25249-06-3

Basic information

• Product Name: Polygalacturonic acid
• Synonyms: Nsc4063
• CAS NO: 25249-06-3
• Molecular Formula: C6 H10 O7
• Molecular Weight: 194.14
• Mol File: 25249-06-3.mol
• Article Data: 98

Chemical Properties

• Boiling Point: 553.4°Cat760mmHg
• Flash Point: 302.6°C
• Appearance: /
• Density: 1.748g/cm³
• CAS DataBase Reference: Polygalacturonic acid(CAS DataBase Reference)
• NIST Chemistry Reference: Polygalacturonic acid(25249-06-3)
• EPA Substance Registry System: Polygalacturonic acid(25249-06-3)

Safety Data

• Hazardous Substances Data: 25249-06-3(Hazardous Substances Data)

Upstream product

• 97-30-3 methyl-alpha-D-glucopyranoside 
• 50-99-7 D-glucose 
• 147-79-5 rochelle salt 
• 7732-18-5 water 
• 1248822-15-2 quillaic acid 3-O-β-D-xylopyranosyl-(1->3)-β-D-glucuronopyranoside 
• 1248822-17-4 3-O-β-D-galactopyranosyl-(1->2)-[β-D-xylopyranosyl-(1->3)]-β-D-glucuronopyranosyl quilliac acid 28-O-(6-O-acetyl)-β-D-glucopyranosyl-(1->3)-[β-D-xylopyranosyl-(1->4)]-α-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1->2)-β-D-fucopyranoside 
• 6812-01-7 5-keto-L-galactonic acid 
• 1252576-35-4 pfaffiaglycoside B 
• 72561-81-0 C₉H₁₆O₉ 
• 53962-19-9 desacyl-jegosaponin 
• 2280-44-6 D-Glucose 
• 119738-57-7 apigenin 7-O-[β-D-glucuronopyranosyl-(1->2)]-O-β-D-glucuronopyranoside 
• 5627-26-9 ketogulonic acid 

Downstream Products

• 96933-51-6 1-p-toluidino-1-deoxy-β-D-glucopyranuronic acid 
• 76742-42-2 sodium D-lyxo-5-hexulosonate 
• 63-29-6 D-glucurono-6,3-lactone 
• 64-18-6 formic acid 
• 32449-80-2 L-glucurono-3,6-lactone 
• 69842-93-9 5,6-bis-phenylhydrazono-D-arabino-5,6-dideoxy-hexonic acid 
• 25253-46-7 (3aR,5S,5aR,8aS,8bR)-2,2,7,7-Tetramethyl-tetrahydro-bis[1,3]dioxolo[4,5-b;4',5'-d]pyran-5-carboxylic acid 
• 698358-03-1 allyl α-D-glucopyranuronate 
• 698358-03-1 allyl (2S,3S,4S,5R,6R)-3,4,5,6-tetrahydroxytetrahydro-2H-pyran-2-carboxylate 
• 99562-94-4 5,6-bis-phenylhydrazono-D-lyxo-5,6-dideoxy-hexonic acid 
• 92109-67-6 6-salicyloylhydrazono-6-deoxy-L-gulonic acid 

Relevant articles and documents

New steroidal glycosides from the stem bark of Mimusops elengi

Two new steroidal glycosides (1 and 2) have been isolated from the ethanolic extract of the stem bark of Mimusops elengi L. and characterized as stigmasta-5,22-dien-3β-ol-3β-D-glucuropyranosyl-(6'β→1'') -Dglucopyranoside (1) and β-sitosterol-3β-(3''',6'''

Two new glycosides from Carduus acanthoides

Two new glycosides, syringic acid-4-O-β-l-arabinopyranoside (1) and kaempferol-3-O-α-l-rhamnopyranosyl-7-O-β-d-glucuronopyranoside (2), were isolated from whole plants of Carduus acanthoides (Asteraceae), and their structures were elucidated on the basis

Triterpenoid saponins and C-glycosyl flavones from stem bark of Erythrina abyssinica Lam and their cytotoxic effects

