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• 75-05-8 acetonitrile 
• 402-54-0 p-nitrobenzotrifluoride 
• 64-19-7 acetic acid 
• 349-97-3 4-(trifluromethyl)acetanilide 
• 64-17-5 ethanol 
• 74-96-4 ethyl bromide 

Relevant academic research and scientific papers

A highly efficient Co-based catalyst fabricated by coordination-assisted impregnation strategy towards tandem catalytic functionalization of nitroarenes with various alcohols

A well-defined hexamethylenetetramine (abbreviated as HMTA) based two-dimensional (2D) MOFs metalloligand (termed Zn-HMTA), with free uncoordinated tertiary amine groups, has been synthesized via solution diffusion method for the first time. The crystal structure of 2D Zn-HMTA metalloligand was determined by the single crystal X-ray diffraction (SCXRD). The SCXRD and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analyses have revealed that the 2D Zn-HMTA metalloligand is rich in- free tertiary amine groups, which are of strong coordination ability to transition metal ions (e.g. Ni2+, Co2+, Zn2+, Cu2+). As a result, a 2D bimetallic Co@Zn-HMTA MOFs was synthesized via coordination-assisted impregnation (CAI) strategy attributed to the unique feature of strong coordinated ability of free tertiary amine groups. Furthermore, a series of self-supported Co-ZnO-CN nanocatalysts were afforded upon the as-synthesized Co@Zn-HMTA MOFs served as a self-sacrificial template for pyrolysis at different temperatures. The optimized catalyst (termed as Co-ZnO@CN-CAI) demonstrated the excellent catalytic performance for hydrogenation-alkylation tandem reaction in comparison with the classic ZnO@CN composite (derived from Zn-HMTA MOFs) supported metallic Co catalyst (Co-ZnO@CN-IWI) prepared by incipient wetness impregnation method. Moreover, the kinetic study was also performed to confirm that the alkylation is the rate-determining step in the hydrogenation-alkylation tandem reaction. The origin of enhanced catalytic performance of Co-ZnO@CN-CAI and the role of Co@Zn-HMTA MOFs precursor have been explored by way of various characterizations, e.g. HADDF-STEM-EDS, SEM-EDS, 13C MAS NMR, XRD, Raman and XPS, etc. It is anticipated that the prepared low-cost and easily prepared 2D Zn-HMTA metalloligand will become a general template for synthesis of highly self-supported catalysts with coordination-assisted impregnation strategy (CAI) for various catalytic reactions.

Direct N-Alkylation/Fluoroalkylation of Amines Using Carboxylic Acids via Transition-Metal-Free Catalysis

A scalable protocol of direct N-mono/di-alkyl/fluoroalkylation of primary/secondary amines has been constructed with various carboxylic acids as coupling agents under the catalysis of a simple air-tolerant inorganic salt, K3PO4. Advantageous features include 100 examples, 10 drugs and drug-like amines, fluorinated complex tertiary amines, gram-scale synthesis and isotope-labelling amine, thus demonstrating the potential applicability in industry of this methodology. The involvement of relatively less reactive silicon-hydride compared with the traditional reactive metal-hydride or boron-hydride species required to reduce the amide intermediates presumably contributes to the remarkable functional group compatibility. (Figure presented.).

Continuous-Flow Amide and Ester Reductions Using Neat Borane Dimethylsulfide Complex

Reductions of amides and esters are of critical importance in synthetic chemistry, and there are numerous protocols for executing these transformations employing traditional batch conditions. Notably, strategies based on flow chemistry, especially for amide reductions, are much less explored. Herein, a simple process was developed in which neat borane dimethylsulfide complex (BH3?DMS) was used to reduce various esters and amides under continuous-flow conditions. Taking advantage of the solvent-free nature of the commercially available borane reagent, high substrate concentrations were realized, allowing outstanding productivity and a significant reduction in E-factors. In addition, with carefully optimized short residence times, the corresponding alcohols and amines were obtained in high selectivity and high yields. The synthetic utility of the inexpensive and easily implemented flow protocol was further corroborated by multigram-scale syntheses of pharmaceutically relevant products. Owing to its beneficial features, including low solvent and reducing agent consumption, high selectivity, simplicity, and inherent scalability, the present process demonstrates fewer environmental concerns than most typical batch reductions using metal hydrides as reducing agents.

B(C6F5)3-Catalyzed Deoxygenative Reduction of Amides to Amines with Ammonia Borane

The first B(C6F5)3-catalyzed deoxygenative reduction of amides into the corresponding amines with readily accessible and stable ammonia borane (AB) as a reducing agent under mild reaction conditions is reported. This metal-free protocol provides facile access to a wide range of structurally diverse amine products in good to excellent yields, and various functional groups including those that are reduction-sensitive were well tolerated. This new method is also applicable to chiral amide substrates without erosion of the enantiomeric purity. The role of BF3 ? OEt2 co-catalyst in this reaction is to activate the amide carbonyl group via the in situ formation of an amide-boron adduct. (Figure presented.).

Ru-Catalyzed Deoxygenative Transfer Hydrogenation of Amides to Amines with Formic Acid/Triethylamine

A ruthenium(II)-catalyzed deoxygenative transfer hydrogenation of amides to amines using HCO2H/NEt3 as the reducing agent is reported for the first time. The catalyst system consisting of [Ru(2-methylallyl)2(COD)], 1,1,1-tris(diphenylphosphinomethyl) ethane (triphos) and Bis(trifluoromethane sulfonimide) (HNTf2) performed well for deoxygenative reduction of various secondary and tertiary amides into the corresponding amines in high yields with excellent selectivities, and exhibits high tolerance toward functional groups including those that are reduction-sensitive. The choice of hydrogen source and acid co-catalyst is critical for catalysis. Mechanistic studies suggest that the reductive amination of the in situ generated alcohol and amine via borrowing hydrogen is the dominant pathway. (Figure presented.).

