- Synthesis of Mepivacaine and Its Analogues by a Continuous-Flow Tandem Hydrogenation/Reductive Amination Strategy
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Herein we report a convenient, fast, and high-yielding method for the generation of the racemic amide anaesthetics mepivacaine, ropivacaine, and bupivacaine. Coupling of α-picolinic acid and 2,6-xylidine under sealed-vessel microwave conditions generates the intermediate amide after a reaction time of only 5 min at 150 °C. Subsequent reaction in a continuous-flow high-pressure hydrogenator (H-Cube ProTM) in the presence of the respective aldehyde directly converts the intermediate to the final amide anaesthetics in a continuous, integrated, multi-step ring-hydrogenation/reductive amination protocol. Merits and limitations of the protocol are discussed.
- Suveges, Nícolas S.,de Souza, Rodrigo O. M. A.,Gutmann, Bernhard,Kappe, C. Oliver
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- Pyridyl-decorated self-folding heptaamide cavitands as ligands in the rhodium-catalyzed hydrogenation of norbornadiene
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The different binding geometries exhibited in solution by the Rh I cationic complexes of three regioisomeric self-folding heptaamide cavitands, each decorated with one pyridyl group at the upper rim, are taken into account to explain the diverse distributions of products obtained when these complexes are employed as catalysts for the hydrogenation of norbornadiene. Copyright
- Korom, Sasa,Ballester, Pablo
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- N-picolinamides as ligands for Ullmann-type homocoupling reactions
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The use of N-phenylpicolinamide (NPPA) as a ligand in Ullmann-type homocoupling reactions of aryl iodides and bromides in common solvents, such as DMF and MeCN has been successfully demonstrated at room temperature. In addition, this work provided the first example of the homocoupling of an aryl chloride at 82 °C, which is a relatively low temperature when compared to regular Ullmann reaction temperatures. Also, NPPA was successfully employed in base-and heat free Suzuki reactions, including electron rich and poor aryl halides with heteroarylboronic acids in moderate yields.
- Damkaci, Fehmi,Altay, Esra,Waldron, Matthew,Knopp, Michael A.,Snow, David,Massaro, Nicholas
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- Copper-promoted C-N bond cross-coupling with phenylstannane
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Copper-promoted C-N bond cross-coupling of NH-containing substrates with phenylstannane at room temperature was accomplished with the addition of TBAF.
- Lam, Patrick Y.S.,Vincent, Guillaume,Bonne, Damien,Clark, Charles G.
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- Reaction of N-fluoropyridinium fluoride with isonitriles and diazo compounds: A one-pot synthesis of (pyridin-2-yl)-1H-1,2,3-triazoles
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Reaction of N-fluoropyridinium fluoride generated in situ with a series of isonitriles and diazo compounds led to the formation of the corresponding (pyridine-2-yl)-1H-1,2,3-triazoles in good yields (37-59%). Best outcome was consistently achieved with bo
- Kiselyov, Alexander S.
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- Copper-Catalyzed C-4 Carboxylation of 1-Naphthylamide Derivatives with CBr4/MeOH
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A simple and practical copper catalyzed C-4 carboxylation reaction of 1-naphthylamide derivatives using carbon tetra bromide and methanol is reported here. Picolinamide and its derivatives are used as a bidentate directing group for the distal C4-H functi
- Sahoo, Tapan,Sen, Chiranjit,Singh, Harshvardhan,Suresh,Ghosh, Subhash Chandra
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- Rh(III)-catalyzed cascade oxidative olefination/cyclization of picolinamides and alkenes via C-H activation
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Rh(III)-catalyzed cascade oxidative alkenylation/cyclization of picolinamides and alkenes to furnish pyrido pyrrolone derivatives is described, in which three C-H bonds and one N-H bond broke, while one C-C bond and one C-N bond formed. The reaction proceeded with high yield and high regioselectivity and stereoselectivity. Moreover, copper acetate can also be used in catalytic amounts with O2 serving as the terminal oxidant.
- Cai, Shangjun,Chen, Chao,Shao, Peng,Xi, Chanjuan
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- α-nitrogen activating effect in the room temperature copper-promoted N-arylation of heteroarylcarboxamides with phenyl siloxane or p-toluylboronic acid
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Heteroarylcarboxamides containing α-nitrogens undergo copper-promoted N-phenylation with hypervalent phenyl trimethylsiloxane at room temperature, in the absence of base and in air. Arylboronic acid can substitute for phenyl trimethylsiloxane as the organ
- Lam, Patrick Y.S.,Deudon, Sophie,Hauptman, Elisabeth,Clark, Charles G.
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- Acetato(N-phenyl-pyridine-2-carbox-amidato-k2 N,N)(N-phenyl-pyridine-2-carboxamide-k2 N 1,O)copper(II)
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The title complex, [Cu(C12H9N2O)(C2H3O2)(C12H10N2O)], is a neutral Cu II complex with a primary N3O2 coordination sphere. The Cu centre coordinates to both a deprotonated and a neutral mol-ecule of N-phenyl-pyridine-2-carboxamide and also to an
- Gomes, Ligia,Low, John Nicolson,Valente, Mario A.D.C.,Freire, Cristina,Castro, Baltazar
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- Synthesis, characterization and antitumor activity of novel gold (III) compounds with cisplatin-like structure
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Gold(III) centers are isoelectronic to Pt(II) compounds and adopt square-planar configurations similar to that of cisplatin, gold (III) compounds could display strong effects of tumor cell growth inhibition by a non-cisplatin-like mode of action. In our present work, we synthesized and characterized three gold(III) complexes which are coordinated by the N atom of amide group and investigated their in vitro anticancer activity, including their mechanism of action. In screening their in vitro activity, we found three gold complexes to exhibit selectivity of cytotoxicity, and complex 3 display better anticancer activity than another two gold(III) compounds and cisplatin. The three gold (III) complexes show preference to accumulation in mitochondria. The complex 3 could inhibit the growth of tumor cell by inducing the apoptosis mediated by ER-stress through loss of cellular homeostasis disrupts Ca2+ signaling. Based on our results, we believe complex 3 to be a promising anticancer agent or lead compound for further anticancer drug development.
