477-77-0Relevant articles and documents
Trisannulated benzene derivatives by acid catalyzed aldol cyclotrimerizations of cyclic ketones. methodology development and mechanistic insight
Amick, Aaron W.,Scott, Lawrence T.
, p. 3412 - 3418 (2008/02/03)
(Chemical Equation Presented) Several factors that contribute to the success of aldol cyclotrimerizations have been clarified as part of an effort to shed light on the inner workings of this century old reaction. The use of 4,7-di-tert-butylacenaphthenone (11) as a mechanistic probe molecule has led to intriguing discoveries about temperature, solvent, and solubility effects. Solvents that are both polarizable and somewhat polar, e.g., o-dichlorobenzene (ODCB), work best for the aromatic ketones examined. Certain Bronsted acids were found to work better than Lewis acids as catalysts for the archetypal aldol cyclotrimerization of indanone (2) in aprotic solvents, and a strong dependence on the pKa of the acid was observed. A standardized protocol, using p-toluenesulfonic acid monohydrate, is shown to work well in a number of test cases.
Nonsteroidal Antiinflammatory Agents, 4. Rearrangement Reactions of Heterocycles, 11. Ketenoid Rearrangement and Oxidation of 2-Pyrons to 1,4-Naphthoquinon-5-alkanoic acids
Kappe, Thomas,Wildpanner, Hans
, p. 727 - 738 (2007/10/02)
Fused 2-pyrones 4, obtained by the thermal condensation of ketones 1 with reactive malonates 2, rearrange above 200 deg C to yield condensed dihydroxynaphthalines 5.The latter compounds can be oxidized to give 3-hydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinone-5-alkanoic acids.The reaction of ketone 8 with magic malonates 2 or chlorocarbonyl ketene 9 affords the pyrones 11 in low yields.The 2-pyrones 11 could not be rearranged to 13; a possible explanation for this behaviour is presented. - Keywords: Trichlorophenyl malonates; 2-Pyrone synthesis; Carbonyl ketenes as intermediates; Hydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinone alkanoic acids