364-20-5

Upstream product

• 95-46-5 2-methylphenyl bromide 
• 50978-45-5 3-oxobenzo[d]isothiazole-2(3H)-carbaldehyde 1,1-dioxide 
• 933-88-0 ortho-toluoyl chloride 
• 607-86-3 2-methylbenzoic anhydride 
• 118-90-1 ortho-methylbenzoic acid 

Downstream Products

• 5448-38-4 N-benzyl-2-methylbenzamide 
• 131-58-8 2-Methylbenzophenone 
• 41414-27-1 cyclohex-1-en-1-yl(o-tolyl)methanone 
• 195062-59-0 2-methylphenylboronic acid pinacol ester 
• 89-71-4 2-Methyl-benzoic acid methyl ester 
• 529-19-1 2-Methylbenzonitrile 
• 1385064-56-1 3-phenyl-3-(trifluoromethyl)isochroman-1-one 
• 14309-60-5 1-phenylethynyltoluene 
• 17113-82-5 1-methyl-2-(trimethylstannyl)benzene 
• 68971-87-9 (2-tolyl)tributyltin 

Relevant academic research and scientific papers

Synthesis of Arylstannanes via Palladium-Catalyzed Decarbonylative Coupling of Aroyl Fluorides

Aryl stannanes are valuable precursors in organic transformations, but their synthetic methods are limited. Here we present a Pd-catalyzed decarbonylative stannylation of acid fluorides in the absence of exogenous base. Various aryl stannanes were efficiently prepared from bench-stable transition metal catalyst and ligand with broad functional group compatibility and substrate scope including natural products and pharmaceuticals. This protocol was also successfully used to a late-stage diversification of an existing uricosuric drug probenecid. (Figure presented.).

N-Heterocyclic Carbene Catalyzed Photoenolization/Diels–Alder Reaction of Acid Fluorides

The combination of light activation and N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) organocatalysis has enabled the use of acid fluorides as substrates in a UVA-light-mediated photochemical transformation previously observed only with aromatic aldehydes and ketones. Stoichiometric studies and TD-DFT calculations support a mechanism involving the photoactivation of an ortho-toluoyl azolium intermediate, which exhibits “ketone-like” photochemical reactivity under UVA irradiation. Using this photo-NHC catalysis approach, a novel photoenolization/Diels–Alder (PEDA) process was developed that leads to diverse isochroman-1-one derivatives.

Benzoyl Fluorides as Fluorination Reagents: Reconstruction of Acyl Fluorides via Reversible Acyl C-F Bond Cleavage/Formation in Palladium Catalysis

This report describes the formation of value-added acyl fluorides by means of palladium-catalyzed acyl-exchange reactions between acyl fluorides and acid anhydrides. This method allows using a simple and commercially available acyl fluoride, benzoyl fluoride, as the fluoride source for the easy and efficient preparation of a variety of more complex acyl fluorides. The results of this study suggest that this reaction proceeds via a reversible acyl C-F bond cleavage/formation at the palladium center.

Methoxylation of Acyl Fluorides with Tris(2,4,6-trimethoxyphenyl)phosphine via C-OMe Bond Cleavage under Metal-Free Conditions

Acyl fluorides are subjected to methoxylation with tris(2,4,6-trimethoxyphenyl)phosphine (TMPP) to afford the corresponding methyl esters in good to excellent yields. This transformation is featured by C(sp2)-OMe bond cleavage under metal-free conditions. Unprecedented utilization of TMPP as a methoxylating agent realized the installation of an OMe group into the desired products.

Nickel-catalyzed decarbonylative stannylation of acyl fluorides under ligand-free conditions

Nickel-catalyzed decarbonylative stannylation of acyl fluorides under ligand-free conditions was disclosed. A variety of aromatic acyl fluorides are capable of reacting with silylstannanes in the presence of cesium fluoride. A one-pot decarbonylative stannylation/Migita-Kosugi-Stille reaction of benzoyl fluoride, giving rise to the direct formation of the corresponding cross-coupled products, further demonstrated the synthetic utility of the present method. This newly developed methodology with a good functional-group compatibility via C-F bond cleavage and C-Sn bond formation under nickel catalysis opens a new area for the functionalization of acyl fluorides in terms of carbon-heteroatom bond formation.

Base-free nickel-catalysed decarbonylative Suzuki–Miyaura coupling of acid fluorides

The Suzuki–Miyaura cross-coupling of organoboron nucleophiles with aryl halide electrophiles is one of the most widely used carbon–carbon bond-forming reactions in organic and medicinal chemistry1,2. A key challenge associated with these transformations is that they generally require the addition of an exogenous base, the role of which is to enable transmetallation between the organoboron nucleophile and the metal catalyst3. This requirement limits the substrate scope of the reaction because the added base promotes competitive decomposition of many organoboron substrates3–5. As such, considerable research has focused on strategies for mitigating base-mediated side reactions6–12. Previous efforts have primarily focused either on designing strategically masked organoboron reagents (to slow base-mediated decomposition)6–8 or on developing highly active palladium precatalysts (to accelerate cross-coupling relative to base-mediated decomposition pathways)10–12. An attractive alternative approach involves identifying combinations of catalyst and electrophile that enable Suzuki–Miyaura-type reactions to proceed without an exogenous base12–14. Here we use this approach to develop a nickel-catalysed coupling of aryl boronic acids with acid fluorides15–17, which are formed in situ from readily available carboxylic acids18–22. This combination of catalyst and electrophile enables a mechanistic manifold in which a ‘transmetallation-active’ aryl nickel fluoride intermediate is generated directly in the catalytic cycle13,16. As such, this transformation does not require an exogenous base and is applicable to a wide range of base-sensitive boronic acids and biologically active carboxylic acids.

Nickel-catalysed decarbonylative borylation of aroyl fluorides

The first Ni(cod)2/PPh3 catalyst system has been established for decarbonylative borylation of aroyl fluorides with bis(pinacolato)diboron. A wide range of functional groups in the substrates were well tolerated. The ease of access of the starting aroyl fluorides indicates that these results might become an alternative to the existing decarbonylation events.

High-throughput evaluation of in situ-generated cobalt(III) catalysts for acyl fluoride synthesis

Using a high-throughput experimental procedure, a series of cobalt(iii) complexes of the general formula CpRCo(I)(X)(L) were prepared and screened for their activity towards the catalytic nucleophilic fluorination of benzoyl chloride. A highly active catalyst was identified, and successfully employed in a mild and effective protocol for the synthesis of a group of acyl fluoride compounds.

Palladium-catalyzed fluorocarbonylation using N-formylsaccharin as CO source: General access to carboxylic acid derivatives

N-Formylsaccharin, an easily accessible crystalline compound, has been employed as an efficient CO source in Pd-catalyzed fluorocarbonylation of aryl halides to afford the corresponding acyl fluorides in high yields. The reactions use a near-stoichiometric amount of the CO source (1.2 equiv) and tolerate diverse functional groups. The acyl fluorides obtained could be readily transformed into various carboxylic acid derivatives such as carboxylic acid, esters, thioesters, and amides in a one-pot procedure.