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- Visible-Light-Mediated Nickel(II)-Catalyzed C-N Cross-Coupling in Water: Green and Regioselective Access for the Synthesis of Pyrazole-Containing Compounds
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A regioselective green approach for the nickel(II)-catalyzed C-N cross-coupling between arylamines and pyrazoles through a photoredox process is reported. Moderate to good yield was observed for this reaction, performed in water under air at room temperature. This strategy provides a powerful tool for the green synthesis of pyrazole-containing bioactive molecules. In addition, a single-electron-transfer mechanism is proposed in this report.
- You, Guirong,Wang, Kai,Wang, Xiaodan,Wang, Guodong,Sun, Jian,Duan, Guiyun,Xia, Chengcai
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- Rh-Catalyzed Annulative Insertion of Terminal Olefin onto Pyridines via a C-H Activation Strategy Using Ethenesulfonyl Fluoride as Ethylene Provider
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A Rh(III)-catalyzed annulative insertion of ethylene onto picolinamides was achieved, providing a portal to a class of unique pyridine-containing molecules bearing a terminal olefin moiety for diversification. Application of this method for modification of Sorafenib was also accomplished.
- Li, Chen,Qin, Hua-Li
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- Homogeneous catalytic aminocarbonylation of nitrogen-containing iodo-heteroaromatics. Synthesis of N-substituted nicotinamide related compounds
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Various primary and secondary amines, including amino acid methyl esters, were used as nucleophiles in palladium-catalysed aminocarbonylation of 2-iodopyridine, 3-iodopyridine and iodopyrazine. N-Substituted nicotinamides and 3-pyridyl-glyoxylamides (2-oxo-carboxamide type derivatives) of potential biological importance can be obtained from 3-iodopyridine as a result of simple and double carbon monoxide insertions, respectively. The latter examples can be obtained in synthetically acceptable yields by using elevated carbon monoxide pressure. On the contrary, N-alkyl/aryl-carboxamides were obtained exclusively in the whole pressure range by using 2-iodopyridine and iodopyrazine.
- Takács, Attila,Jakab, Balázs,Petz, Andrea,Kollár, László
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- A metal-free picolinamide assisted electrochemical ortho-trifluoromethylation of arylamines
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An eco-friendly and effective electrochemical process was developed for the ortho-trifluoromethylation of arylamines using CF3SO2Na as the trifluoromethyl source, affording the desired products in moderate to good yields with high regioselectivity under mild reaction conditions. Importantly, the requirement for both transition metals and oxidants utilized in previous methods were avoided. A radical mechanism was proposed on the basis of various control experiments.
- Wang, Kai,Hou, Jiahao,Wei, Tingting,Zhang, Changjun,Bai, Renren,Xie, Yuanyuan
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supporting information
(2020/12/21)
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- Silver(I) Promoted the C4-H Bond Phosphonation of 1-Naphthylamine Derivatives with H-Phosphonates
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A simple and efficient protocol for silver-promoted direct C-H phosphonation of 1-naphthylamine derivatives with H-phosphonates was described. This reaction proceeded smoothly for 1-naphthylamine derivatives at the C4 site, providing a facile and efficient route to 4-phosphonated 1-naphthylamine derivatives. This phosphonation could tolerate a diverse type of functional groups at the pyridinyl and naphthyl moieties. Further functionalization of the phosphonated product was also explored at the C2 and C8 sites, such as fluoridation, methylation, methoxylation, and amination. In addition, DFT studies of the reaction intermediate showed that the most electrophilic reactive site is at the C4 site in the naphthyl ring.
- Zhao, Lixiao,Sun, Mengmeng,Yang, Fan,Wu, Yangjie
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p. 11519 - 11530
(2021/09/02)
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- Copper(ii) mediatedorthoC-H alkoxylation of aromatic amines using organic peroxides: efficient synthesis of hindered ethers
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Synthesis of hindered alkyl aryl ether derivatives (R-O-Ar) remains a huge challenge and highly desirable in organic and medicinal chemistry because extensive substitution on the ether bond prevents the undesired metabolic process and thus avoids rapid de
- Ghosh, Subhash Chandra,Sahoo, Tapan,Sarkar, Souvik,Sen, Chiranjit
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supporting information
p. 8949 - 8952
(2021/09/10)
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- Direct Amidation of Esters by Ball Milling**
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The direct mechanochemical amidation of esters by ball milling is described. The operationally simple procedure requires an ester, an amine, and substoichiometric KOtBu and was used to prepare a large and diverse library of 78 amide structures with modest to excellent efficiency. Heteroaromatic and heterocyclic components are specifically shown to be amenable to this mechanochemical protocol. This direct synthesis platform has been applied to the synthesis of active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) and agrochemicals as well as the gram-scale synthesis of an active pharmaceutical, all in the absence of a reaction solvent.
