79637-11-9

Usage

Uses

Used in Plastics Industry:
Styrene is used as a monomer for the production of polystyrene, a versatile plastic material known for its clarity, rigidity, and resistance to water, chemicals, and impact. Polystyrene is widely used in the manufacturing of disposable cutlery, CD cases, and insulation materials.
Used in Rubber Industry:
Styrene is used as a comonomer in the production of styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR) and styrene-butadiene latex (SBL). These materials are used in the manufacturing of tires, shoe soles, and various adhesives due to their excellent elasticity, abrasion resistance, and adhesion properties.
Used in Resins Industry:
Styrene is used in the production of unsaturated polyester resins (UPR), which are used in the manufacturing of fiberglass-reinforced plastics (FRP) and composite materials. These materials are known for their strength, durability, and resistance to corrosion, making them suitable for applications in the automotive, marine, and construction industries.
Used in Adhesives and Coatings Industry:
Styrene is used as a raw material in the production of various adhesives and coatings, such as styrene-acrylic and styrene-maleic anhydride copolymers. These materials are used in the manufacturing of wood adhesives, textile coatings, and paper coatings due to their excellent adhesion, water resistance, and chemical resistance properties.
Used in Pharmaceuticals and Agrochemicals Industry:
Styrene is used as an intermediate in the synthesis of various pharmaceuticals and agrochemicals, such as antibiotics, anti-inflammatory drugs, and insecticides. Its versatility as a chemical building block allows for the development of new and effective compounds for various applications in these industries.

Potential Exposure

Styrene is used in the production of plastics and polystyrene resins. It is also used in combination with 1,3-butadiene or acrylonitrile to form copolymer elastomers, butadiene-styrene rubber; and acrylonitrilebutadiene-styrene. It is also used in the manufacture of protective coatings; resins, polyesters; in making insulators and in drug manufacture.

Shipping

UN2055 Styrene monomer, stabilized, Hazard Class: 3; Labels: 3-Flammable liquid.

Incompatibilities

Styrene May form explosive mixture with air. A storage hazard above 31C. Upon heating to 200C, styrene polymerizes to form polystyrene, a plastic. Before entering confined space where this chemical may be present, check to make sure that an explosive concentration does not exist. Store in a cool, dry area away from oxidizers, catalysts for vinyl polymers; peroxides, strong acids; aluminum chloride. May polymerize if contaminated, subjected to heat; under the influence of light; and on contact with many compounds, such as oxygen, oxidizing agents; peroxides and strong acids. Usually contains an inhibitor, such as tert-butylcatechol. Corrodes copper and copper alloys. Attacks some plastics, rubber, and coatings.

Waste Disposal

Dissolve or mix the material with a combustible solvent and burn in a chemical incinerator equipped with an afterburner and scrubber. All federal, state, and local environmental regulations must be observed. In some cases, recovery and recycle of styrene monomer is economic and the technology is available.

Upstream product

• 110-86-1 pyridine 
• 622-24-2 2-phenylethyl chloride 
• 689-97-4 3-buten-1-yne 
• 67-56-1 methanol 
• 96-09-3 styrene oxide 
• 603-35-0 triphenylphosphine 
• 593-60-2 Vinyl bromide 
• 60-29-7 diethyl ether 
• 64-17-5 ethanol 
• 141-52-6 sodium ethanolate 
• 585-71-7 (1-bromoethyl)benzne 
• 107-01-7 butene-2 
• 57362-02-4 [1-(phenyl)ethyl] ethyl carbonate 
• 100-41-4 ethylbenzene 

Downstream Products

• 39657-33-5 2-methyl-1-phenethyl-aziridine 
• 13865-49-1 [2-(phenylsulfanyl)ethyl]benzene 
• 57308-70-0 2-iodo-1-phenylethan-1-ol 
• 13684-98-5 2-methoxy-2-phenylethyl iodide 
• 52763-05-0 (2-chloro-1-phenyl-ethyl)-propyl ether 
• 18624-59-4 β-Chlor-α-phenyl-α-methylthio-ethan 
• 18624-58-3 1-chloro-2-methylthio-1-phenylethane 
• 3740-49-6 1,1,1,3-tetrabromo-3-phenylpropane 
• 850481-05-9 N,N'-bis(2-phenylethyl)hexane-1,6-diamine 
• 857764-98-8 3-chloro-3-phenylpropanoic acid chloride 
• 4537-11-5 (1-butylhexyl)benzene 
• 102470-69-9 bis-(6-phenyl-dihydro-[1,3]oxazin-3-yl)-methane 
• 18792-80-8 1-phenylbenzanthrone 
• 19798-87-9 tetrahydro-3-methyl-6-phenyl-2H-1,3-oxazine 

