60046-49-3

Usage

Uses

Used in Pharmaceutical Industry:
2,2,6-Trimethyl-1,4-cyclohexandion is used as an intermediate in the synthesis of Xanthoxin (X742550), a growth inhibitor in plants. 2,2,6-Trimethyl-1,4-cyclohexandion has potential applications in the development of plant growth regulators and other related pharmaceutical products.
Used in Chemical Synthesis:
2,2,6-Trimethyl-1,4-cyclohexandion is used as a key building block in the synthesis of various organic compounds, including pharmaceuticals, agrochemicals, and other specialty chemicals. Its unique structure and reactivity make it a valuable component in the development of new and innovative chemical products.

Purification Methods

It is obtained from fermentation and is purified by recrystallisation from diisopropyl ether. [ORD: Leuenberger et al. Helv Chim Acta 59 1832 1976.] The racemate has m 65-67o, and the 4-(4-phenyl)semicarbazone has m 218-220o (from CH2Cl2/MeOH) [Isler et al. Helv Chim Acta 39 2041 1956, Beilstein 7 IV 2032.]

Upstream product

• 1125-21-9 2,6,6-trimethyl-2-cyclohexene-1,4-dione 
• 952-92-1 1-Benzyl-1,4-dihydronicotinamide 

Downstream Products

• 20548-02-1 trans (4R,6R)-4-hydroxy-2,2,6-trimethylcyclohexanone 
• 20548-02-1 (4R,6R)-4-hydroxy-2,2,6-trimethylcyclohexan-1-one 
• 55058-51-0 (4S)-hydroxy-(6R)-2,2,6-trimethylcyclohexanone 
• 130584-00-8 Acetic acid (Z)-5-[(1R,4R,6S)-4-(tert-butyl-dimethyl-silanyloxy)-1-hydroxy-2,2,6-trimethyl-cyclohexyl]-3-methyl-pent-2-en-4-ynyl ester 
• 130583-96-9 Acetic acid (Z)-5-[(4R,6R)-4-(tert-butyl-dimethyl-silanyloxy)-1-hydroxy-2,2,6-trimethyl-cyclohexyl]-3-methyl-pent-2-en-4-ynyl ester 
• 130584-04-2 (+)-1(Z)-(1R,4R,6S)-4-tert-butyldimethylsiloxy-1-(5-hydroxy-3-methylpent-3-en-1-ynyl)-2,2,6-trimethylcyclohexanol 
• 130584-04-2 (4R,6R)-4-(tert-Butyl-dimethyl-silanyloxy)-1-((Z)-5-hydroxy-3-methyl-pent-3-en-1-ynyl)-2,2,6-trimethyl-cyclohexanol 
• 130646-72-9 (-)-1(Z)-(1S,4R,6R)-1-(5-acetoxy-3-methylpent-3-en-1-ynyl)-2,2,6-trimethylcyclohexan-1,4-diol 
• 130583-99-2 (+)-1(Z)-(1R,4R,6S)-1-(5-acetoxy-3-methylpent-3-en-1-ynyl)-2,2,6-trimethylcyclohexan-1,4-diol 
• 130646-73-0 (-)-1(Z)-(1R,4R,6R)-1-(5-acetoxy-3-methylpent-3-en-1-ynyl)-2,2,6-trimethylcyclohexan-1,4-diol 
• 26533-74-4 Acetic acid (Z)-5-((1S,6R)-1-hydroxy-2,2,6-trimethyl-4-oxo-cyclohexyl)-3-methyl-pent-2-en-4-ynyl ester 
• 130694-70-1 Acetic acid (Z)-5-((1R,6S)-1-hydroxy-2,2,6-trimethyl-4-oxo-cyclohexyl)-3-methyl-pent-2-en-4-ynyl ester 
• 130694-58-5 Acetic acid (Z)-5-((1R,6R)-1-hydroxy-2,2,6-trimethyl-4-oxo-cyclohexyl)-3-methyl-pent-2-en-4-ynyl ester 
• 130694-62-1 (-)-(4R,5R)-methyl dihydroabscisate 