- Barreteau, Fabien,Battilocchio, Claudio,Browne, Duncan L.,Godineau, Edouard,Leitch, Jamie A.,Nicholson, William I.,Payne, Riley,Priestley, Ian
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supporting information
p. 21868 - 21874
(2021/09/02)
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- A practical and sustainable protocol for direct amidation of unactivated esters under transition-metal-free and solvent-free conditions
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In this paper, a NaOtBu-mediated synthesis approach was developed for direct amidation of unactivated esters with amines under transition-metal-free and solvent-free conditions, affording a series of amides in good to excellent yields at room temperature. In particular, an environmentally friendly and practical workup procedure, which circumvents the use of organic solvents and chromatography in most cases, was disclosed. Moreover, the gram-scale production of representative products3a,3wand3auwas efficiently realized by applying operationally simple, sustainable and practical procedures. Furthermore, this approach was also applicable to the synthesis of valuable molecules such as moclobemide (a powerful antidepressant), benodanil and fenfuram (two commercial agricultural fungicides). These results demonstrate that this protocol has the potential to streamline amide synthesis in industry. Meanwhile, quantitative green metrics of all the target products were evaluated, implying that the present protocol is advantageous over the reported ones in terms of environmental friendliness and sustainability. Finally, additional experiments and computational calculations were carried out to elucidate the mechanistic insight of this transformation, and one plausible mechanism was provided on the basis of these results and the related literature reports.
- Chen, Cheng,Cheng, Hua,Du, Min-Chen,Qian, Liang,Qin, Xin,Sang, Wei,Yao, Wei-Zhong,Yuan, Ye,Zhang, Rui
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supporting information
p. 3972 - 3982
(2021/06/17)
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- Copper-mediated ortho C–H primary amination of anilines
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We report herein a copper-mediated ortho C–H primary amination of anilines by using cheap and commercially available benzophenone imine as the amination reagent. The protocol show good functional group tolerance and heterocyclic compatibility. Late-stage diversification of drugs demonstrate the synthetic utility of this protocol.
- Cheng, Tai-Jin,Wang, Xing,Xu, Hui,Dai, Hui-Xiong
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supporting information
(2021/05/10)
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- Copper-catalyzed: Ortho -C(sp2)-H amination of benzamides and picolinamides with alkylamines using oxygen as a green oxidant
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A versatile Cu-catalyzed direct ortho-C(sp2)-H amination of benzamides and picolinamides with alkylamines has been achieved. This method employs cheap and eco-friendly copper as a catalyst and oxygen as an oxidant, and also has the advantages of straightf
- Chen, Gong,Huang, Jie,Li, Qiong,Wang, Shui-Bo
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p. 4802 - 4814
(2020/07/13)
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- Solvent-free iron(III) chloride-catalyzed direct amidation of esters
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Amide functional groups are prominent in a broad range of organic compounds with diverse beneficial applications. In this work, we report the synthesis of these functional groups via an iron(iii) chloride-catalyzed direct amidation of esters. The reactions are conducted under solvent-free conditions and found to be compatible with a range of amine and ester substrates generating the desired amides in short reaction times and good to excellent yields at a catalyst loading of 15 mol%.
- Mkhonazi, Blessing D.,Shandu, Malibongwe,Tshinavhe, Ronewa,Simelane, Sandile B.,Moshapo, Paseka T.
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supporting information
(2020/03/17)
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- An NADH-Inspired Redox Mediator Strategy to Promote Second-Sphere Electron and Proton Transfer for Cooperative Electrochemical CO2 Reduction Catalyzed by Iron Porphyrin
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We present a bioinspired strategy for enhancing electrochemical carbon dioxide reduction catalysis by cooperative use of base-metal molecular catalysts with intermolecular second-sphere redox mediators that facilitate both electron and proton transfer. Fu
- Chang, Christopher J.,Smith, Peter T.,Weng, Sophia
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supporting information
(2020/07/03)
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- Clickable coupling of carboxylic acids and amines at room temperature mediated by SO2F2: A significant breakthrough for the construction of amides and peptide linkages
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The construction of amide bonds and peptide linkages is one of the most fundamental transformations in all life processes and organic synthesis. The synthesis of structurally ubiquitous amide motifs is essential in the assembly of numerous important molecules such as peptides, proteins, alkaloids, pharmaceutical agents, polymers, ligands and agrochemicals. A method of SO2F2-mediated direct clickable coupling of carboxylic acids with amines was developed for the synthesis of a broad scope of amides in a simple, mild, highly efficient, robust and practical manner (>110 examples, >90% yields in most cases). The direct click reactions of acids and amines on a gram scale are also demonstrated using an extremely easy work-up and purification process of washing with 1 M aqueous HCl to provide the desired amides in greater than 99% purity and excellent yields.