Relevant academic research and scientific papers

Photoredox Catalyzed Sulfonylation of Multisubstituted Allenes with Ru(bpy)3Cl2 or Rhodamine B

A highly regio- and stereoselective sulfonylation of allenes was developed that provided direct access to α, β-substituted unsaturated sulfone. By means of visible-light photoredox catalysis, the free radicals produced by p-toluenesulfonic acid reacted with multisubstituted allenes to obtain Markovnikov-type vinyl sulfones with Ru(bpy)3Cl2 or Rhodamine B as photocatalyst. The yield of this reaction could reach up to 91%. A series of unsaturated sulfones would be used for further transformation to some valuable compounds.

Selective C(sp3)?N Bond Cleavage of N,N-Dialkyl Tertiary Amines with the Loss of a Large Alkyl Group via an SN1 Pathway

Polar disconnection of the C(sp3)?N bond of N,N-dialkyl-substituted tertiary amines via ammonium species conventionally favored the loss of the smaller alkyl group by an SN2 displacement, while selective C(sp3)?N bond cleavage by cutting off the larger alkyl group is still underdeveloped. Herein, we present a novel Pd0-catalyzed [2+2+1] annulation, proceeding through an alkyne-directed palladacycle formation and consecutive diamination with a tertiary hydroxylamine by cleaving its N?O bond and one C(sp3)?N bond, for the rapid assembly of tricyclic indoles in a single-step transformation. Noteworthy, experimental results indicated that large tert-butyl and benzyl groups were selectively cleaved via an SN1 pathway, in the presence of a smaller alkyl group (Me, Et, iPr). Under the guidance of this new finding, tricyclic indoles bearing a removable alkyl group could be exclusively obtained by using a (α-methyl)benzyl/benzyl or tert-butyl/2-(methoxycarbonyl)ethyl mixed amino source.

Oxidative Alkenylation of Arenes Using Supported Rh Materials: Evidence that Active Catalysts are Formed by Rh Leaching

This work focuses on the synthesis of supported Rh materials and study of their efficacy as pre-catalysts for the oxidative alkenylation of arenes. Rhodium particles supported on silica (Rh/SiO2; ～3.6 wt% Rh) and on nitrogen-doped carbon (Rh/NC

Method for preparing 1-cyclopropylnaphthalene

The invention belongs to the technical field of organic synthesis, and particularly discloses a method for preparing 1-cyclopropylnaphthalene. According to the method disclosed by the invention, 1-naphthylacetophenone is adopted as a raw material, and 1-cyclopropylnaphthalene can be simply and conveniently synthesized through reduction, dehydration, cyclization and reductive dehalogenation. The method has the advantages of cheap and easily available raw materials, no need of precious metals or dangerous organic metal reagents, low raw material cost, convenient production, environmental protection and safety, and is very suitable for industrial production. The method disclosed by the invention has the advantages of high yield in each step, few byproducts and easiness in purification.

Heterogeneously Catalyzed Selective Decarbonylation of Aldehydes by CeO2-Supported Highly Dispersed Non-Electron-Rich Ni(0) Nanospecies

Aldehyde decarbonylation has been extensively investigated, primarily using noble-metal catalysts; however, nonprecious-base-metal-catalyzed aldehyde decarbonylation has been hardly reported. We have established an efficient selective aldehyde decarbonylation reaction with a broad substrate scope and functional group tolerance utilizing a heterogeneous Ni(0) nanospecies catalyst supported on CeO2. The high catalytic performance is attributable to the highly dispersed and non-electron-rich Ni(0) nanospecies, which possibly suppress a side reaction producing esters and adsorbed CO-derived inhibition of the catalytic turnover, according to detailed catalyst characterization and kinetic evaluation.

Recoverable palladium-catalyzed carbon-carbon bond forming reactions under thermomorphic mode: Stille and suzuki-miyaura reactions

