25128-26-1

Basic information

• Product Name: 1,1'-dimethyl-1,1'-dihydro-4,4'-bipyridyl
• Synonyms: 1,1'-dimethyl-1,1'-dihydro-4,4'-bipyridyl
• CAS NO: 25128-26-1
• Molecular Weight: 186.257
• Mol File: 25128-26-1.mol
• Article Data: 36

Chemical Properties

• CAS DataBase Reference: 1,1'-dimethyl-1,1'-dihydro-4,4'-bipyridyl(CAS DataBase Reference)
• NIST Chemistry Reference: 1,1'-dimethyl-1,1'-dihydro-4,4'-bipyridyl(25128-26-1)
• EPA Substance Registry System: 1,1'-dimethyl-1,1'-dihydro-4,4'-bipyridyl(25128-26-1)

Safety Data

• Hazardous Substances Data: 25128-26-1(Hazardous Substances Data)

Upstream product

• 11121-48-5 2,4,5,7-tetraiodo-3',4',5',6'-tetrachlorofluorescein dianion 
• 26985-31-9 methyl viologen cation radical 
• 1910-42-5 paraquat dichloride 
• 78497-58-2 1-methyl-2-methoxycarbonylperidinyl radical 
• 4685-14-7 1,1'-dimethyl-4,4'-dipyridylium radical cation 
• 99666-80-5 [ruthenium(III)-bis(2,2'-bipyridine)-(4,4'-dimethyl-2,2'-bipyridine)]⁽³⁺⁾ 
• 553-26-4 4,4'-bipyridine 
• 1983-60-4 methyl vilogen diiodide 
• 4685-14-7 Paraquat 
• 221458-67-9 trans-diammine(1,4,8,11-tetraazacyclotetradecane)chromium(III) 

Downstream Products

• 464-72-2 tetraphenylethane-1,2-diol 
• 26985-31-9 methyl viologen cation radical 
• 50-00-0 formaldehyd 
• 124-38-9 carbon dioxide 
• 688-57-3 ethylenediamine-N,N,N'-triacetic acid 
• 1081-34-1 2,2':5',2''-terthiophene radical cation 
• 492-97-7 cation radical of 2,2'-bithiophene 
• 5930-71-2 bis(dimethyloxyphosphinothioyl) disulfide 
• 11121-48-5 2,4,5,7-tetraiodo-3',4',5',6'-tetrachlorofluorescein dianion 
• 505-73-7 disulfanediyldiacetic acid 
• 4685-14-7 methyl viologen radical cation 
• 4685-14-7 1,1'-dimethyl-4,4'-dipyridylium radical cation 
• 4685-14-7 Paraquat 
• 18983-82-9 CO⁽¹⁸⁾O 

Relevant articles and documents

Solvent Effect on the Monomer-Dimer Equilibrium and Dimerization of the 1-Methyl-2-methoxycarbonylpyridinyl Radical

Solvent effects on the hyperfine splitting constants, monomer-dimer equilibrium, and kinetic parameters of the dimerization of the 1-methyl-2-methoxycarbonylpyridinyl radical have been examined in detail, using methylcyclohexane, toluene, 2-methyltetrahydrofuran, acetone, and acetonitrile as the solvents.A comparatively large activation energy for the fast step in the two-step dimerization mechanism suggests strongly that the dimeric intermediate is the 2,2'-dimer of the radical, which subsequently rearranges to the stable 4,4'-dimer.