- Wang, Shi-Meng,Zhao, Chuang,Zhang, Xu,Qin, Hua-Li
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p. 4087 - 4101
(2019/04/30)
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- Method for preparing nitrile compounds by catalyzing primary amine dehydrogenation through ruthenium metal complex
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The invention provides a method for preparing nitrile compounds by catalyzing primary amine dehydrogenation through a ruthenium metal complex, belonging to the technical field of energy and homogeneous catalysis. A series of ruthenium metal complex cataly
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Paragraph 0035; 0036
(2019/10/15)
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- Rhodium-Catalyzed Copper-Assisted Intermolecular Domino C?H Annulation of 1,3-Diynes with Picolinamides: Access to Pentacyclic π-Extended Systems
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A new mode of reactivity of 1,3-diynes in rhodium-catalyzed oxidative annulation reactions has enabled the rapid assembly of extended π systems from readily available picolinamide derivatives. The process involves a double C?H bond activation and the iterative annulation of two 1,3-diyne units, with each alkyne moiety engaged in an orchestrated insertion sequence with high regiocontrol, leading to the formation of five new C?C bonds and the construction of four fused rings in a single operation. Either isoquinoline-1-carboxamides or fused polycyclic systems can be accessed by a switch in the regioselectivity of the second diyne insertion depending on the reaction conditions. DFT theoretical calculations have elucidated that the cooperative participation of both rhodium and copper in substrate activation, favored in the presence of excess of the copper(II) salt, is key to such a reversal of regioselectivity and subsequent multiple cyclization leading to fused polycyclic products. The role of copper was found to be essential in assisting both multiple insertion and rhodium-walking sequences, with the implication of intermediates with a Rh?Cu bond (2.60 ?).
- Martínez, ángel Manu,Alonso, Inés,Rodríguez, Nuria,Gómez Arrayás, Ramón,Carretero, Juan C.
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supporting information
p. 5733 - 5742
(2019/04/03)
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- Solvent- and transition metal-free amide synthesis from phenyl esters and aryl amines
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A general, economical, and environmentally friendly method of amide synthesis from phenyl esters and aryl amines was developed. This new method has significant advantages compared to previously reported palladium-catalyzed approaches. The reaction is performed transition metal- and solvent-free, using a cheap and environmentally benign base, NaH. This approach enabled us to obtain target amides in high yields with high atom economy.
- Rzhevskiy, Sergey A.,Ageshina, Alexandra A.,Chesnokov, Gleb A.,Gribanov, Pavel S.,Topchiy, Maxim A.,Nechaev, Mikhail S.,Asachenko, Andrey F.
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p. 1536 - 1540
(2019/01/24)
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- Copper-Catalyzed Electrophilic Ortho C(sp2)-H Amination of Aryl Amines: Dramatic Reactivity of Bicyclic System
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A practical copper-catalyzed, 2-picolinamide-directed ortho C-H amination of anilines with benzoyl-protected hydroxylamines has been disclosed that proceeds smoothly without any external stoichiometric oxidant or additives. Remarkably, besides anilines, b
- Begam, Hasina Mamataj,Choudhury, Rajarshee,Behera, Ashok,Jana, Ranjan
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supporting information
p. 4651 - 4656
(2019/06/17)
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- Chelation-promoted Efficient C?H/N?H Cross Dehydrogenative Coupling between Picolinamides and Simple Ethers under Copper Catalysis
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A highly efficient copper-catalyzed C?H/N?H cross dehydrogenative coupling between picolinamides and simple ethers was developed. The reaction was promoted by the chelation assistance of removable picolinyl group and exhibited excellent TON and TOF number. This method was applicable to both N-aryl and alkyl picolinamides as well as various cyclic and acyclic ethers with good functional group compatibility. It also possessed the merit of air and moisture tolerance and easy operation. (Figure presented.).
- Yue, Qiang,Xiao, Zhen,Kuang, Zhengkun,Su, Zhengding,Zhang, Qian,Li, Dong
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supporting information
p. 1193 - 1198
(2018/02/06)
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- Copper-Catalyzed Electrochemical C-H Amination of Arenes with Secondary Amines
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Electrochemical oxidation represents an environmentally friendly solution to conventional methods that require caustic stoichiometric chemical oxidants. However, C-H functionalizations merging transition-metal catalysis and electrochemical techniques are, to date, largely confined to the use of precious metals and divided cells. Herein, we report the first examples of copper-catalyzed electrochemical C-H aminations of arenes at room temperature using undivided electrochemical cells, thereby providing a practical solution for the construction of arylamines. The use of n-Bu4NI as a redox mediator is crucial for this transformation. On the basis of mechanistic studies including kinetic profiles, isotope effects, cyclic voltammetric analyses, and radical inhibition experiments, the reaction appears to proceed via a single-electron-transfer (SET) process, and a high valent Cu(III) species is likely involved. These findings provide a new avenue for transition-metal-catalyzed electrochemical C-H functionalization reactions using redox mediators.
- Yang, Qi-Liang,Wang, Xiang-Yang,Lu, Jia-Yan,Zhang, Li-Pu,Fang, Ping,Mei, Tian-Sheng
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supporting information
p. 11487 - 11494
(2018/09/13)
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- Iron-catalyzed: Ortho trifluoromethylation of anilines via picolinamide assisted photoinduced C-H functionalization
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A convenient, oxidant-free protocol was developed for the ortho trifluoromethylation of aniline via picolinamide assisted Fe-promoted C-H functionalization under ultraviolet irradiation. In this transformation acetone essentially acted as both a solvent to dissolve reactants and a low-cost radical initiator to efficiently generate a CF3 radical from Langlois' reagent. A broad substrate scope was tolerated and picolinamide bearing strong electron withdrawing groups also could be transformed into the corresponding products with acceptable yields. Furthermore, the value of this method has been highlighted via the efficient synthesis of the nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug floctafenine.
