological activity. Adriamycin is obtained from the culture Str. Pe-ucetius var. Caesius. Owing to the quinone-hydroquinone structure on the anthracene ring ligand in the molecule, it has the ability of accepting electrons and providing neutrons, to be inserted between adjacent base pairs of DNA, generating active free radicals, unwinding and breaking DNA double helix. It can further inhibit the activity of the nucleic acid template, interfering with the transcription process to prevent mRNA synthesis. In addition it may cause cell membrane rupture, exhibiting cytotoxicity, belonging to a cell cycle non-specific drug. This product has the function of forming superoxide radicals, and has a special role in the destruction of cell membrane structure and function. It is effective in the targeting all stages of the cells, but being of highest efficient in the treatment of the early S phase cells, followed by M, with the G1 phase being most insensitive to it. It can delay the G1, S and G2 phase. However, the maximum cytotoxicity occurs in S phase and is more sensitive to early S and M phase cells. Adriamycin can cause chromosome aberrations in cells and increase the exchange rate of chromatids. This product has poor oral absorption, and should be administrated by only intravenous injection. Its plasma protein binding rate is low. It can rapidly disappear from the blood after injection, being widely distributed in the heart, stomach, lung, liver and spleen organizations, but no penetrating through the blood-brain barrier. Plasma attenuation curve is divided into three phases with half-life being 12 minutes, 3.3 hours and 30 hours, respectively. It is mainly subject to liver metabolism with the main metabolite being doxorubicin alcohol, having a considerable anti-cancer activity. Approximately 40% to 50% of the dose is excreted by bile after 7 days of administration, of which 50% is prototype and 23% is active metabolite. 5% to 10% of urine excreted. Upon liver and renal insufficiency, doxorubicin stay in the body for longer with the clear curve exhibiting heterogeneous phases and its three-phase T1 / 2 were 0.5 hours, 3 hours and 40 to 50 hours, respectively. It is clinical mainly for the treatment of acute or chronic leukemia, Hodgkin and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma and malignant lymphoma. Daunorubicin resistant tumors are still sensitive to doxorubicin. It also has certain efficacy in the treatment of Ewing's tumor, osteosarcoma, soft tissue tumor, lung cancer, choriocarcinoma, breast cancer, bladder cancer, thyroid cancer and soft tissue tumors. It combination with cytarabine, vincristine and fluorouracil can increase its efficacy. Tumor cells are resistant to doxorubicin. Drug-resistant cells, compared to the sensitive cells, have lower permeability of the cell membrane, decreased cellular uptake doxorubicin reduction, and can actively discharge doxorubicin. Daunorubicin resistant cells may also be cross-resistant to doxorubicin.

Adverse reactions

A dose of more than 500mg / m2, 25% to 30% can possibly lead to ECG abnormalities, arrhythmia and decreased cardiac function. There are few cases of congestive heart failure, myocardial degeneration, local necrosis, and even death. 60% to 80% may have myelosuppression, manifested as leukopenia, thrombocytopenia and anemia with reaching minimum in 7 to 10 days and recovering at the first 4 weeks. In addition, there may be nausea and vomiting, mouth ulcers. Similar to daunorubicin, side effects of doxorubicin include cardiotoxicity, bone marrow suppression, nausea, vomiting and stomatitis as well as hair loss. Early signs of cardiac toxicity exhibit temporary ECG changes with the majority undergoing self-remission. Late (chronic) cardiotoxicity, also known as delayed cardiomyopathy that is dose related, is irreversible serious myocardial disease with severe cases being lethal. Therefore, heart disease and hypertension patients should use with caution. There are phlebitis, skin pigmentation and liver damage. Cardiotoxicity patients can administrate vitamin E, vitamin C, coenzyme Q10, N-acetyl cysteine and selenium preparations. Heart failure patients may be given digitalis preparations and diuretics.

Medicine interactions

Cross-resistant to daunorubicin, vincristine and actinomycin D. Synergistic effect with cyclophosphamide, fluorouracil, methotrexate, chlorelimide, cisplatin and nitrosoureas. Used with caution during live virus vaccination. Combination with azathioprine or mercaptopurine can increase doxorubicin liver toxicity.

Chemical Properties

Adriamycin is an orange to red cake-like or needle-like crystalline solid.

