7423-93-0Relevant articles and documents
Microbial-derived indoles inhibit neutrophil myeloperoxidase to diminish bystander tissue damage
Alexeev, Erica E.,Dowdell, Alexander S.,Henen, Morkos A.,Lanis, Jordi M.,Lee, J. Scott,Cartwright, Ian M.,Schaefer, Rachel E. M.,Ornelas, Alfredo,Onyiah, Joseph C.,V?geli, Beat,Colgan, Sean P.
, (2021/05/04)
During episodes of acute inflammation, polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs) are actively recruited to sites of inflammation or injury where they provide anti-microbial and wound-healing functions. One enzyme crucial for fulfilling these functions is myeloperoxidase (MPO), which generates hypochlorous acid from Cl? and hydrogen peroxide. The potential exists, however, that uncontrolled the extracellular generation of hypochlorous acid by MPO can cause bystander tissue damage and inhibit the healing response. Previous work suggests that the microbiota-derived tryptophan metabolites 1H-indole and related molecules (“indoles”) are protective during intestinal inflammation, although their precise mechanism of action is unclear. In the present work, we serendipitously discovered that indoles are potent and selective inhibitors of MPO. Using both primary human PMNs and recombinant human MPO in a cell-free system, we revealed that indoles inhibit MPO at physiologic concentrations. Particularly, indoles block the chlorinating activity of MPO, a reliable marker for MPO-associated tissue damage, as measured by coulometric-coupled HPLC. Further, we observed direct interaction between indoles and MPO using the established biochemical techniques microscale thermophoresis and STD-NMR. Utilizing a murine colitis model, we demonstrate that indoles inhibit bystander tissue damage, reflected in decreased colon 3-chlorotyrosine and pro-inflammatory chemokine expression in vivo. Taken together, these results identify microbiota-derived indoles that acts as endogenous immunomodulatory compounds through their actions on MPO, suggesting a symbiotic association between the gut microbiota and host innate immune system. Such findings offer exciting new targets for future pharmacological intervention.
A novel class of tyrosine derivatives as dual 5-LOX and COX-2/mPGES1 inhibitors with PGE2 mediated anticancer properties
Puratchikody, Ayarivan,Umamaheswari, Appavoo,Irfan, Navabshan,Sinha, Shweta,Manju,Ramanan, Meera,Ramamoorthy, Gayathri,Doble, Mukesh
supporting information, p. 834 - 846 (2019/01/09)
Leukotriene and prostaglandin pathways are controlled by the enzymes, LOX and COX/mPGES1 respectively and are responsible for inflammatory responses. PGE2, produced by mPGES1, leads to the progression of inflammation as well as cancer. A series of 19 novel tyrosine derivatives are synthesized, characterized and tested against 5-LOX, in vitro, and production of PGE2, in HeLa cells. 6b-v and 6c-i, are found to possess maximum inhibitory action against 5-LOX and PGE2 production. The compound 6b-v is found to act by disrupting the redox cycle of the 5-LOX enzyme, and its activity is comparable to that of the commercial drug, Zileuton. The activity of the other compound 6c-i is comparable to a drug in clinical trials, Licofelone, and it has been found to inhibit the mRNA expression of mPGES1 predominantly. It also arrests the HeLa cells in the S and G2/M phases of the cell cycle indicating anticancer activity. Also, compounds, 6b-iv and 6b-viii inhibit both the LT & PG pathways in the inflammation cascade. Presence of iodine in the phenyl ring appears to favour the inhibition of 5-LOX whereas chlorine favours the inhibition of PGE2 production. These leads could be further optimized and developed as drugs against inflammation and cancer.
Anti-parasite and cytotoxic activities of chloro and bromo L-tyrosine derivatives
Restrepo, Manuel Pastrana,Jaramillo, Elkin Galeano,Martínez, Alejandro Martínez,Arango, Ana Mesa,Restrepo, Sara Robledo
, p. 2569 - 2579 (2018/11/06)
A series of twenty-one L-tyrosine derivatives with modifications in the halogenation pattern of the aromatic ring and different degree of methylations on the amine and phenolic hydroxyl groups were synthesized. The structures of all the intermediates and target compounds were confirmed unambiguous by spectroscopy analysis. Additionally, all compounds were evaluated against Plasmodium falciparum and Leishmania panamensis parasites between 20-702 μg mL-1. The cytotoxic evaluation was done to determine the selectivity index for each compound. Six compounds had the lower EC50 (effective concentration 50) against L. panamensis. One of these compounds was the most active with an EC50 at 24.13 μg mL-1 (76.07 μM). All derivatives showed no significant activity against P. falciparum and no compound has in vitro antifungal activity at 500 μg mL-1.
