3735-97-5Relevant academic research and scientific papers
Substrate Analogues for the Enzyme-Catalyzed Detoxification of the Organophosphate Nerve Agents—Sarin, Soman, and Cyclosarin
Bigley, Andrew N.,Harvey, Steven P.,Narindoshvili, Tamari,Raushel, Frank M.
, p. 2875 - 2887 (2021/10/01)
The G-type nerve agents, sarin (GB), soman (GD), and cyclosarin (GF), are among the most toxic compounds known. Much progress has been made in evolving the enzyme phosphotriesterase (PTE) fromPseudomonas diminutafor the decontamination of the G-agents; however, the extreme toxicity of the G-agents makes the use of substrate analogues necessary. Typical analogues utilize a chromogenic leaving group to facilitate high-throughput screening, and substitution of anO-methyl for theP-methyl group found in the G-agents, in an effort to reduce toxicity. Till date, there has been no systematic evaluation of the effects of these substitutions on catalytic activity, and the presumed reduction in toxicity has not been tested. A series of 21 G-agent analogues, including all combinations ofO-methyl,p-nitrophenyl, and thiophosphate substitutions, have been synthesized and evaluated for their ability to unveil the stereoselectivity and catalytic activity of PTE variants against the authentic G-type nerve agents. The potential toxicity of these analogues was evaluated by measuring the rate of inactivation of acetylcholinesterase (AChE). All of the substitutions reduced inactivation of AChE by more than 100-fold, with the most effective being the thiophosphate analogues, which reduced the rate of inactivation by about 4-5 orders of magnitude. The analogues were found to reliably predict changes in catalytic activity and stereoselectivity of the PTE variants and led to the identification of the BHR-30 variant, which has no apparent stereoselectivity against GD and akcat/Kmof 1.4 × 106, making it the most efficient enzyme for GD decontamination reported till date.
The inhibition, reactivation and mechanism of VX-, sarin-, fluoro-VX and fluoro-sarin surrogates following their interaction with HuAChE and HuBuChE
Chao, Chih-Kai,Balasubramanian, Narayanaganesh,Gerdes, John M.,Thompson, Charles M.
, p. 220 - 227 (2018/07/06)
In this study, the mechanisms of HuAChE and HuBChE inhibition by Me-P(O) (OPNP) (OR) [PNP = p-nitrophenyl; R = CH2CH3, CH2CH2F, OCH(CH3)2, OCH(CH3) (CH2F)] representing surrogates and fluoro-surrogates of VX and sarin were studied by in vitro kinetics and mass spectrometry. The in vitro measures showed that the VX- and fluoro-VX surrogates were relatively strong inhibitors of HuAChE and HuBChE (ki ～ 105-106 M?1min?1) and underwent spontaneous and 2-PAM-mediated reactivation within 30 min. The sarin surrogates were weaker inhibitors of HuAChE and HuBChE (ki ～ 104-105 M?1min?1), and in general did not undergo spontaneous reactivation, although HuAChE adducts were partially reactivatable at 18 h using 2-PAM. The mechanism of HuAChE and HuBChE inhibition by the surrogates was determined by Q-TOF and MALDI-TOF mass spectral analyses. The surrogate-adducted proteins were trypsin digested and the active site-containing peptide bearing the OP-modified serine identified by Q-TOF as triply- and quadruply-charged ions representing the respective increase in mass of the attached OP moiety. Correspondingly, monoisotopic ions of the tryptic peptides representing the mass increase of the OP-adducted peptide was identified by MALDI-TOF. The mass spectrometry analyses validated the identity of the OP moiety attached to HuAChE or HuBChE as MeP(O) (OR)-O-serine peptides (loss of the PNP leaving group) via mechanisms consistent with those found with chemical warfare agents. MALDI-TOF MS analyses of the VX-modified peptides versus time showed a steady reduction in adduct versus parent peptide (reactivation), whereas the sarin-surrogate-modified peptides remained largely intact over the course of the experiment (24 h). Overall, the presence of a fluorine atom on the surrogate modestly altered the rate constants of inhibition and reactivation, however, the mechanism of inhibition (ejection of PNP group) did not change.
New safe method for preparation of sarin-exposed human erythrocytes acetylcholinesterase using non-toxic and stable sarin analogue isopropyl p-nitrophenyl methylphosphonate and its application to evaluation of nerve agent antidotes
Ohta, Hikoto,Ohmori, Takeshi,Suzuki, Shinichi,Ikegaya, Hiroshi,Sakurada, Koichi,Takatori, Takehiko
, p. 2827 - 2833 (2007/10/03)
Introduction. A non-toxic and stable sarin analogue, isopropyl p-nitrophenyl methylphosphonate (INMP), was synthesized for safe preparation of sarin-exposed acetylcholinesterase (AChE). Results and Discussion. This agent was stable for years, able to be handled in an ordinary laboratory without special care, and its 50% inhibitory concentration (IC50) on 0.04 U/ml human erythrocytes AChE was 15 nM. This reagent was thought to be especially useful since it enables experiments that require sarin-inhibited AChE, such as the development of antidotes for sarin, in a usual laboratory. To demonstrate the usefulness of this method, 40 known and novel pyridinealdoxime methiodide (PAM)-type oxime antidotes were synthesized, and their reactivation activities to INMP-exposed AChE and structure-activities correlation were studied. Conclusion. Among the antidotes tested in this experiment except for 2-PAM, the compound found to have the highest reactivation activity, was the novel hydrophobic 2-PAM-type compound, 2-[(hydroxyimino)methyl]-1-[4-(tert- butyl)benzyl] pyridinium bromide.
1,8-Diazabicyclo[5.4.0]undecene mediated transesterification of p-nitrophenyl phosphonates: A novel route to phosphono esters
Tawfik,Eshhar,Bentolila,Green
, p. 968 - 972 (2007/10/02)
DBU (1,8-diazabicyclo[5.4.0]undecene) was found to efficiently mediate the transesterification of p-nitrophenyl (PNP) phosphonates by various alcohols. The reactions of bis-PNP phosphonates in the presence of DBU, using both primary and secondary alcohols, phenols and amines, proceed rapidly and with high yield to afford the corresponding monoalkyl/aryl mono-PNP phosphonates as sole products (1, Scheme 2). The resulting monoalkyl/aryl mono-PNP phosphonates can be further reacted with a second alcohol to give the corresponding differently disubstituted phosphonates 3, or selectively hydrolysed to yield the monoalkyl/aryl phosphonic acids 2. We have applied this chemistry to the preparation of a series of phosphono ester transition state analogues 11a-e (Scheme 3) that were used as haptens for raising catalytic antibodies.