Originator

Adriblastina,Farmitalia,Italy,1971

Uses

Different sources of media describe the Uses of 23214-92-8 differently. You can refer to the following data:
1. Doxorubicin is one of the most effective neoplastic drugs, and is mainly used in combination with other drugs for treating solid tumors. This drug is used for leukemia, various sarcomas, practically every type of cancer, neuroblastomas, leukoses, and lymphomas.
2. Doxorubicin USP (Adriamycin) is used to traet soft-tissue and osteogenic sarcomas; Hodgkin’s disease; non-Hodgkin’s lymphomas; acute leukemia; cancer of thyroid, breast, lung, genitourinary (GU) tract; Wilm’s tumor; neuroblastoma.
3. Doxorubicin (adriamycin) is the most extensively studied of a family of highly fluorescent anthracycline antibiotics produced by several Streptomyces species, first reported in 1967 and later approved for human therapeutic use as an antitumour agent for the treatment of a wide range of cancers. Doxorubicin also exhibits anti-HIV and antibacterial activity. The mode of action of doxorubicin is thought to be due to intercalation of DNA and inhibition of nucleic acid synthesis.

Indications

Doxorubicin binds tightly to DNA by its ability to intercalate between base pairs and therefore is preferentially concentrated in nuclear structures. Intercalation results in steric hindrance, hence production of single-strand breaks in DNA and inhibition of DNA synthesis and DNA-dependent RNA synthesis. The enzyme topoisomerase II is thought to be involved in the generation of DNA strand breaks by the anthracyclines. Cells in S-phase are most sensitive to doxorubicin, although cytotoxicity also occurs in other phases of the cell cycle.

Manufacturing Process

Two 300 ml Erlenmeyer flasks, each containing 60 ml of the following culture medium for the vegetative phase, were prepared: peptone 0.6%; dry yeast 0.3%; hydrated calcium carbonate 0.2%; magnesium sulfate 0.01%; the pH after sterilization was 7.2. Sterilization has been effected by heating in autoclave to 120°C for 20 minutes. Each flask was inoculated with a quantity of mycelium of the mutant F.I.106 (the new strain thus obtained has been given the code F.I.106 of the Farmitalia microbiological collection and has been called Streptomycespeucetius var. caesius) corresponding to 1/9 of a suspension in sterile water of the mycelium of a 10 day old culture grown in a big test tube on the following medium: saccharose 2%; dry yeast 0.1%; bipotassium phosphate 0.2%; sodium nitrate 0.2%; magnesium sulfate 0.2%; agar 2%; tap water up to 100%. The flasks were then incubated at 28°C for 48 hours on a rotary shaker with a stroke of 30 mm at 220 rpm.,2 ml of a vegetative medium thus grown were used to inoculate 300 ml Erlenmeyer flasks with 60 ml of the following medium for the productive phase: glucose 6%; dry yeast 2.5%; sodium chloride 0.2%; bipotassium phosphate 0.1%; calcium carbonate 0.2%; magnesium sulfate 0.01%; ferrous sulfate 0.001%; zinc sulfate 0.001%; copper sulfate 0.001%; tap water to 100%. The glucose was previously sterilized separately at 110°C for 20 minutes. The resulting pH was 7. This was sterilized at 120°C for 20 minutes and incubated at 28°C under the same conditions by stirring, as for the vegetative media.The maximum concentration of the antibiotic was reached on the 6th day of fermentation. The quantity of adriamycin produced at this time corresponds to a concentration of 15 μg/ml.

Brand name

Adriblastina (Farmitalia, Societa Farmaceutici Italia, Italy).

Therapeutic Function

Cancer chemotherapy

Biological Activity

doxorubicin is a semi-synthesized anticancer agent derived from bacterial culture. [1] it is an anthracycline antibiotic. it is been widely used in blood cancers, solid tumors and sarcomas.doxorubicin intercalates into dna double strand and inhibits the progression of dna topoisomerase ii, stopping replication process. [2] doxorubicin also induces histone eviction from open chromatin, causing dna damage and epigenetic deregulation. [3]doxorubicin is administrated intravenously. approximately 75% of doxorubicin and its metabolites bind to plasma protein. doxorubicin does not cross blood brain barrier. 50% of the drug is eliminated unchanged from the body mainly though bile excretion. the remaining undergoes one-electron reduction, two-electron reduction, and deglycosidation. the major metabolite is a potent membrane ion pump inhibitor, which is associated with cardiomyopathy. [4]

Mechanism of action

Doxorubicin is not absorbed orally, and because of its ability to cause tissue necrosis must not be injected intramuscularly or subcutaneously. Distribution studies indicate rapid uptake in all tissues except the CNS. Extensive tissue binding, primarily intranuclear, accounts for the prolonged elimination half-life.The drug is extensively metabolized in the liver to hydroxylated and conjugated metabolites and to aglycones that are primarily excreted in the bile.

