36770-81-7Relevant academic research and scientific papers
Nickel/Cobalt-Catalyzed Reductive Hydrocyanation of Alkynes with Formamide as the Cyano Source, Dehydrant, Reductant, and Solvent
Zhang, Jin,Luo, Cui-Ping,Yang, Luo
supporting information, p. 283 - 288 (2020/12/01)
A Ni/Co co-catalyzed reductive hydrocyanation of various alkynes was developed for the production of saturated nitriles. Hydrocyanic acid is generated in situ from safe and readily available formamide. Formamide played multiple roles as a cyano source, dehydrant, and reductant for the NiII pre-catalyst and vinyl nitriles, along with acting as the co-solvent in this reaction. Detailed mechanistic investigation supported a pathway via hydrocyanation of C≡C bond and the subsequent reduction of C=C bond. Wide substrate scope, the employment of a cheap and stable nickel salt as pre-catalyst, a safe cyano source and convenient experimental operation render this hydrocyanation practical for the laboratory synthesis of saturated nitriles. (Figure presented.).
Guidelines for the use of proton donors in SmI2 reactions: Reduction of α-cyanostilbene
Amiel-Levy, Mazal,Hoz, Shmaryahu
supporting information; experimental part, p. 8280 - 8284 (2009/12/02)
The reduction of a series of α-cyanostilbenes with SmI2was studied in THF in the presence of various proton donors. No reactio n occurred in the presence of the alcohols TFE, i-PrOH and t-BuOH. In the presence of MeOH, water and ethylene glycol the reactions occurred; however in the presence of water and ethylene glycol they were too fast for kinetic determinations (τ1/2 2 and first order in the substrate.The order in MeOH varies as a function of its concentration and the plo t of log k vs log [MeOH] is sigmoidal. Comparison of the kinetic isotopeeffect and the incorporation isotope effect suggests that, counterintui tively, protonation of the radical anion takes place on the carbon β to the cyano group. It is concluded that proton donors that form complexes with SmI2 expand the range of substrates that can be reduced by SmI2. This is due to their proximity to the radical anion as it is formed. This short-lived radical anion cannot be efficiently trapped by a proton donor from the bulk medium. A protocol is herein suggested as to when proton donors which complex to SmI2, e.g. MeOH, water and ethyleneglycol should be used, and when it is recommended to use noncomplexing proton donors, e.g. TFE, i-PrOH and t-BuOH, to induce reaction.
Synthesis and histamine H2 agonistic activity of arpromidine analogues: replacement of the pheniramine-like moiety by non-heterocyclic groups
Buschauer, A,Friese-Kimmel A,Baumann, G,Schunack, W
, p. 321 - 330 (2007/10/02)
Analogues of the potent histamine H2 agonist arpromidine, characterized by non-hetrocyclic groups (phenyl, cyclohexyl, alkyl) instead of the pheniramine-like portion, were prepared and tested for their H2 agonistic and H1 antagonistic activity in the isolated guiea pig right atrium and ileum, respectively.In the diphenylpropylguanidine series an increase in H2 agonistic potency resulted from mono- or difluorination at one or both phenyl rings in the meta and/or para position (pD2 7.75 vs pD2 = 7.15 for the unsubstituted parent compound).Compounds chlorinated atboth phenyl rings were considerably less potent.Highest combined H2 agonistic/H1 antagonistic potency was found in the 4-fluorophenyl series.The arpromidine analogue with cyclohexyl and methyl group instead of phenyl and pyridine ring proved to be 30 times more potent than histamine in the atrium.The H1 antagonistic potency in cyclohexyl compounds was lower than in the diaryl series.Thus, aromatic rings appear not to be required for high H2 agonistic potency but are useful for combined H2 agonistic/H1 antagonistic activity. histamine / H2 receptor / H2 agonist / arpromidine / impromidine / H1 antagonist / antihistamine