- Xia, Chengcai,Wang, Kai,Wang, Guodong,Duan, Guiyun
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supporting information
p. 2214 - 2218
(2018/04/05)
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- Co(II)-Catalyzed Regioselective Cross-Dehydrogenative Coupling of Aryl C-H Bonds with Carboxylic Acids
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A cobalt(II)-catalyzed regioselective aryl C-H bond oxygenation between arenes and aryl or aliphatic carboxylic acids under bidendate-chelation assistance is developed. This method provides an efficient approach to acyoxy-substituted arenes with a broad range of functional group tolerance. Furthermore, this reaction system could be further applied to the preparation of polyfunctional naphthylenes.
- Lan, Jianyong,Xie, Haisheng,Lu, Xiaoxia,Deng, Yuanfu,Jiang, Huanfeng,Zeng, Wei
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supporting information
p. 4279 - 4282
(2017/08/23)
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- A comparative study of amide-bond forming reagents in aqueous media – Substrate scope and reagent compatibility
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A survey of amidation reagents demonstrating DIC-HOPO, DMT-MM, COMU-collidine, TPTU-NMI, EEDQ, CDI and EDC-Oxyma to be effective for the coupling of carboxylic acids with amines in the presence of water and the absence of problematic dipolar aprotic solvents is reported. DMT-MM was shown to provide the best yields for the coupling of a secondary amine, TPTU-NMI and COMU-collidine for aniline, whilst the combination of DIC with HOPO afforded the broadest substrate scope and the highest yields for a sterically demanding carboxylic acid.
- Badland, Matthew,Crook, Robert,Delayre, Bastien,Fussell, Steven J.,Gladwell, Iain,Hawksworth, Michael,Howard, Roger M.,Walton, Robert,Weisenburger, Gerald A.
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supporting information
p. 4391 - 4394
(2017/10/20)
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- Ruthenium-Catalyzed para-Selective C?H Alkylation of Aniline Derivatives
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The para-selective C?H alkylation of aniline derivatives furnished with a pyrimidine auxiliary is herein reported. This reaction is proposed to take place via an N?H-activated cyclometalate formed in situ. Experimental and DFT mechanistic studies elucidate a dual role of the ruthenium catalyst. Here the ruthenium catalyst can undergo cyclometalation by N?H metalation (as opposed to C?H metalation in meta-selective processes) and form a redox active ruthenium species, to enable site-selective radical addition at the para position.
- Leitch, Jamie A.,McMullin, Claire L.,Paterson, Andrew J.,Mahon, Mary F.,Bhonoah, Yunas,Frost, Christopher G.
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supporting information
p. 15131 - 15135
(2017/11/20)
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- Experimental and mechanistic insights into copper(ii)-dioxygen catalyzed oxidative: N -dealkylation of N -(2-pyridylmethyl)phenylamine and its derivatives
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A di-(2-pyridylmethyl)phenylamine ((PyCH2)2NPh) supported Cu(ii)/O2 catalytic system was explored with the synthesis of pyridylmethyl-based compounds of carboxylate (PyCOOH), amide (PyC(O)NHPh), and imine (PyCHNPh) from the oxidative N-dealkylation of N-(2-pyridylmethyl)phenylamine (PyCH2NHPh) and its derivatives, by means of controlling the addition of a base and/or water to the reaction system under a dioxygen atmosphere at room temperature. Experimental studies showed that the imine and amide species could be precursors in succession in the way to the final oxidation state of carboxylates. A cyclic catalytic mechanism was proposed including the base triggered C-H bond activation of the 2-pyridylmethyl group (PyCH2-) and the intermolecular Cu-OOH α-hydrogen atom abstraction from the coordinated imine substrate (PyCHNPh).
- Wang, Yang,Liu, Haixiong,Zhang, Xiaofeng,Zhang, Zilong,Huang, Deguang
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p. 9164 - 9168
(2017/11/15)
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- Highly Regioselective Carbamoylation of Electron-Deficient Nitrogen Heteroarenes with Hydrazinecarboxamides
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The use of hydrazinecarboxamides as a new class of carbamoylating agents has been established through the dehydrazinative Minisci reaction of electron-deficient nitrogen heteroarenes. A wide range of electron-deficient nitrogen heteroarenes, including isoquinoline, quinoline, pyridine, phenanthridine, quinoxaline, and phthalazine, underwent copper/acid-catalyzed oxidative carbamoylation with hydrazinecarboxamide hydrochlorides to afford structurally diverse nitrogen-heteroaryl carboxamides as single regioisomers in moderate to excellent yields. The functional group tolerance was substantially demonstrated in the direct carbamoylation of quinine obviating multistep sequences involving protecting groups and prefunctionalization of the heterocycle.
- He, Zeng-Yang,Huang, Chao-Fan,Tian, Shi-Kai
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p. 4850 - 4853
(2017/09/23)
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- Green alternative solvents for the copper-catalysed arylation of phenols and amides
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Investigation of the use of green organic solvents for the Cu-catalysed arylation of phenols and amides is reported. Alkyl acetates proved to be efficient solvents in the catalytic processes, and therefore excellent alternatives to the typical non-green solvents used for Cu-catalysed arylation reactions. Solvents such as isosorbide dimethyl ether (DMI) and diethyl carbonate also appear to be viable possibilities for the arylation of phenols. Finally, a novel copper catalysed acyl transfer process is reported.
- Sambiagio, Carlo,Munday, Rachel H.,John Blacker,Marsden, Stephen P.,McGowan, Patrick C.
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p. 70025 - 70032
(2016/08/06)
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- Amine Activation: Synthesis of N-(Hetero)arylamides from Isothioureas and Carboxylic Acids
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A novel method for N-(hetero)arylamide synthesis based on rarely explored amine activation, rather than classical acid activation, is reported. The activated amines are easily prepared using a three-component reaction with commercial reagents. The new method shows a broad scope including challenging amides not (efficiently) accessible via classical protocols.