Abstract Six new compounds including two oleanane-type triterpenoid saponins (1, 2) and four C-glycosyl flavones (3-6), along with a known saponin (7), three di-C-glycosyl flavones (8-10) and a glycosyl auronol (11), were isolated from the stem bark of Erythrina abyssinica Lam. The structures of the new compounds, identified as 3-O-[α-l-rhamnopyranosyl-(1 → 2)-β-d-galactopyranosyl-(1 → 2)-β-d-glucuronopyranosyl]-22-O-β-d-glucopyranosyl sophoradiol (1), 3-O-[α-l-rhamnopyranosyl-(1 → 2)-β-d-glucopyranosyl-(1 → 2)-β-d-glucuronopyranosyl]-22-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl sophoradiol (2), 6-C-β-glucopyranosyl-8-C-β-quinovopyranosyl apigenin (3), 6-C-β-quinovopyranosyl-8-C-β-glucopyranosyl apigenin (4), 8-C-[6″-O-α-l-rhamnopyranosyl-(1? → 6″]-β-glucopyranosyl 7,4′-dihydroxyflavone (5) and 8-C-[6″-O-β-d-xylopyranosyl-(1?; → 6″)]-β-glucopyranosyl 7,4′-dihydroxyflavone (6), were determined by comprehensive spectroscopic analysis, including 1D and 2D NMR techniques, mass spectrometry and acid hydrolysis. These new compounds together with the known saponins 7 were evaluated for their cytotoxic activity against MCF-7 (estrogen dependent) and MDA-MB-231 (estrogen independent) cell lines. The new saponin 2 exhibited the highest cytotoxic activity among tested compounds, exerting a selective inhibitory effect against the proliferation of MCF-7 cells, with lower IC50 value (12.90 μM) than that of the positive control, resveratrol (13.91μM). Structure-activity relationship of these compounds is also discussed.

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FOETIDISSIMOSIDE A, A NEW 3,28-BIDESMOSIDIC TRITERPENOID SAPONIN, AND CUCURBITACINS FROM CUCURBITA FOETIDISSIMA

Key Word Index-Cucurbita foetidissima; Cucurbitaceae; 3,28-bidesmosidic triterpene saponin; cucurbitacins; structure analysis.A new 3,28-bidesmosidic triterpenoid saponin, foetidissimoside A, was isolated from the roots of Cucurbita foetidissima and its structure established as echinocystic acid 3-O-β-D-glucuropyranoside 28-O-4α-L-rhamnopyranosyl(12)>-α-L-arabinopyranoside mainly by (1)H NMR, (13)C NMR, GC/MS and FABMS analyses.Cucurbitacin B and E with their glucosides, cucurbitacin D and isocucurbitacin B were identified by HPLC analysis.

Two new oleanane-type triterpene saponins from the leaves of Schefflera sessiliflora de P. V.

From the leaves of Schefflera sessiliflora De P. V., two new oleanane-type triterpene saponins, named scheffleraside A (1), scheffleraside B (2); together with two known saponins, chikusetsusaponin IVa (3), 3-O-[α-l-rhamnopyranosyl-(1 → 3)]-β-d-glucuronopyranosyl hederagenin (4) were isolated by various chromatography methods. Its chemical structure was elucidated by IR, UV, HR-ESI-MS, NMR 1D and 2D experiments and comparison of their NMR data with previous reported data.

Rearranged oleanane type saponins, astraisoolesaponins A1–A3and B, from the stems of Astragalus membranaceus (Fisch.) Bge. var. mongholicus (Bge.) Hsiao

Four novel saponins, astraisoolesaponins A1–A3and B (1–4) were isolated from the stems of Astragalus membranaceus (Fisch.) Bge. var. mongholicus (Bge.) Hsiao. Spectroscopic analysis indicated that 1–4 are the first example of saponins possessing a 28-methyl-rearranged carbon skeleton. Their absolute configurations were determined by electronic circular dichroism (ECD) calculations. Both 3 and 4 displayed triglyceride accumulation inhibitory effects in HepG2 cells and glucose uptake increase effects on L6 cells.

Erythrosaponins A–J, triterpene saponins from the roots and stem bark of Gardenia erythroclada

Ten undescribed triterpene saponins, named erythrosaponins A–J, along with one known analogue were isolated from the roots and stem bark of Gardenia erythroclada. Their structures were determined on the basis of extensive 1D and 2D NMR analyses. Absolute structure of erythrosaponin A was unequivocally affirmed by single-crystal X-ray crystallography. All isolated compounds were evaluated for their cytotoxicity against cancer cell lines (KB and HeLa S-3) and their anti-inflammatory activity based on the inhibition of NO production in RAW264.7 cells. Erythrosaponin D showed moderate cytotoxicity against KB and HeLa S-3 cells with IC50 values of 25.8 and 29.5 μM, respectively. Erythrosaponins D, F, G, I and J showed moderate anti-inflammatory with IC50 values in the range of 63.0–81.4 μM.