Clinical Use

Doxorubicin is one of the most effective agents used in the treatment of carcinomas of the breast, ovary, endometrium, bladder, and thyroid and in oat cell cancer of the lung. It is included in several combination regimens for diffuse lymphomas and Hodgkin’s disease. Doxorubicin can be used as an alternative to daunorubicin in acute leukemias and is useful in Ewing’s sarcoma, osteogenic sarcoma, soft-tissue sarcomas, and neuroblastoma. Some activity has been reported in non–oat cell lung cancer, multiple myeloma, and adenocarcinomas of the stomach, prostate, and testis.

Side effects

The most important toxicities caused by doxorubicin involve the heart and bone marrow.Acutely, doxorubicin may cause transient cardiac arrhythmias and depression of myocardial function. Doxorubicin may cause radiation recall reactions, with flare-ups of dermatitis, stomatitis, or esophagitis that had been produced previously by radiation therapy. Less severe toxicities include phlebitis and sclerosis of veins used for injection, hyperpigmentation of nail beds and skin creases, and conjunctivitis. Because of its intense red color, doxorubicin will impart a reddish color to the urine for 1 or 2 days after administration.

Safety Profile

Confirmed carcinogen with experimental carcinogenic, neoplastigenic, and tumorigenic data. Poison by intraperitoneal, subcutaneous, parenteral, and intravenous routes. Human systemic effects by intravenous route: cardiac myopathy including infarction, nausea or vomiting, and effects on the hair. An experimental teratogen. Other experimental reproductive effects. Human mutation data reported. When heated to decomposition it emits very toxic fumes of NO, and HCl

Potential Exposure

An antibiotic product from streptomyces, used as anticancer drug

Carcinogenicity

Adriamycin is reasonably anticipated to be a human carcinogen based on sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity from studies in experimental animals.

Shipping

UN2811 Toxic solids, organic, n.o.s., Hazard Class: 6.1; Labels: 6.1-Poisonous materials, Technical Name Required.

Incompatibilities

Incompatible with oxidizers (chlorates, nitrates, peroxides, permanganates, perchlorates, chlorine, bromine, fluorine, etc.); contact may cause fires or explosions. Keep away from alkaline materials, strong bases, strong acids, oxoacids, epoxides

Waste Disposal

It is inappropriate and possibly dangerous to the environment to dispose of expired or waste pharmaceuticals by flushing them down the toilet or discarding them to the trash. Household quantities of expired or waste pharmaceuticals may be mixed with wet cat litter or coffee grounds, double-bagged in plastic, discard in trash. Larger quantities shall carefully take into consideration applicable DEA, EPA, and FDA regulations. If possible return the pharmaceutical to the manufacturer for proper disposal being careful to properly label and securely package the material. Alternatively, the waste pharmaceutical shall be labeled, securely packaged and transported by a state licensed medical waste contractor to dispose by burial in a licensed hazardous or toxic waste landfill or incinerator.

references

[1]brayfield, a, ed. (2013). doxorubicin. martindale: the complete drug reference. pharmaceutical press. retrieved 15 april 2014.[2]pommier y., et al. (2010). dna topoisomerases and their poisoning by anticancer and antibacterial drugs. chemistry & biology 17 (5): 421–433.[3]pang, b., et al. (2013). drug-induced histone eviction from open chromatin contributes to the chemotherapeutic effects of doxorubicin. nature communications 4 (5): 1908[4]boucek rj., et al. (1987). the major metabolite of doxorubicin is a potent inhibitor of membrane-associated ion pumps. a correlative study of cardiac muscle with isolated membrane fractions. j of biol chem 262: 15851-15856.

Check Digit Verification of cas no

The CAS Registry Mumber 23214-92-8 includes 8 digits separated into 3 groups by hyphens. The first part of the number,starting from the left, has 5 digits, 2,3,2,1 and 4 respectively; the second part has 2 digits, 9 and 2 respectively.
Calculate Digit Verification of CAS Registry Number 23214-92:
(7*2)+(6*3)+(5*2)+(4*1)+(3*4)+(2*9)+(1*2)=78
78 % 10 = 8
So 23214-92-8 is a valid CAS Registry Number.
InChI:InChI=1/C27H29NO11/c1-10-22(31)13(28)6-17(38-10)39-15-8-27(36,16(30)9-29)7-12-19(15)26(35)21-20(24(12)33)23(32)11-4-3-5-14(37-2)18(11)25(21)34/h3-5,10,13,15,17,22,29,31,33,35-36H,6-9,28H2,1-2H3/t10-,13-,15-,17-,22+,27-/m0/s1