Quantitative Electrochemical Kinetics Studies of "Microelectrodes": Catalytic Water Reduction By Methyl Viologen/Colloidal Platinum

The reduction of water by methyl viologen, catalyzed by colloidal platinum, has been extensively studied as a function of pH, radical concentration, and platinum concentration by several independent techniques.The data present a comparative test of a homogeneous kinetic approach and a novel electrochemical approach.Two techiniques were used to monitor the platinum-catalyzed oxidation of methyl viologen radical: conventional and stopped flow mixing experiments, and a novel application of electrocatalytic cyclic voltammetry.Conventional kinetic analysis for homogeneous reactions provides conditional rate constants which are great than first order in platinum.At = 10-6 M and pH 3.0, the conditional rate constant is k = 1.2*104 L mol-1 s-1.In addition, steady state catalysis of hydrogen production analogous to photochemical systems was monitored in a nonphotochemical system, using electrochemically reduced mediators.The methods are critically compared as mechanistic tools.Only data obtained with use of steady state techniques can be quantitatively analyzed by using simple electrochemical theory.The principle findings include the following: (1) a surprising apparent second order rate dependence on colloid concentration is accounted for by electrochemical theory, but not by homogeneous theory; (2) the electrochemical model quantitatively acounts for the shift in pH1/2 with mediator concentration; and (3) with use of electrogenerated mediator an experimental value for log jH20 = -3.4 is obtained for colloidal platinum, in good agreement with the bulk electrode.

Rose Bengal Radicals and their Reactivity

The one-electron oxidised (radical cation) and one-electron reduced (radical anion) forms of the photosensitiser rose bengal have absorption maxima at 470 nm (molar absorption coefficient 21100 dm3 mol-1cm-1) and 420 nm (molar absorption coefficient 37600 dm3mol-1cm1-), respectively.The radical anion (RB.-) undergoes electron-transfer reactions both with oxygen (k=1.5E8 dm3mol-1s-1) and iron(III) complexed with ethylenediamineteteraacetic acid (EDTA) (k=4.5E8 dm3mol1-s1-) and diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid (DTPA) (k=8.6E8 dm3mol-1s-1).Rose bengal reacts both with solvated electron and semireduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide radical (NAD.) to give RB.- with the second-order rate constants of 3.1E10 and 9.6E8 dm3mol1-s1-.The one electron-reduction potential E21 for rose bengal, measured vis pluse radiolysis, was found to be -511 mV.

Collisionless Photoinduced Electron Transfer from Ruthenium Tris(bipyridine)2+* Homologues to Methyl Viologen (MV2+) in Rigid Glycerol Solution

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Charge effects in photoinduced electron-transfer reactions between [Ru(bpy)3]2+ and viologen derivatives

Photoexcited *[Ru(bpy)3]2+ is oxidatively quenched by methylviologen (MV2+) and 1,1′-bis(2-carboxyethyl)-4,4′-bipyridinium (BCEBP2+) with a similar rate constant at pH 2.2; kqbs = 1.48×109 and 1.58×109 mol-1 dm3 s-1 (30 °C) for MV2+ and BCEBP2+, respectively. However, *[Ru(bpy)3]2+ is much more slowly quenched by MV2+ than by BCEBP0 at pH 5.0, where the superscript "0" represents that BCEBP is neutral; kqbs = 1.01 × 109 and 1.74×109 mol-1 dm3 s-1 for MV2+ and BCEBP0, respectively. The reverse electron-transfer reaction between [Ru(bpy)3]3+ and one-electron-reduced ·BCEBP+ (krevobs = 3.33×109 mol-1 dm3 s-1) proceeds slightly more rapidly than the reaction between [Ru(bpy)3]3+ and ·MV+ (krevobs = 2.80×109 mol-1 dm3 s-1) at pH 2.2 (30 °C), while the former reaction (krevobs = 5.85×109 mol-1 dm3 s-1) proceeds 2-times as rapidly as the latter reaction (krevobs = 2.74×109 mol-1 dm3 s-1) at pH 5.0. These differences at pH 5.0 between MV2+ and BCEBP0 are interpreted in terms of charge effects on the diffusion and diffusional dissociation of an exciplex and an encounter complex. The electron-transfer reactions in the exciplex and the encounter complex have been analyzed according to Marcus theory. The difference in an electronic coupling matrix element (Hrp) between MV2+ and BCEBP2+ or 0 is discussed in terms of the charge effects and steric effects.