Fe3O4-Au@mesoporous SiO2 microspheres: An ideal artificial enzymatic cascade system

An artificial enzymatic cascade system with high activity and stability is engineered based on Fe3O4-Au@mesoporous SiO2 (MS) microspheres, which possess both intrinsic glucose oxidase (GOx)- and peroxidase-mimic activities

New triterpenoid and ergostane glycosides from the leaves of Hydrocotyle umbellata L.

Two new triterpenoid glycosides, together with two new ergostane glycosides, umbellatosides A-D (1-4, resp.), have been isolated from the leaves of Hydrocotyle umbellata L. Their structures were established by 2D-NMR spectroscopic techniques (1H,1H-COSY, TOCSY, NOESY, HSQC, and HMBC) and mass spectrometry as 3β,22β-dihydroxy-3-O-[α-L- rhamnopyranosyl-(1→2)-β-D-glucuronopyranosyl]olean-12-en-28-oic acid 28-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl ester (1), 3-O-[α-L-rhamnopyranosyl- (1→2)-β-D-glucuronopyranosyl]oleanolic acid 28-O-β-D- glucopyranosyl ester (2), (3β,11α,26)-ergosta-5,24(28)-diene-3,11,26- triol 3-O-(β-D-glucopyranosyl)-11-O-(α-L-rhamnopyranosyl)-26-O- β-D-glucopyranoside (3), and (3β,11α,21,26)-ergosta-5,24(28)- diene-3,11,21,26-tetrol 3-O-(β-D-glucopyranosyl)-11-O-(α-L- rhamnopyranosyl)-26-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (4). Copyright

Acylated oleanane-type saponins from Ganophyllum giganteum

Five oleanane-type saponins, 3-O-β-D-glucuronopyranosylzanhic acid 28-O-β-D-xylopyranosyl-(1→3)-[α-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1→2)] -(4-O-acetyl)-β-D-fucopyranosyl ester (1), 3-O-β-D- glucopyranosylzanhic acid 28-O-β-D-xylopyranosyl-(1→3)-[α-L- rhamnopyranosyl-(1→2)]-(4-O-acetyl)-β-D-fucopyranosyl ester (2), zanhic acid 28-O-β-D-xylopyranosyl-(1→3)-[α-L-rhamnopyranosyl- (1→2)]-(4-O-acetyl)-β-D-fucopyranosyl ester (3), zanhic acid 28-O-α-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1→2)-4-O-[(3′-hydroxy-2′- methyl-butyroyloxy)-3-hydroxy-2-methyl-butyroyloxy]-β-D-fucopyranosyl ester (4), medicagenic acid 28-O-α-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1→2)-4-O-[(3′- hydroxy-2′-methyl-butyroyloxy)-3-hydroxy-2-methyl-butyroyloxy] -β-D-fucopyranosyl ester (5), were isolated from the root barks of Ganophyllum giganteum. Compounds 4 and 5 possessed an unusual substitution of the C-4 position of the β-D-fucopyranosyl moiety by a C10 ester group formed by two symmetrical C5 nilic acid. From a chemotaxonomic point of view, their structures are in accordance with the previous saponins isolated from the Doratoxyleae tribe of the Sapindaceae family. Their cytotoxicity and anti-inflammatory activity were also evaluated.

Biological Activities of Oleanolic Acid Derivatives from Calendula officinalis Seeds

Phytochemical examination of butanol fraction of Calendula officinalis seeds led to the isolation of two compounds identified as 28-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl-oleanolic acid 3-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl (1→3)-β-D-glucopyranosiduronic acid (CS1) and oleanolic acid 3-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl (1→3)-β-D-glucopyranosiduronic acid (CS2). Biological evaluation was carried out for these two compounds such as melanin biosynthesis inhibitory, hyaluronic acid production activities, anti obesity using lipase inhibition and adipocyte differentiation as well as evaluation of the protective effect against hydrogen peroxide induced neurotoxicity in neuro-2A cells. The results showed that, compound CS2 has a melanin biosynthesis stimulatory activity; however, compound CS1 has a potent stimulatory effect for the production of hyaluronic acid on normal human dermal fibroblast from adult (NHDF-Ad). Both compounds did not show any inhibitory effect on both lipase and adipocyte differentiation. Compound CS2 could protect neuro-2A cells and increased cell viability against H2O2. These activities (melanin biosynthesis stimulatory and protective effect against H2O2 of CS2 and hyaluronic acid productive activities of these triterpene derivatives) have been reported for the first time.