- Zhu, Yan-Ping,Sergeyev, Sergey,Franck, Philippe,Orru, Romano V. A.,Maes, Bert U. W.
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supporting information
p. 4602 - 4605
(2016/09/28)
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- Heterogeneous recyclable nano-palladium catalyzed amidation of esters using formamides as amine sources
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Catalyzed by supported palladium nanoparticles, a decarbonylative amidation reaction between various aryl esters and formamides by C-O bond activation has been developed for the synthesis of amides. The catalyst can be reused and shows high activity after
- Bao, Yong-Sheng,Wang, Lili,Jia, Meilin,Xu, Aiju,Agula, Bao,Baiyin, Menghe,Zhaorigetu, Bao
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p. 3808 - 3814
(2016/07/07)
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- Formation of Amides from Imines via Cyanide-Mediated Metal-Free Aerobic Oxidation
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A new protocol for the direct formation of amides from imines derived from aromatic aldehydes via metal-free aerobic oxidation in the presence of cyanide is described. This protocol was applicable to various aldimines, and the desired amides were obtained in moderate to good yields. Mechanistic studies suggested that this aerobic oxidative amidation might proceed via the addition of cyanide to imines followed by proton transfer from carbon to nitrogen in the original imines, leading to carbanions of α-amino nitriles, which undergo subsequent oxidation with molecular oxygen in air to provide the desired amide compounds.
- Seo, Hong-Ahn,Cho, Yeon-Ho,Lee, Ye-Sol,Cheon, Cheol-Hong
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p. 11993 - 11998
(2016/01/09)
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- Development of Method for Amide Bond Formation via Metal-Free Aerobic Oxidative Amination of Aldehydes
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The present invention relates to a method for preparing an amide compound by using an aerobic oxidative amination reaction using an oxygen resource as an oxidizer in an organic solvent without metal by using a cyanide as a catalyst. An expensive metal catalyst is not needed to prepare the amide compound of the present invention. Therefore, the amide compound does not have a problem of toxicity caused by remaining metal and has excellent economic efficiency of atoms. Moreover, the amide compound can be used for industries in an easy manner because complicated processes such as a strong acid, low temperatures, and anhydrous conditions are not needed to prepare the amide compound.COPYRIGHT KIPO 2015
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Paragraph 0094; 0126; 0127
(2016/11/17)
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- Copper-catalyzed carboxamide-directed ortho amination of anilines with alkylamines at room temperature
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In this report, a highly efficient method for the room temperature installation of alkyl amino motifs onto the ortho position of anilines via Cu-catalyzed carboxamide-directed amination with alkylamines is described. This method offers a practical solution for the rapid synthesis of complex arylamines from simple starting materials and enables new planning strategies for the construction of arylamine-containing pharmacophores. A single electron transfer (SET)-mediated mechanism is proposed.
- Li, Qiong,Zhang, Shu-Yu,He, Gang,Ai, Zhaoyan,Nack, William A.,Chen, Gong
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supporting information
p. 1764 - 1767
(2014/04/17)
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- Synthesis of alkylidene pyrrolo[3,4-b]pyridin-7-one derivatives via Rh III-catalyzed cascade oxidative alkenylation/annulation of picolinamides
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A practical RhIII-catalyzed cascade olefination/annulation of picolinamides leading to pyrrolo[3,4-b]pyridines has been developed. The reaction shows wide scope, complete regiocontrol and excellent stereoselectivity. This journal is the Partner Organisations 2014.
- Martínez, ángel Manu,Rodríguez, Nuria,Gómez Arrayás, Ramón,Carretero, Juan C.
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supporting information
p. 6105 - 6107
(2014/06/09)
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- Picolinamides as effective ligands for copper-catalysed aryl ether formation: Structure-activity relationships, substrate scope and mechanistic investigations
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The use of picolinic acid amide derivatives as an effective family of bidentate ligands for copper-catalysed aryl ether synthesis is reported. A fluorine-substituted ligand gave good results in the synthesis of a wide range of aryl ethers. Even bulky phenols, known to be very challenging substrates, were shown to react with aryl iodides with excellent yields using these ligands. At the end of the reaction, the first examples of end-of-life Cu species were isolated and identified as CuII complexes with several of the anionic ligands tested. A preliminary mechanistic investigation is reported that suggests that the substituents on the ligands might have a crucial role in determining the redox properties of the metal centre and, consequently, its efficacy in the coupling process. An understanding of these effects is important for the development of new efficient and tunable ligands for copper-based chemistry.
- Sambiagio, Carlo,Munday, Rachel H.,Marsden, Stephen P.,Blacker, A. John,McGowan, Patrick C.
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supporting information
p. 17606 - 17615
(2015/02/05)
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- Iron pentacarbonyl in alkoxy- and aminocarbonylation of aromatic halides
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We have identified reaction conditions for a Heck-type carbonylation based on [Fe(CO)5]. Preliminary optimization of alkoxycarbonylation on 2-bromonaphthalene defined functioning composition of the reaction mixture which was then applied on a small set of (hetero)aromatic halides. Respective aminocarbonylation of these halides with different amines, including aniline and benzotriazole, was accomplished with reasonable results.