Rates and Mechanism for Oxidation of Paraquat and Diquat Radical Cations by Several Peroxides

The rates of oxidation of the free radicals MV(+)-radicals and DQ(+)-radicals derived from herbicides Paraquat and Diquat by hydrogen peroxide, peroxodiphosphate species, and peroxodisulfate have been investigated.Where consistent data were obtainable, the reactions are first order each in peroxide and radical.Results for H2O2 and MV(+)-radical are k = 2.0 (M*s)-1 at 25 deg C, ΔH(excit.) = 92 kJ*mol-1, and ΔS(excit.) = 73 J*(mol*K)-1; similar results were found with H2O2 and DQ(+)-radical.Although hydroxyl radicals are likely intermediates, the predicted inhibition when methanol is present did not materialize; a mechanistic rationalization is presented.The rates with peroxodiphosphate were pH dependent and could be interpreted as different contributions from H2P2O8(2-), HP2O8(3-), and P2O8(4-) in the same order as found for peroxodiphosphate and unstable radicals.The rate with S2O8(2-) is fastest, but complications prevented the evaluation of a rate constant.

Excited-State Behavior and One-Electron Reduction of C60 in Aqueous γ-Cyclodextrin Solution

Excited-state properties and one-electron reduction of C60 in aqueous γ-cyclodextrin (γ-CD) solutions have been studied by laser flash photolysis and pulse radiolysis techniques.The difference absorption spectrum of C60(-) anion radical in aqueous γ-CD so

Micellar Effects on the Reductive Electrochemistry of Methylviologen

The reductive electrochemistry of methylviologen was surveyed in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), Triton X-100, and cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) micelles.The half-wave potentials of the MV2+/MV+. and MV+./MV couples were found to be dependent on the medium composition.The conproportionation constant for the reaction MV2+ + MV MV+. decreases in the order SDS micelles > H2O > Triton X-100 micelles > CTAB micelles.Electron spin resonance of these solutions demonstrated that the electron exchange rate between the dication and the cation radical is reduced in the presence of SDS micelles but is unaffected by cationic or nonionic micelles, compared to the micelle-free solution.Absorption spectra showed that the equilibrium constant for dimerization of the cation radical is depressed by the SDS micelles, suggesting that MV+. resides in an essentially nonaqueous environment, such as the micelle hydrocarbon core.Detection of the critical micelle concentration of SDS solutions is possible through the changes observed in the shape of the cyclic voltammograms.

Photochemical Electron Transfer from Hydroxide Ion to the Excited Triplet State of Tetraphenylporphyrinatoantimony(V) upon Visible Light Irradiation in Aqueous Acetonitrile

Photochemical electron transfer from hydroxide ion to the excited triplet tetraphenylporphyrinatoantimony(V) (Sb(V)TPP) has been found to be induced in aqueous acetonitrile upon visible light irradiation to produce radical anion of Sb(V)TPP as a stable end product.

Molecular loop lock: A redox-driven molecular machine based on a host-stabilized charge-transfer complex

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DEEP EUTECTIC SOLVENT COMPOSITIONS

Disclosed herein are compositions of a deep eutectic solvent with a host, such as a supramolecular host, and the use of the composition to form a composition comprising the host in complex with one or more guests. The deep eutectic solvent provides an alternative medium to the aqueous-based media that have been used in the art to date. Also disclosed are compositions of a deep eutectic solvent with a redox-active compound, such as a viologen compound, and the use of the composition, for example, in a smart window or for agricultural use, such as in an agricultural product.

Conversion of solar energy to chemical energy

The rate of evolution of hydrogen from water by photochemical process using solar energy has been investigated employing fourteen metal complexes as catalysts, ten electron relays, three electron donors and two co-catalysts in different permutation and combinations. The effect of varying reaction conditions like temperature, concentration and pH have also been investigated for the optimum production of hydrogen by the photochemical cleavage of water molecules.