Melanogenesis inhibitory and fibroblast proliferation accelerating effects of noroleanane- and oleanane-type triterpene oligoglycosides from the flower buds of Camellia japonica (1)

A 28-noroleanane-type triterpene oligoglycoside, camellioside E (4), an oleanane-type triterpene oligoglycoside, camellioside F (5), and the known compounds camelliosides A (1) and D (3) were isolated from a 50% EtOH extract of Camellia japonica flower buds from Korea. The principal constituents (1 and 5) significantly inhibited melanogenesis in theophylline-stimulated B16 melanoma 4A5 cells. Camellioside B (2), a major constituent of C. japonica grown in Japan, showed potent inhibition of melanogenesis [95.0 ± 1.0% (p a triterpene that displays an inhibitory effect on melanogenesis, but that also has an enhancing effect on fibroblast proliferation.

New olean-15-ene type gymnemic acids from Gymnema sylvestre (Retz.)R.Br. and their antihyperglycemic activity through α-glucosidase inhibition

A mixture of gymnemic acids was precipitated from the water extract of leaves of Gymnema sylvestre (Retz.)R.Br. ex Sm. (Asclepiadaceae)by acidification with 2 N H2SO4. The chromatographic separation of the mixture afforded five new gymnemic acids (1-5). The compounds were characterized as Δ15 oleanane glycosides on the basis of extensive spectral data analysis. The compounds (1-5)showed dose dependent inhibition of α-glucosidase, which was found to be comparable to acarbose (IC50 95 μg/ml). Maximum inhibition was achieved with compound 4 (IC50 57 μg/ml)followed by 3 (IC50 62 μg/ml), 1 (IC50 80 μg/ml), 2 (IC50 120 μg/ml)and 5 (IC50 128 μg/ml). The results revealed that the overall pattern of hydroxyl and acyl substitutions of compounds affected their inhibitory activity. In oral sucrose tolerance test, pre-treatment with crude gymnemic acid mixture and isolated compounds 1 and 4 at a dose of 10 mg/Kg b.w. significantly blunted the effect of sucrose challenge in mice. Based on these results, the antihyperglycemic effect of G. sylvestre can be, at least partly, attributed to the inhibition of α-glucosidase by its gymnemic acids. The current study provides relatively more direct evidence explaining the effectiveness of G. sylvestre against hyperglycemia.

Two new penterpenoid saponins and a new diterpenoid glycoside from Hemsleya chinensis

Two new penterpenoid saponins, hemsloside-Ma4 (1) hemsloside-Ma5 (2), and a new diterpenoid glycoside, hemsloside-Ma6 (3), were isolated from the rhizomes of Hemsleya chinensis. By detailed analysis of the NMR spectra and chemical methods, the structures of new compounds were determined to be 3-O-β-l-arabinopyranosyl-(1 → 3)-O-(6′-methyl ester)-β-d-glucuropyranosyl-oleanolic acid-28-O-β-d-glucopyranosyl-(1 → 6)-O-β-d-glucopyranoside (1), 3-O-β-l-arabinopyranosyl-(1 → 3)-O-(6′-methyl ester)-β-d-glucuropyranosyl-oleanolic acid-28-O-β-d-xylopyranosyl-(1 → 6)-O-β-d-glucopy-ranoside (2), and 13ε-hydroxylabda-8(17), 14-dien-18-oic acid-18-O-α-l-rhamnopyranosyl-(1 → 2)-O-β-d-glucopyranosyl-(1 → 4)-O-α-l-rhamnopyranoside (3). Diterpenoid-type compound (3) was isolated from Hemsleya genus for the first time.

Cytotoxic triterpene saponins from the mangrove Aegiceras corniculatum

Using various chromatographic separations, sixteen compounds, including one new triterpene saponin named aegicoroside A (1), were isolated from the leaves of the Vietnamese mangrove Aegiceras corniculatum. Their structures were determined by spectroscopic methods such as 1D and 2D NMR and HR-ESI-MS. The cytotoxic activities of the isolated compounds against MCF7 (breast), HCT116 (colon), B16F10 (melanoma), and A549 (adenocarcinoma) cancer cell lines were also evaluated. Strong cytotoxicity was observed for sakurasosaponin (2) against all four cancer cell lines and for sakurasosaponin methyl ester (3) against MCF7, A549, and HCT116 cell lines with IC50 values ranging from 2.89?±?0.02 to 9.86?±?0.21?μM.