Relevant academic research and scientific papers

Photoenzymatic reduction of C=C double bonds

A simplified procedure for cell-free biocatalytic reductions of conjugated C=C double bonds using old yellow enzymes (OYEs) is reported. Instead of indirectly regenerating YqjM (an OYE homologue from B. subtilis) or NemA (N-ethylmaleimide reductase from E

A robust and stereocomplementary panel of ene-reductase variants for gram-scale asymmetric hydrogenation

We report an engineered panel of ene-reductases (ERs) from Thermus scotoductus SA-01 (TsER) that combines control over facial selectivity in the reduction of electron deficient C[dbnd]C double bonds with thermostability (up to 70 °C), organic solvent tolerance (up to 40 % v/v) and a broad substrate scope (23 compounds, three new to literature). Substrate acceptance and facial selectivity of 3-methylcyclohexenone was rationalized by crystallisation of TsER C25D/I67T and in silico docking. The TsER variant panel shows excellent enantiomeric excess (ee) and yields during bi-phasic preparative scale synthesis, with isolated yield of up to 93 % for 2R,5S-dihydrocarvone (3.6 g). Turnover frequencies (TOF) of approximately 40 000 h?1 were achieved, which are comparable to rates in hetero- and homogeneous metal catalysed hydrogenations. Preliminary batch reactions also demonstrated the reusability of the reaction system by consecutively removing the organic phase (n-pentane) for product removal and replacing with fresh substrate. Four consecutive batches yielded ca. 27 g L?1 R-levodione from a 45 mL aqueous reaction, containing less than 17 mg (10 μM) enzyme and the reaction only stopping because of acidification. The TsER variant panel provides a robust, highly active and stereocomplementary base for further exploitation as a tool in preparative organic synthesis.

Aqueous chemoenzymatic one-pot enantioselective synthesis of tertiary α-aryl cycloketonesviaPd-catalyzed C-C formation and enzymatic C=C asymmetric hydrogenation

An aqueous chemoenzymatic cascade reaction combining Pd-catalyzed C-C formation and enzymatic C=C asymmetric hydrogenation (AH) was developed for enantioselective synthesis of tertiary α-aryl cycloketones in good yields and excellent enantioselectivities. The stereopreference of the enzyme in AH of α-aryl cyclohexenones was studied. An enantiocomplementary enzyme was obtained by site-directed mutation.

E. coli Nickel-Iron Hydrogenase 1 Catalyses Non-native Reduction of Flavins: Demonstration for Alkene Hydrogenation by Old Yellow Enzyme Ene-reductases**

A new activity for the [NiFe] uptake hydrogenase 1 of Escherichia coli (Hyd1) is presented. Direct reduction of biological flavin cofactors FMN and FAD is achieved using H2 as a simple, completely atom-economical reductant. The robust nature of

Metals in Biotechnology: Cr-Driven Stereoselective Reduction of Conjugated C=C Double Bonds

Elemental metals are shown to be suitable sacrificial electron donors to drive the stereoselective reduction of conjugated C=C double bonds using Old Yellow Enzymes as catalysts. Both direct electron transfer from the metal to the enzyme as well as mediated electron transfer is feasible, although the latter excels by higher reaction rates. The general applicability of this new chemoenzymatic reduction method is demonstrated, and current limitations are outlined.