A strategy of two-step tandem catalysis towards direct N-alkylation of nitroarenes with ethanol via facile fabricated novel Co-based catalysts derived from coordination polymers

Three novel N-doped carbon supported Co/Co3O4 catalysts, namely, Co@CN-hmta, Co@CN-larg and Co-Co3O4@CN-bipy, with sheet-, worm-, honeycomb-like morphologies respectively, have been fabricated by the pyrolysis of well-defined coordination polymers (CPs). Upon the as-prepared catalysts were applied for the reaction of N-alkylation of nitroarenes with ethanol, a direct two-step tandem reaction is realized, in which the Co@CN-hmta delivers 100% conversion/selectivity of N-ethylaniline/N,N-diethylaniline from the direct N-alkylation of nitroarenes with ethanol. The kinetic studies were conducted to confirm that the N-alkylation of aniline with ethanol is the rate-determining step in the two-step tandem reaction. The SEM/EDX, XRD, Raman, TEM, XPS, and CO2-TPD characterization results have revealed that sizes and dispersion of metallic Co, amount of structural defects and surface Lewis basicity towards three catalysts can be tuned by changing the structures of Co-based CPs designed by different organic linkers, which may also help to understand the preparation of industrial catalysts on a molecular level. The optimized Co@CN-hmta catalyst is easily recycled by using the external magnet for successive reuses without any loss in both activity and selectivity. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first carbon-nitrogen species supported Co/Co3O4 catalysts derived from the CPs, which could effectively catalyzed the N-alkylation of nitroarenes with ethanol to produce the secondary amines and/or tertiary amines. This low-cost, recyclable and easy scale-up N-doped carbon supported catalyst may be of potential application in various heterogeneous catalytic reactions.

Alkylsilyl Peroxides as Alkylating Agents in the Copper-Catalyzed Selective Mono-N-Alkylation of Primary Amides and Arylamines

The copper-catalyzed selective mono-N-alkylation of primary amides or arylamines using alkylsilyl peroxides as alkylating agents is reported. The reaction proceeds under mild reaction conditions and exhibits a broad substrate scope with respect to the alkylsilyl peroxides, as well as to the primary amides and arylamines. Mechanistic studies suggest that the present reaction should proceed through a free-radical process that includes alkyl radicals generated from the alkylsilyl peroxides.

Versatile, mild, and selective reduction of various carbonyl groups using an electron-deficient boron catalyst

A mild and selective new method was discovered to reduce acetanilides and other carbonyl compounds. Unlike sodium borohydride, which is selective in reducing aldehydes and ketones, this new protocol is uniquely selective in reducing acetanilides and nitriles over other carbonyl containing functional groups. Additionally, β-ketoamides were shown to be reduced at the ketone preferentially over the amide.

Selective N-alkylation of amines using nitriles under hydrogenation conditions: Facile synthesis of secondary and tertiary amines

Nitriles were found to be highly effective alkylating reagents for the selective N-alkylation of amines under catalytic hydrogenation conditions. For the aromatic primary amines, the corresponding secondary amines were selectively obtained under Pd/C-catalyzed hydrogenation conditions. Although the use of electron poor aromatic amines or bulky nitriles showed a lower reactivity toward the reductive alkylation, the addition of NH4OAc enhanced the reactivity to give secondary aromatic amines in good to excellent yields. Under the same reaction conditions, aromatic nitro compounds instead of the aromatic primary amines could be directly transformed into secondary amines via a domino reaction involving the one-pot hydrogenation of the nitro group and the reductive alkylation of the amines. While aliphatic amines were effectively converted to the corresponding tertiary amines under Pd/C-catalyzed conditions, Rh/C was a highly effective catalyst for the N-monoalkylation of aliphatic primary amines without over-alkylation to the tertiary amines. Furthermore, the combination of the Rh/C-catalyzed N-monoalkylation of the aliphatic primary amines and additional Pd/C-catalyzed alkylation of the resulting secondary aliphatic amines could selectively prepare aliphatic tertiary amines possessing three different alkyl groups. According to the mechanistic studies, it seems reasonable to conclude that nitriles were reduced to aldimines before the nucleophilic attack of the amine during the first step of the reaction.

Copper-catalyzed enantioselective propargylic amination of propargylic esters with amines: Copper-allenylidene complexes as key intermediates

The scope and limitations of the copper-catalyzed propargylic amination of various propargylic esters with amines are presented, where optically active diphosphines such as Cl-MeO-BIPHEP and BINAP work as good chiral ligands. A variety of secondary amines are available as nucleophiles for this catalytic reaction to give the corresponding propargylic amines with a high enantioselectivity. The results of some stoichiometric and catalytic reactions indicate that the catalytic amination proceeds via copper-allenylidene complexes formed in situ, where the attack of amines to the electrophilic γ-carbon atom in the allenylidene complex is an important step for the stereoselection. Investigation of the relative rate constants for the reaction of several para-substituted propargylic acetates with N-methylanilines reveals that the formation of the copper-allenylidene complexes is involved in the rate-determining step. The result of the density functional theory calculation on a model reaction also supports the proposed reaction pathway involving copper-allenylidene complexes as key intermediates. The catalytic procedure presented here provides a versatile and direct method for the preparation of a variety of chiral propargylic amines.