Triterpenoid saponins from Aesculus sylvatica W. Bartram

16 triterpenoid saponins including two new compounds were isolated from the seeds of A esculus sylvatica W. Bartram. The two new saponins were assigned as 3-O-[β-D-glucopyranosyl-(1 → 2)]-α-L-arabinofuranosyl-(1 → 3)-β-D-glucuronopyranosyl-21,22-O-ditigloyl-3β,16α,21β,22α,24,28 hexahydroxyolean-12-ene (aesculioside S1, 1) and 3-O-[β-D-glucopyranosyl-(1 → 2)]-α-L-arabinofuranosyl-(1 → 3)-β-D-glucuronopyranosyl-21-O-tigloyl-22-O-angeloyl 3β,16α,21β,22α,24,28-hexahydroxyolean-12-ene (aesculioside S2, 2). Aesculioside S1 and S2 displayed moderate cytotoxicity against human non-small cell lung cancer cells (A549) and prostate cancer cells (PC3) (GI50 ranged from 8.7 to 18.2 μM). The structural analysis of the saponins isolated from Aesculus supports the taxonomic placement of A. sylvatica under the section Pavia of Aesculus genus.

Cyclic spermidine alkaloids and flavone glycosides from Meehania fargesii

The dried whole plant of Meehania fargesii (H. LEV.) C. Y. WU is utilized as an antipyretic and antidote for poison in China. Water soluble fractions, obtained from an 80% acetone extract of the whole plant, showed hyaluronidase inhibitory activity. From these fractions, hyaluronidase inhibitors were isolated along with two new spermidine alkaloids (meefarnines A and B), four new flavone glycosides (fargenins A-D), and 10 known compounds. The structure of each was elucidated by spectroscopic methods.

New oleanane-type triterpenoid saponins isolated from the seeds of Celosia argentea

Three new oleanane-type triterpenoid saponins named celosins H (1), I (2), and J (3) were isolated from the seeds of Celosia argentea L. Their structures were characterized as 3-O-β-d-xylopyranosyl-(1 → 3)-β-d- glucuronopyranosyl-polygalagenin 28-O-β-d-gl

Three new oleanane-type triterpenoid saponins from the seeds of Celosia cristata L.

Phytochemical investigation of the 1-butanol soluble fraction of 60% ethanol extract of the seeds of Celosia cristata L. led to the identification of three new oleanane-type triterpenoid saponins. Using 1D and 2D NMR experiment metho

Triterpenoid saponins from Impatiens siculifer

Triterpenoid saponins, impatienosides A-G, together with 12 known saponins, were isolated from the whole plants of Impatiens siculifer. Their structures were established on the basis of extensive 1D and 2D NMR and MS analyses coupled with chemical degrada

Analysis of compositional carbohydrates in polysaccharides and foods by capillary zone electrophoresis

A simple, sensitive and specific analytical method has been established for high efficient separation and simultaneously high sensitive determination of thirteen reducing carbohydrates, including aldohexose and aldopentoses as well as maltose and lactose. Reducing carbohydrates were derivatized with 1-phenyl-3-methyl-5-pyrazolone (PMP), separated by capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE) with use of methanol modifier in 175 mM borate buffer (pH 11.0), and detected by UV at 245 nm. The optimized CZE method was found to be well suited to examine the compositional reducing monosaccharides of the isolated polysaccharides from Lycopus lucidus and Jujube, and free mono- and disaccharides in beer and milk. Quantitative recoveries of the compositional carbohydrates in the samples were in the range of 93.2-104.0%, and RSD values ranged from 2.9% to 4.9%. The developed CZE method proves to be precise and practical for quality control of reducing carbohydrates, and will provide more highly efficient separation in food analysis in the future.

A cytotoxic flavonol glycoside from Melaleuca leucadendra leaves extract with immunostimulant activity

Leaves of Melaleuca leucadendra contain the novel flavonol glycoside, myricetin 3-O-β-4C1-galactopyranuronoid. In addition, known fifteen phenolics were identified. All isolates are characterized for the first time from this plant. Structures were established by conventional methods and confirmed by spectral methods of analysis, including one and two-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1D and 2D-NMR) and high resolution electro-spray ionization mass spectrometry (HRESIMS), as well. Assessment of some immunological and biological efficacy, of the extract in combination with a parallel cytotoxicity evaluation, using the method of cellular reduction of 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) technique was carried out. Besides, evaluation of the antioxidant effectiveness, using the free radical 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and the oxygen radical absorption capacity (ORAC) methods was performed. In addition, the cytotoxicity against liver (Huh-7), breast (MCF-7) and prostate (PC-3) cancers using the neutral red assay (NRU) technique for the extract and the new flavonol glycoside also, was assessed.