- Babjak, Matej,Caletková, O?ga,?uri?ová, Diana,Gracza, Tibor
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supporting information
p. 2579 - 2584
(2015/01/09)
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- Rhodium(III)-catalyzed oxidative olefination of picolinamides: Convenient synthesis of 3-alkenylpicolinamides
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A rhodium(III)-catalyzed selective olefination of picolinamide derivatives has been developed. The reaction shows high regioselectivity, low catalyst loading (0.5 mol%), high yield and good functional group tolerance, providing a convenient strategy for the synthesis of 3-alkenylpicolinamides.
- Zhou, Jun,Li, Bo,Qian, Zhen-Chao,Shi, Bing-Feng
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supporting information
p. 1038 - 1046
(2014/04/03)
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- Copper-catalyzed ortho-C-H amination of protected anilines with secondary amines
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A practical Cu-catalyzed picolinamide-directed o-amination of anilines showing excellent mono-substitution selectivity and high functional group tolerance has been developed.
- Martinez, Angel Manu,Rodriguez, Nuria,Arrayas, Ramon Gomez,Carretero, Juan C.
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supporting information
p. 2801 - 2803
(2014/03/21)
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- Aerobic oxidative transformation of primary alcohols and amines to amides promoted by a hydroxyapatite-supported gold catalyst in water
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In the presence of an easily prepared hydroxyapatite-supported gold catalyst, namely Au/HAP, various kinds of structurally diverse primary alcohols including benzylic and aliphatic ones, and amines involving aromatic and secondary ones could be converted into the corresponding amides in water with up to 99% yield. Meanwhile, on the basis of experimental observations and literatures, a plausible reaction pathway was described to elucidate the reaction mechanism.
- Wang, Wentao,Cong, Yu,Zhang, Leilei,Huang, Yanqiang,Wang, Xiaodong,Zhang, Tao
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supporting information
p. 124 - 127
(2014/01/06)
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- Tuning reactivity of diphenylpropynone derivatives with metal-associated amyloid-β species via structural modifications
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A diphenylpropynone derivative, DPP2, has been recently demonstrated to target metal-associated amyloid-β (metal-Aβ) species implicated in Alzheimer's disease (AD). DPP2 was shown to interact with metal-Aβ species and subsequently control Aβ aggregation (reactivity) in vitro; however, its cytotoxicity has limited further biological applications. In order to improve reactivity toward Aβ species and lower cytotoxicity, along with gaining an understanding of a structure-reactivity-cytotoxicity relationship, we designed, prepared, and characterized a series of small molecules (C1/C2, P1/P2, and PA1/PA2) as structurally modified DPP2 analogues. A similar metal binding site to that of DPP2 was contained in these compounds while their structures were varied to afford different interactions and reactivities with metal ions, Aβ species, and metal-Aβ species. Distinct reactivities of our chemical family toward in vitro Aβ aggregation in the absence and presence of metal ions were observed. Among our chemical series, the compound (C2) with a relatively rigid backbone and a dimethylamino group was observed to noticeably regulate both metal-free and metal-mediated Aβ aggregation to different extents. Using our compounds, cell viability was significantly improved, compared to that with DPP2. Lastly, modifications on the DPP framework maintained the structural properties for potential blood-brain barrier (BBB) permeability. Overall, our studies demonstrated that structural variations adjacent to the metal binding site of DPP2 could govern different metal binding properties, interactions with Aβ and metal-Aβ species, reactivity toward metal-free and metal-induced Aβ aggregation, and cytotoxicity of the compounds, establishing a structure-reactivity-cytotoxicity relationship. This information could help gain insight into structural optimization for developing nontoxic chemical reagents toward targeting metal-Aβ species and modulating their reactivity in biological systems.
- Liu, Yuzhong,Kochi, Akiko,Pithadia, Amit S.,Lee, Sanghyun,Nam, Younwoo,Beck, Michael W.,He, Xiaoming,Lee, Dongkuk,Lim, Mi Hee
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supporting information
p. 8121 - 8130
(2013/08/23)
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- Copper catalyzed N-arylation between aryl halides and nitriles in water: An efficient tandem synthesis of benzanilides
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A series of benzanilide compounds were synthesized through copper-catalyzed tandem reactions. With the assistance of ionic liquid as phase transfer catalyst, aryl halides, and nitriles underwent a hydrolysis/coupling pathway to form benzanilides in water. Advantages of this reaction include the use of water as the environmental friendly solvent, short reaction time, and the tolerance of various functional groups. A proposed mechanism based on control experiments is also presented.
- Wang, Jichao,Yin, Xinchi,Wu, Jun,Wu, Datong,Pan, Yuanjiang
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p. 10463 - 10469
(2013/11/19)
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- Aerobic oxidative coupling of alcohols and amines over Au-Pd/resin in water: Au/Pd molar ratios switch the reaction pathways to amides or imines
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A facile switch of the reaction pathways of aerobic oxidative coupling of alcohols and amines from amidation to imination was realized for the first time by tuning the Au/Pd ratios in ion-exchange resin supported Au-Pd alloy catalysts (Au-Pd/resin). Amides were obtained with high yields on Au6Pd/resin while imines were obtained over AuPd4/resin. Various alcohols and amines underwent oxidative coupling smoothly in water to afford the desired products with good to excellent yields. Further investigation on the reaction mechanism suggested the synergistic effect between Au and Pd determined the adsorption strength of the aldehyde intermediate, which in turn dictated the reaction pathways. That is, on Au-rich alloys (e.g., Au6Pd) absorbed aldehyde species was formed, followed by further oxidation to yield amides, while on Pd-rich alloys (e.g., AuPd4), free aldehyde was generated, which then underwent condensation with amines to produce imines. The discovery might provide avenues to develop new efficient catalysts for the green synthesis of special chemicals.