23214-92-8SDS

SAFETY DATA SHEETS

According to Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labelling of Chemicals (GHS) - Sixth revised edition

Version: 1.0

Creation Date: Aug 19, 2017

Revision Date: Aug 19, 2017

1.Identification

1.1 GHS Product identifier

Product name doxorubicin

1.2 Other means of identification

Product number -
Other names adriamycine

1.3 Recommended use of the chemical and restrictions on use

Identified uses For industry use only.
Uses advised against no data available

1.4 Supplier's details

1.5 Emergency phone number

Emergency phone number -
Service hours Monday to Friday, 9am-5pm (Standard time zone: UTC/GMT +8 hours).

More Details:23214-92-8 SDS

23214-92-8Relevant articles and documents

Codelivery of Doxorubicin and shAkt1 by Poly(ethylenimine)-Glycyrrhetinic Acid Nanoparticles to Induce Autophagy-Mediated Liver Cancer Combination Therapy

Wang, Feng-Zhen,Xing, Lei,Tang, Zheng-Hai,Lu, Jin-Jian,Cui, Peng-Fei,Qiao, Jian-Bing,Jiang, Lei,Jiang, Hu-Lin,Zong, Li

, p. 1298 - 1307 (2016)

Combination therapy has been developed as a promising therapeutic approach for hepatocellular carcinoma therapy. Here we report a low toxicity and high performance nanoparticle system that was self-assembled from a poly(ethylenimine)-glycyrrhetinic acid (PEI-GA) amphiphilic copolymer as a versatile gene/drug dual delivery nanoplatform. PEI-GA was synthesized by chemical conjugation of hydrophobic GA moieties to the hydrophilic PEI backbone via an acylation reaction. The PEI-GA nanocarrier could encapsulate doxorubicin (DOX) efficiently with loading level about 12% and further condense DNA to form PEI-GA/DOX/DNA complexes to codeliver drug and gene. The diameter of the complexes is 102 ± 19 nm with zeta potential of 19.6 ± 0.2 mV. Furthermore, the complexes possess liver cancer targeting ability and could promote liver cancer HepG2 cell internalization. Apoptosis of cells could be induced by chemotherapy of DOX, and PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway acts a beneficial effect on the modulation of autophagy. Here, it is revealed that utilizing PEI-GA/DOX/shAkt1 complexes results in effective autophagy and apoptosis, which are useful to cause cell death. The induction of superfluous autophagy is reported to induce type-II cell death and also could increase the sensity of chemotherapy to tumor cells. In this case, combining autophagy and apoptosis is meaningful for oncotherapy. In this study, PEI-GA/DOX/shAkt1 has demonstrated favorable tumor target ability, little side effects, and ideal antitumor efficacy.

Reduction-sensitive mixed micelles assembled from amphiphilic prodrugs for self-codelivery of DOX and DTX with synergistic cancer therapy

Wu, Jilian,Zhang, Huiyuan,Hu, Xu,Liu, Ruiling,Jiang, Wei,Li, Zhonghao,Luan, Yuxia

, p. 449 - 456 (2018)

Clinically, codelivery of chemotherapeutics has been limited by poor water-solubility and severe systemic toxicity. In this work, we developed a new reduction-sensitive mixed micellar system for self-codelivery of doxorubicin (DOX) and docetaxel (DTX). Biodegradable methoxy poly(ethylene glycol)-poly(ε-caprolactone) (mPEG-PCL) was coupled with DOX and DTX by a reduction-sensitive disulfide bond, resulting in mPEG-PCL-SS-DOX and mPEG-PCL-SS-DTX, respectively. mPEG-PCL-SS-DOX was mixed with mPEG-PCL-SS-DTX at a mole ratio of 1:1 in water, forming a mixed micellar system. The mixed micelles had a diameter of 223.7 nm and a low critical micelle concentration. Reductive-triggered drug release revealed a “smart” characteristic of the mixed micelles. A cellular uptake and cytotoxicity assay in vitro showed that the mixed micelles could efficiently accumulate in MCF-7 cells and suppress the growth of tumour cells. The proposed reduction-sensitive mixed micelles assembled from amphiphilic prodrugs can be used as a promising drug codelivery system for cancer therapy.

Intracellular trafficking of nuclear localization signal conjugated nanoparticles for cancer therapy

Misra, Ranjita,Sahoo, Sanjeeb K.

