2906-39-0Relevant academic research and scientific papers
Synthesis and evaluation of effective inhibitors of plant δ1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate reductase
Forlani, Giuseppe,Berlicki, Lukasz,Duo, Mattia,Dziedziola, Gabriela,Giberti, Samuele,Bertazzini, Michele,Kafarski, Pawel
, p. 6792 - 6798 (2013/08/23)
Analogues of previously studied phenyl-substituted aminomethylene- bisphosphonic acids were synthesized and evaluated as inhibitors of Arabidopsis thaliana δ1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate reductase. With the aim of improving their effectiveness, two main modifications were introduced into the inhibitory scaffold: the aminomethylenebisphosphonic moiety was replaced with a hydroxymethylenebisphosphonic group, and the length of the molecule was increased by replacing the methylene linker with an ethylidene chain. In addition, chlorine atoms in the phenyl ring were replaced with various other substituents. Most of the studied derivatives showed activity in the micromolar to millimolar range, with two of them being more effective than the lead compound, with concentrations inhibiting 50% of enzyme activity as low as 50 μM. Experimental evidence supporting the ability of these inhibitors to interfere with proline synthesis in vivo is also shown.
Crystal structures and kinetics of monofunctional proline dehydrogenase provide insight into substrate recognition and conformational changes associated with flavin reduction and product release
Luo, Min,Arentson, Benjamin W.,Srivastava, Dhiraj,Becker, Donald F.,Tanner, John J.
, p. 10099 - 10108 (2013/02/23)
Proline dehydrogenase (PRODH) catalyzes the FAD-dependent oxidation of proline to Δ1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate, which is the first step of proline catabolism. Here, we report the structures of proline dehydrogenase from Deinococcus radiodurans in the oxidized state complexed with the proline analogue l-tetrahydrofuroic acid and in the reduced state with the proline site vacant. The analogue binds against the si face of the FAD isoalloxazine and is protected from bulk solvent by helix α8 and the β1-α1 loop. The FAD ribityl chain adopts two conformations in the E-S complex, which is unprecedented for flavoenzymes. One of the conformations is novel for the PRODH superfamily and may contribute to the low substrate affinity of Deinococcus PRODH. Reduction of the crystalline enzyme-inhibitor complex causes profound structural changes, including 20 butterfly bending of the isoalloxazine, crankshaft rotation of the ribityl, shifting of α8 by 1.7 A?, reconfiguration of the β1-α1 loop, and rupture of the Arg291-Glu64 ion pair. These changes dramatically open the active site to facilitate product release and allow electron acceptors access to the reduced flavin. The structures suggest that the ion pair, which is conserved in the PRODH superfamily, functions as the active site gate. Mutagenesis of Glu64 to Ala decreases the catalytic efficiency 27-fold, which demonstrates the importance of the gate. Mutation of Gly63 decreases the efficiency 140-fold, which suggests that flexibility of the β1-α1 loop is essential for optimal catalysis. The large conformational changes that are required to form the E-S complex suggest that conformational selection plays a role in substrate recognition.