Colorimetric detection of glucose by a hybrid nanomaterial based on amplified peroxidase-like activity of ferrosoferric oxide modified with gold-platinum heterodimer

The colorimetric detection of glucose using hybrid nanostructures is a rapidly growing research hotspot. In this work, we established a simple route for the synthesis of a class of multi-metal hybrid nanostructure materials and investigated their peroxidase-like performance for the colorimetric detection of glucose. The hybrid nanomaterial (Fe3O4@Au-Pt) incorporated ferrosoferric oxide nanoparticles (Fe3O4NPs) and heterodimers composed of gold (Au) and platinum (Pt), which presents excellent morphology and structure. On the basis of our research, we constructed an easy and sensitive colorimetric sensor for the detection of glucose and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), and the results indicated that the Fe3O4@Au-Pt hybrid nanomaterial possessed preferable peroxidase-like activity in comparison with other nanozyme materials and showing prominent selectivity for glucose detection. For H2O2, the sensor has a linear range of 0.05-120 μM and a relatively low limit of detection (LOD) of 0.018 μM. For glucose, the linear range is 0.05-140 μM with an LOD of 0.025 μM. It is envisioned that these hydrophilic hybrid nanostructures will be widely applied in sensing target analytes, biomedical diagnosis, and therapeutic applications in the future by taking advantage of their specific structure and excellent catalytic performance.

Comparative study on the structural characterization and α-glucosidase inhibitory activity of polysaccharide fractions extracted from Sargassum fusiforme at different pH conditions

Sargassum fusiforme polysaccharides (SFPs), including SFP-3-40, SFP-3-60, SFP-3-80, SFP-7-40, SFP-7-60, SFP-7-80, SFP-10-40, SFP-10-60, and SFP-10-80, were extracted at different pH (3, 7, and 10), and then precipitated with graded precipitation of 40%, 60% and 80% (v/v) ethanol solution, respectively. Their physicochemical properties and α-glucosidase inhibitory activity were determined. Results showed that SFPs significantly differed in the contents of total sugar, protein, uronic acid, sulfate, the zeta potential, and molecular weight distribution. SFPs, including SFP-10-40, SFP-10-60, and SFP-10-80, had bigger absolute zeta potential value and higher respective average molecular weight in the same ethanol concentration precipitate. All samples were mainly composed of fucose, glucuronic acid, and mannose with different molar ratios. The extraction pH and precipitation ethanol solution concentration caused little changes in functional groups, but significantly altered surface morphology of SFPs. Congo red test revealed that all polysaccharides were not helical polysaccharides. Rheological measurements indicated that SFPs were pseudoplastic fluids and showed elastic behavior of the gel. Except SFP-3-40 and SFP-3-60, all other samples had a stronger α-glucosidase inhibitory activity than that of acarbose. The inhibition type of SFPs against α-glucosidase varied owing to different extraction pH and precipitation ethyl concentration. This study shows that extraction pH can significantly affect the structure and hypoglycemic activity of SFPs and provide a data support for the scientific use of Sargassum fusiforme in industrial production.

Triterpenoid saponins from the leaves and stems of Pericampylus glaucus and their insulin mimetic activities

During an attempt to discover insulin mimetics, thirteen new triterpenoid saponins (1–13), including three phytolaccagenic acids (1, 2, and 12) and ten serjanic acids (3–11 and 13), as aglycones were isolated from a 70% ethanol extract of leaves and stems from Pericampylus glaucus. The chemical structures of compounds 1–13 were determined through spectroscopic data analysis, including NMR, IR, and HRESIMS. All isolated compounds (1–13) were evaluated using 2-deoxy-2-[(7-nitro-2,1,3-benzoxadiazol-4-yl)amino]-D-glucose (2-NBDG) as a fluorescent-tagged glucose probe to determine their stimulatory effects on glucose uptake in differentiated 3 T3-L1 adipocyte cells. Consequently, four compounds (4, 7, 11, and 12) exhibited stimulatory effects on glucose uptake.