, p. 152 - 163 (2010)

Doxorubicin (DOX) is an anticancer drug with an intracellular site of action in the nucleus. For high antitumour activity, it should be effectively internalized into the cancer cells and accumulate in the nucleus. In this study, we have prepared a nuclear localization signal conjugated doxorubicin loaded Poly (d,l-lactide-co-glycolide) nanoparticles (NPs), to deliver doxorubicin to the nucleus efficiently. Physico-chemical characterization of these NPs showed that the drug is molecularly dispersed in spherical and smooth surfaced nanoparticles. NPs (~226 nm in diameter, 46% encapsulation efficiency) under in vitro conditions exhibited sustained release of the encapsulated drug (63% release in 60 days). Cell cytotoxicity results showed that NLS conjugated NPs exhibited comparatively lower IC50 value (2.3 μM/ml) than drug in solution (17.6 μM/ml) and unconjugated NPs (7.9 μM/ml) in breast cancer cell line MCF-7 as studied by MTT assay. Cellular uptake studies by confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) and fluorescence spectrophotometer showed that greater amount of drug is targeted to the nucleus with NLS conjugated NPs as compared to drug in solution or unconjugated NPs. Flow cytometry experiments results showed that NLS conjugated NPs are showing greater cell cycle (G2/M phase) blocking and apoptosis than native DOX and unconjugated NPs. In conclusion, these results suggested that NLS conjugated doxorubicin loaded NPs could be potentially useful as novel drug delivery system for breast cancer therapy.

Small Molecule-Based Fluorescent Organic Nanoassemblies with Strong Hydrogen Bonding Networks for Fine Tuning and Monitoring Drug Delivery in Cancer Cells

Boucard, Joanna,Linot, Camille,Blondy, Thibaut,Nedellec, Steven,Hulin, Philippe,Blanquart, Christophe,Lartigue, Léna?c,Ishow, Eléna

, (2018)

Bright supramolecular fluorescent organic nanoassemblies (FONs), based on strongly polar red-emissive benzothiadiazole fluorophores containing acidic units, are fabricated to serve as theranostic tools with large colloidal stability in the absence of a polymer or surfactant. High architectural cohesion is ensured by the multiple hydrogen-bonding networks, reinforced by the dipolar and hydrophobic interactions developed between the dyes. Such interactions are harnessed to ensure high payload encapsulation and efficient trapping of hydrophobic and hydrogen-bonding drugs like doxorubicin, as shown by steady state and time-resolved measurements. Fine tuning of the drug release in cancer cells is achieved by adjusting the structure and combination of the fluorophore acidic units. Notably delayed drug delivery is observed by confocal microscopy compared to the entrance of hydrosoluble doxorubicin, demonstrating the absence of undesirable burst release outside the cells by using FONs. Since FON-constituting fluorophores exhibit a large emission shift from red to green when dissociating in contact with the lipid cellular content, drug delivery could advantageously be followed by dual-color spectral detection, independently of the drug staining potentiality.

Understanding of real alternative redox partner of Streptomyces peucetius DoxA: Prediction and validation using in silico and in vitro analyses

Rimal, Hemraj,Lee, Seung-Won,Lee, Joo-Ho,Oh, Tae-Jin

, p. 64 - 74 (2015)

Streptomyces peucetius ATCC27952 contains the cytochrome P450 monoxygenase DoxA that is responsible for the hydroxylation of daunorubicin into doxorubicin. Although S. peucetius ATCC27952 contains several potential redox partners, the most suitable endogenous electron-transport system is still unclear; therefore, we conducted a study of potential redox partners using Accelrys Discovery Studio 3.5. Recombinant DoxA along with its redox partners from S. peucetius FDX1, FDR2, and FDX3, and the putidaredoxin and putidaredoxin reductase from Pseudomonas putida that are essential equivalents of the class I type of bacterial electron-transport system were over-expressed and purified. The successful development of an efficient redox system was achieved by an in vitro enzymatic catalysis reaction with DoxA. The optimal pH for the activation of the heme was 7.6 and the optimal temperature was 30°C. Our findings suggest a two-fold increase of DoxA activity via the NADH → FDR2 → FDX1 → DoxA pathway for the hydroxylation of the daunorubicin, and indicate that the usage of a native redox partner may increase daunorubicin-derived doxorubicin production due to the inclusion of DoxA.