Solar-Assisted eBiorefinery: Photoelectrochemical Pairing of Oxyfunctionalization and Hydrogenation Reactions

Inspired by natural photosynthesis, biocatalytic photoelectrochemical (PEC) platforms are gaining prominence for the conversion of solar energy into useful chemicals by combining redox biocatalysis and photoelectrocatalysis. Herein, we report a dual biocatalytic PEC platform consisting of a molybdenum (Mo)-doped BiVO4 (Mo:BiVO4) photoanode and an inverse opal ITO (IO-ITO) cathode that gives rise to the coupling of peroxygenase and ene-reductase-mediated catalysis, respectively. In the PEC cell, the photoexcited electrons generated from the Mo:BiVO4 are transferred to the IO-ITO and regenerate reduced flavin mononucleotides to drive ene-reductase-catalyzed trans-hydrogenation of ketoisophrone to (R)-levodione. Meanwhile, the photoactivated Mo:BiVO4 evolves H2O2 in situ via a two-electron water-oxidation process with the aid of an applied bias, which simultaneously supplies peroxygenases to drive selective hydroxylation of ethylbenzene into enantiopure (R)-1-phenyl-1-hydroxyethane. Thus, the deliberate integration of PEC systems with redox biocatalytic reactions can simultaneously produce valuable chemicals on both electrodes using solar-powered electrons and water.

Combining Photo-Organo Redox- and Enzyme Catalysis Facilitates Asymmetric C-H Bond Functionalization

In this study, we combined photo-organo redox catalysis and biocatalysis to achieve asymmetric C–H bond functionalization of simple alkane starting materials. The photo-organo catalyst anthraquinone sulfate (SAS) was employed to oxyfunctionalise alkanes to aldehydes and ketones. We coupled this light-driven reaction with asymmetric enzymatic functionalisations to yield chiral hydroxynitriles, amines, acyloins and α-chiral ketones with up to 99 % ee. In addition, we demonstrate functional group interconversion to alcohols, esters and carboxylic acids. The transformations can be performed as concurrent tandem reactions. We identified the degradation of substrates and inhibition of the biocatalysts as limiting factors affecting compatibility, due to reactive oxygen species generated in the photocatalytic step. These incompatibilities were addressed by reaction engineering, such as applying a two-phase system or temporal and spatial separation of the catalysts. Using a selection of eleven starting alkanes, one photo-organo catalyst and 8 diverse biocatalysts, we synthesized 26 products and report for the model compounds benzoin and mandelonitrile > 97 % ee at gram scale.

Enantio- A nd regioselective: Ene-reductions using F420H2-dependent enzymes

In the past decade it has become clear that many microbes harbor enzymes that employ an unusual flavin cofactor, the F420 deazaflavin cofactor. Herein we show that F420-dependent reductases (FDRs) can successfully perform enantio-, regio- A nd chemoselective ene-reductions. For the first time, we have demonstrated that F420H2-driven reductases can be used as biocatalysts for the reduction of α,β-unsaturated ketones and aldehydes with good conversions (>99%) and excellent regioselectivities and enantiomeric excesses (>99% ee). Noteworthily, FDRs typically display an opposite enantioselectivity when compared to the well established FMN-dependent Old Yellow Enzymes (OYEs).

Better than Nature: Nicotinamide Biomimetics That Outperform Natural Coenzymes

The search for affordable, green biocatalytic processes is a challenge for chemicals manufacture. Redox biotransformations are potentially attractive, but they rely on unstable and expensive nicotinamide coenzymes that have prevented their widespread expl

Recombinant Cyanobacteria for the Asymmetric Reduction of C=C Bonds Fueled by the Biocatalytic Oxidation of Water

A recombinant enoate reductase was expressed in cyanobacteria and used for the light-catalyzed, enantioselective reduction of C=C bonds. The coupling of oxidoreductases to natural photosynthesis allows asymmetric syntheses fueled by the oxidation of water. Bypassing the addition of sacrificial cosubstrates as electron donors significantly improves the atom efficiency and avoids the formation of undesired side products. Crucial factors for product formation are the availability of NADPH and the amount of active enzyme in the cells. The efficiency of the reaction is comparable to typical whole-cell biotransformations in E. coli. Under optimized conditions, a solution of 100 mg prochiral 2-methylmaleimide was reduced to optically pure 2-methylsuccinimide (99 % ee, 80 % yield of isolated product). High product yields and excellent optical purities demonstrate the synthetic usefulness of light-catalyzed whole-cell biotransformations using recombinant cyanobacteria.