The reaction of [PdCl2(CH3CN)2] and bis-4,40-(RfCH2OCH2)-2,2'-bpy (1a-d), where Rf = n- C11F23 (a), n-C10F21 (b), n-C9F19 (c) and n-C8F17 (d), respectively, in the presence of dichloromethane (CH2Cl2) resulted in the synthesis of Pd complex, [PdCl2[4,4'-bis-(RfCH2OCH2)-2,2'-bpy] (2a-d). The Pd-catalyzed Stille arylations of vinyl tributyltin with aryl halides were selected to demonstrate the feasibility of recycling usage with 2a as the catalyst using NMP (N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone) as the solvent at 120-150 °C. Additionally, recycling and electronic effect studies of 2a-c were also carried out for Suzuki-Miyaura reaction of phenylboronic acid derivatives, 4-X-C6H4-B(OH)2, (X = H or Ph) with aryl halide, 4-Y-C6H4-Z, (Y = CN, H or OCH3; Z = I or Br) in dimethylformamide (DMF) at 135-150 °C. At the end of each cycle, the product mixtures were cooled to lower temperature (e.g., -10 °C), and then catalysts were recovered by decantation with Pd leaching less than 1%. The products were quantified by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) analysis or by the isolated yield. The complex 2a-catalyzed Stille reaction of aryl iodides with vinyl tributyltin have good recycling results for a total of 8 times, with a high yield within short period of time (1-3 h). Similarly, 2a-c-catalyzed Suzuki-Miyaura reactions also have good recycling results. The electronic effect studies from substituents in both Stille and Suzuki-Miyaura coupling reactions showed that electron withdrawing groups speed up the reaction rate. To our knowledge, this is the first example of recoverable fluorous long-chained Pd-catalyzed Stille reactions under the thermomorphic mode.

Mild and efficient desulfurization of thiiranes with MoCl5/Zn system

Desulfurization of a variety of thiiranes to alkenes occurs chemoselectively in high yields upon treatment with MoCl5/Zn system under mild conditions. The new methodology demonstrates high functional group tolerance toward chloro, bromo, fluoro, methoxy, ester, ether and keto groups.

Clean protocol for deoxygenation of epoxides to alkenes: Via catalytic hydrogenation using gold

The epoxidation of olefin as a strategy to protect carbon-carbon double bonds is a well-known procedure in organic synthesis, however the reverse reaction, deprotection/deoxygenation of epoxides is much less developed, despite its potential utility for the synthesis of substituted olefins. Here, we disclose a clean protocol for the selective deprotection of epoxides, by combining commercially available organophosphorus ligands and gold nanoparticles (Au NP). Besides being successfully applied in the deoxygenation of epoxides, the discovered catalytic system also enables the selective reduction N-oxides and sulfoxides using molecular hydrogen as reductant. The Au NP catalyst combined with triethylphosphite P(OEt)3 is remarkably more reactive than solely Au NPs. The method is not only a complementary Au-catalyzed reductive reaction under mild conditions, but also an effective procedure for selective reductions of a wide range of valuable molecules that would be either synthetically inconvenient or even difficult to access by alternative synthetic protocols or by using classical transition metal catalysts. This journal is

Palladium nanoparticlesin situsynthesized onCyclea barbatapectin as a heterogeneous catalyst for Heck coupling in water, the reduction of nitrophenols and alkynes

This study develops an effective method for thein situsynthesis of palladium nanoparticles (PdNPs) usingCyclea barbatapectin as a green reducing and stabilizing reagent. The PdNP@pectin nanocomposite was well characterized by analysis techniques such as UV-vis, FTIR, EDX, XRD, SEM, HR-TEM and STEM-mapping. Crystalline PdNPs were found to be distributed in the size range of 1-25 nm with the highest frequency of 6-12 nm. PdNP@pectin exhibited excellent recyclable catalysis activity for the Heck coupling reaction in water medium. The kinetics and recyclability of nanoparticles were investigated for the catalytic reduction ofo-,m- andp-nitrophenol. The result showed a good catalysis efficiency with five successful recycles without compromising much. In particular, the nanocomposite was used as a catalyst for the conversion of alkynes intocis-alkenes with KOH/DMF as a hydrogenation source. The reaction was also utilized effectively for the synthesis of sex pheromones, includingPlutella xylostella((Z)-11-hexadecen-1-yl acetate) andCylas formicarius((Z)-3-dodecen-1-yl(E)-2-butenoate) with the total yields of 70% and 68%, respectively. Therefore, PdNPs supported onC. barbatapectin are promising catalysis materials for application in various fields.

A stable well-defined copper hydride cluster consolidated with hemilabile phosphines

Copper hydrides are very useful in hydrogenation reactions. We report a stable Stryker-type copper hydride reagent protected by hemilabile phosphines: [Cu8H6(dppy)6](OTf)2(Cu8-H, dppy = diphenylphosphino-2-pyridine). The metal core of this cluster has a bicapped octahedral configuration, and the copper-bound hydrides each triply bridges over a triangular face of the octahedron. This cluster is attractive due to its facile preparation and excellent stability under ambient conditions. The comparable activity and selectivity both in the stoichiometric and catalytic reactions makeCu8-Ha promising alternative to Stryker's reagent.