A Peptide-Based Supramolecular Hydrogel for Controlled Delivery of Amine Drugs

Wang, Youzhi,Zhang, Yiming,Li, Xinxin,Li, Can,Yang, Zhimou,Wang, Ling

, p. 3460 - 3463 (2018)

Supramolecular hydrogels hold great promise for controlled drug delivery. Herein we report a supramolecular hydrogel based on a peptide bearing a terminal aldehyde. The hydrogel was prepared via an enzyme instructed self-assembly (EISA) process, and the resulting hydrogels showed ultra-stable properties in highly acidic or basic aqueous solutions. The hydrogelator could form Schiff bases with amine drugs. Owing to the pH-responsive properties of Schiff bases, the hydrogels could be used for controlled release of encapsulated amine drugs. Our study provides a peptide-based hydrogel that may be applied for controlled drug delivery.

A novel doxorubicin prodrug with controllable photolysis activation for cancer chemotherapy

Ibsen, Stuart,Zahavy, Eran,Wrasdilo, Wolf,Berns, Michael,Chan, Michael,Esener, Sadik

, p. 1848 - 1860 (2010)

Purpose: Doxorubicin (DOX) is a very effective anticancer agent. However, in its pure form, its application is limited by significant cardiotoxic side effects. The purpose of this study was to develop a controllably activatable chemotherapy prodrug of DOX created by blocking its free amine group with a biotinylated photocleavable blocking group (PCB). Methods: An n-hydroxy succunamide protecting group on the PCB allowed selective binding at the DOX active amine group. The PCB included an ortho-nitrophenyl group for photo cleavability and a water-soluble glycol spacer arm ending in a biotin group for enhanced membrane interaction. Results: This novel DOX-PCB prodrug had a 200-fold decrease in cytotoxicity compared to free DOX and could release active DOX upon exposure to UV light at 350 nm. Unlike DOX, DOX-PCB stayed in the cell cytoplasm, did not enter the nucleus, and did not stain the exposed DNA during mitosis. Human liver microsome incubation with DOX-PCB indicated stability against liver metabolic breakdown. Conclusions: The development of the DOX-PCB prodrug demonstrates the possibility of using light as a method of prodrug activation in deep internal tissues without relying on inherent physical or biochemical differences between the tumor and healthy tissue for use as the trigger.

Conjugation with α-linolenic acid improves cancer cell uptake and cytotoxicity of doxorubicin

Huan, Meng-lei,Zhou, Si-yuan,Teng, Zeng-hui,Zhang, Bang-le,Liu, Xin-you,Wang, Jie-pin,Mei, Qi-bing

, p. 2579 - 2584 (2009)

The synthetic DOX-LNA conjugate was characterized by proton nuclear magnetic resonance and mass spectrometry. In addition, the purity of the conjugate was analyzed by reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography. The cellular uptake, intracellular distribution, and cytotoxicity of DOX-LNA were assessed by flow cytometry, fluorescence microscopy, liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry, and the tetrazolium dye assay using the in vitro cell models. The DOX-LNA conjugate showed substantially higher tumor-specific cytotoxicity compared with DOX. Crown Copyright

Redox-responsive polymer-drug conjugates based on doxorubicin and chitosan oligosaccharide- g -stearic acid for cancer therapy

Su, Yigang,Hu, Yingwen,Du, Yongzhong,Huang, Xuan,He, Jiabei,You, Jian,Yuan, Hong,Hu, Fuqiang

, p. 1193 - 1202 (2015)

Here, a biodegradable polymer-drug conjugate of doxorubicin (DOX) conjugated with a stearic acid-grafted chitosan oligosaccharide (CSO-SA) was synthesized via disulfide linkers. The obtained polymer-drug conjugate DOX-SS-CSO-SA could self-assemble into nanosized micelles in aqueous medium with a low critical micelle concentration. The size of the micelles was 62.8 nm with a narrow size distribution. In reducing environments, the DOX-SS-CSO-SA could rapidly disassemble result from the cleavage of the disulfide linkers and release the DOX. DOX-SS-CSO-SA had high efficiency for cellular uptake and rapidly released DOX in reductive intracellular environments. In vitro antitumor activity tests showed that the DOX-SS-CSO-SA had higher cytotoxicity against DOX-resistant cells than free DOX, with reversal ability up to 34.8-fold. DOX-SS-CSO-SA altered the drug distribution in vivo, which showed selectively accumulation in tumor and reduced nonspecific accumulation in hearts. In vivo antitumor studies demonstrated that DOX-SS-CSO-SA showed efficient suppression on tumor growth and relieved the DOX-induced cardiac injury. Therefore, DOX-SS-CSO-SA is a potential drug delivery system for safe and effective cancer therapy.

Hyaluronic acid ion-pairing nanoparticles for targeted tumor therapy

Li, Wenhao,Yi, Xiaoli,Liu, Xing,Zhang, Zhirong,Fu, Yao,Gong, Tao

, p. 170 - 182 (2016)

Hyaluronic acid (HA)-based doxorubicin (DOX) nanoparticles (HA-NPs) were fabricated via ion-pairing between positively charged DOX and negatively charged HA, which displayed near-spherical shapes with an average size distribution of 180.2 nm (PDI = 0.184). Next, HA-NPs were encapsulated in liposomal carriers to afford HA-based DOX liposomes (HA-LPs), which also showed near-spherical morphology with an average size of 130.5 nm (PDI = 0.201). HA-NPs and HA-LPs displayed desirable sustained-release profiles compared to free DOX, and moreover, HA-LPs were proven to prevent premature release of DOX from HA-NPs. Cell based studies demonstrated HA-NPs and HA-LPs were selectively taken up by CD44+ tumor cells, and DOX was released intracellularly to target the cell nuclei. Both HA-NPs and HA-LPs showed comparable levels of penetration efficiency in tumor spheroids. In vivo studies revealed that HA-NPs and HA-LPs significantly prolonged the blood circulation time of DOX, decreased accumulation in the normal tissues and enriched drugs into the tumors. Furthermore, HA-NPs and HA-LPs greatly enhanced therapeutic efficacy of DOX in tumor-bearing mice and minimized systemic toxicity against vital organs. In sum, HA-NPs and HA-LPs represent promising nanocarriers for CD44+ tumor-targeted delivery.

Stimulus-Responsive Short Peptide Nanogels for Controlled Intracellular Drug Release and for Overcoming Tumor Resistance

Lyu, Linna,Liu, Fang,Wang, Xiaoyong,Hu, Ming,Mu, Jing,Cheong, Haolun,Liu, Gang,Xing, Bengang

, p. 744 - 752 (2017)

Multidrug resistance (MDR) poses a major burden to cancer treatment. As one important factor contributing to MDR, overexpression of P-glycoprotein (P-gp) results in a reduced intracellular drug accumulation. Hence, the ability to effectively block the efflux protein and to accumulate the therapeutics in cancer cells is of great significance in clinical practice. In this work, we successfully developed a smart stimulus-responsive short peptide-assembled system, termed as PD/VER nanogels, which synergistically combined the acid-activatable antitumor prodrug doxorubicin (Dox) with the P-gp inhibitor verapamil (VER) for reversing MDR. Systematic studies demonstrated that such an inhibitor-encapsulated nanogel could effectively enhance the accumulation of Dox in resistant cancer cells, thereby revealing significantly higher antitumor activity compared to free Dox molecules. This work showed that the assembly of bioactive agents with a synergistic effect into nano-drugs could provide a useful strategy to overcome cancer drug resistance.

PH triggered doxorubicin delivery of PEGylated glycolipid conjugate micelles for tumor targeting therapy

Hu, Fu-Qiang,Zhang, Yin-Ying,You, Jian,Yuan, Hong,Du, Yong-Zhong

, p. 2469 - 2478 (2012)

The main objective of this study was aimed at tumor microenvironment- responsive vesicle for targeting delivery of the anticancer drug, doxorubicin (DOX). A glucolipid-like conjugate (CS) was synthesized by the chemical reaction between chitosan and stearic acid, and polyethylene glycol (PEG) was then conjugated with CS via a pH-responsive cis-aconityl linkage to produce acid-sensitive PEGylated CS conjugates (PCCS). The conjugates with a critical micelle concentration (CMC) of 181.8 μg/mL could form micelles in aqueous phase, and presented excellent DOX loading capacity with a drug encapsulation efficiency up to 87.6%. Moreover, the PCCS micelles showed a weakly acid-triggered PEG cleavage manner. In vitro drug release from DOX-loaded PCCS micelles indicated a relatively faster DOX release in weakly acidic environments (pH 5.0 and 6.5). The CS micelles had excellent cellular uptake ability, which could be significantly reduced by the PEGylation. However, the cellular uptake ability of PCCS was enhanced comparing with insensitive PEGylated CS (PCS) micelles in weakly acidic condition imitating tumor tissue. Taking PCS micelles as a comparative group, the PCCS drug delivery system was demonstrated to show much more accumulation in tumor tissue, followed by a relatively better performance in antitumor activity together with a security benefit on xenograft tumor model.

Synthesis, characterization, and in vitro and in vivo evaluation of a novel pectin-adriamycin conjugate

Tang, Xiao-Hai,Xie, Ping,Ding, Yi,Chu, Liang-Yin,Hou, Jing-Ping,Yang, Jin-Liang,Song, Xin,Xie, Yong-Mei

, p. 1599 - 1609 (2010)

Adriamycin (ADM) has been widely used in the treatment of many types of solid malignant tumor. However, cardiotoxicity, multidrug resistance and a short half-life in vivo are significant problems that limit its clinical application. To resolve these problems, a novel pectin-adriamycin conjugate (PAC) was synthesized by attaching ADM to low-methoxylated pectin via an amide linkage. The ADM content and weight-average molecular weight (Mw) of PAC were greater than 25% (w/w) and 50,360 g/mol, respectively. PAC was highly stable in plasma, but 33.2% of ADM was released from PAC after incubation for 30 h with lysosomes derived from rat liver. PAC was distributed uniformly in the cytoplasm of most A549 cells and accumulated in the nucleus of a few A549 cells after incubation for 30 h. At concentrations equivalent to 0.125-1.000 μg of ADM/mL, PAC did not inhibit the growth of either A594 or B16 cells to the same extent as free ADM or a mixture of ADM and pectin. Interestingly, at all concentrations, PAC inhibited the growth of 2780cp cells in vitro significantly more effectively than ADM or the mixture of ADM and pectin. The anticancer effect of PAC in vivo was evaluated with C57BL/6 mice bearing pulmonary metastases of B16 cells. Compared with ADM and the mixture of ADM and pectin, PAC suppressed tumor growth significantly and prolonged the mean survival time of the B16-inoculated mice. PAC has great potential for development as a tumor targeting polymer-drug.

Development of a theranostic prodrug for colon cancer therapy by combining ligand-targeted delivery and enzyme-stimulated activation

Sharma, Amit,Kim, Eun-Joong,Shi, Hu,Lee, Jin Yong,Chung, Bong Geun,Kim, Jong Seung

, p. 145 - 151 (2018)

The high incidence of colorectal cancer worldwide is currently a major health concern. Although conventional chemotherapy and surgery are effective to some extent, there is always a risk of relapse due to associated side effects, including post-surgical complications and non-discrimination between cancer and normal cells. In this study, we developed a small molecule-based theranostic system, Gal-Dox, which is preferentially taken up by colon cancer cells through receptor-mediated endocytosis. After cancer-specific activation, the active drug Dox (doxorubicin) is released with a fluorescence turn-on response, allowing both drug localization and site of action to be monitored. The therapeutic potency of Gal-Dox was also evaluated, both in vivo and ex vivo, thus illustrating the potential of Gal-Dox as a colorectal cancer theranostic with great specificity.

A triple-targeting delivery system carrying two anticancer agents

Lee, Chang-Hee,Li, Hui,Shin, Injae

supporting information, p. 8009 - 8013 (2021/10/04)

To improve tumor selectivity, a triple-targeting delivery system (Oct-FK(PBA-Az)-Dox) carrying two anticancer agents (apoptozole (Az) and doxorubicin (Dox)) was designed and synthesized. The results showed that both anticancer agents in Oct-FK(PBA-Az)-Dox are liberated in the presence of both H2O2and cathepsin B, which are normally present at high levels in tumors.

Switching on prodrugs using radiotherapy

Geng, Jin,Zhang, Yichuan,Gao, Quan,Neumann, Kevin,Dong, Hua,Porter, Hamish,Potter, Mark,Ren, Hua,Argyle, David,Bradley, Mark

, p. 805 - 810 (2021/06/14)

Chemotherapy is a powerful tool in the armoury against cancer, but it is fraught with problems due to its global systemic toxicity. Here we report the proof of concept of a chemistry-based strategy, whereby gamma/X-ray irradiation mediates the activation of a cancer prodrug, thereby enabling simultaneous chemo-radiotherapy with radiotherapy locally activating a prodrug. In an initial demonstration, we show the activation of a fluorescent probe using this approach. Expanding on this, we show how sulfonyl azide- and phenyl azide-caged prodrugs of pazopanib and doxorubicin can be liberated using clinically relevant doses of ionizing radiation. This strategy is different to conventional chemo-radiotherapy radiation, where chemo-sensitization of the cancer takes place so that subsequent radiotherapy is more effective. This approach could enable site-directed chemotherapy, rather than systemic chemotherapy, with ‘real time’ drug decaging at the tumour site. As such, it opens up a new era in targeted and directed chemotherapy. [Figure not available: see fulltext.].

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