- Zhang, Leilei,Wang, Wentao,Wang, Aiqin,Cui, Yitao,Yang, Xiaofeng,Huang, Yanqiang,Liu, Xiaoyan,Liu, Wengang,Son, Jin-Young,Oji, Hiroshi,Zhang, Tao
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p. 2680 - 2684
(2013/10/08)
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- Iron(II) α-aminopyridine complexes and their catalytic activity in oxidation reactions: A comparative study of activity and ligand decomposition
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New well-defined FeII complexes bearing bi- and tridentate α-aminopyridine ligands were synthesized, and their catalytic activity in the oxidation of hydrocarbons and alcohols utilizing peroxide oxidants was investigated. The tridendate bis-(picolyl)amine ligand 6 and its benzylated analogue 7 were converted into complexes [FeII(6)2] OTf2 (96 %, X-ray; OTf= CF3SO3 -) and [FeII(7)2]OTf2 (90 %). The bidentate aminopyridine ligand 8 was converted into [FeII(8) 2(OTf)2] (93 %, X-ray). The new complexes are catalytically active in the oxidation of secondary alcohols and benzylic methylene groups to the corresponding ketones, of toluene to benzaldehyde, and of cyclohexene to cyclohexene oxide (3 mol% catalyst, tBuOOH (4 equiv), RT, 2-6 h, 28 to 85% yield of isolated product). The catalytic oxidation of cyclohexane with ROOH (R=H, tBu) to an alcohol/ketone mixture with low ratio revealed that these oxidations follow largely a radical mechanism, except when [Fe II(6)2]OTf2 was employed and H 2O2 was added slowly. Together with known bi- and tetradendate iron complexes, a comparative study showed slight reactivity differences for the newly prepared complexes, with the highest observed for [FeII(6)2]OTf2 and [FeII(7) 2]OTf2. The reaction of the new complexes with peroxides was followed over time by UV/Visible spectroscopy; this revealed a fast reaction between the two reactants within minutes. Ligand-decomposition pathways were investigated, and revealed that the NCH2 units of the complexes are rapidly oxidized to the corresponding amides NC=O. The iron complex [Fe II(6)2]OTf2 showed no decrease in catalytic activity and a moderate decrease in selectivity when first subjected to oxidative conditions similar to those employed in catalysis. Thus, oxidative ligand deterioration had a marginal effect on the catalytic activity of the iron complex [FeII(6)2]OTf2.
- Lenze, Matthew,Martin, Erin T.,Rath, Nigam P.,Bauer, Eike B.
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p. 101 - 116
(2013/05/22)
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- CeO2-catalyzed one-pot selective synthesis of N-alkyl amides from nitriles, amines and water
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Among 13 kinds of metal oxides, ceria (CeO2) shows the highest catalytic activity for one-pot selective synthesis of the secondary amide from 2-cyanopyridine and n-octylamine as a test reaction. CeO2 acts as a reusable heterogeneous catalyst, and it is effective for the secondary amide formation from various nitriles and amines in high yields (73% to >99%). Pharmacologically important products such as heteroaromatic N-alky amides and morpholine amide are effectively synthesized, indicating that CeO2 can be a practically useful catalyst. A proposed mechanism includes (1) hydration of nitrile to the primary amide and (2) transamidation of the primary amide with amine as the rate-limiting step. This reaction mechanism provides a reason why the present catalytic system gives high selectivity.
- Tamura, Masazumi,Tonomura, Takuya,Shimizu, Ken-Ichi,Satsuma, Atsushi
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experimental part
p. 6 - 12
(2012/04/23)
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- SYSTEM PROVIDING CONTROLLED DELIVERY OF GASEOUS CO FOR CARBONYLATION REACTIONS
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A carbonylation system comprising at least one carbon monoxide producing chamber and at least one carbon monoxide consuming chamber forming an interconnected multi-chamber system, said interconnection allowing carbon monoxide to pass from the at least one carbon monoxide producing chamber to the at least one carbon monoxide consuming chamber, said at least one carbon monoxide producing chamber containing a reaction mixture comprising a carbon monoxide precursor and a catalyst, said at least one carbon monoxide consuming chamber being suitable for carbonylation reactions, said interconnected multi- chamber system being sealable from the surrounding atmosphere during carbonylation.
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Page/Page column 72; 73
(2012/06/30)
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- Highly efficient amide synthesis from alcohols and amines by virtue of a water-soluble gold/DNA catalyst
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Gold takes to water: The synthesis of amides directly from alcohols and amines was realized by using a water-soluble Au/DNA nanohybrid as the catalyst. The interactions between the gold nanoparticles, DNA, and water lead to high catalytic efficiency under mild reaction conditions. The wide substrate scope includes less-basic aromatic amines, and this catalyst is recyclable.
- Wang, Ye,Zhu, Dapeng,Tang, Lin,Wang, Sujing,Wang, Zhiyong
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supporting information; experimental part
p. 8917 - 8921
(2011/10/31)
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- Facile amide bond formation from carboxylic acids and isocyanates
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Chemical equations presented. A wide variety of carboxylic acids in the form of their salts condense with aryl isocyanates at room temperature with loss of carbon dioxide to give the corresponding amides in high yield. Application of the reaction to acyl isocyanates gives unsymmetric imides. The reaction is compatible with hydroxyl groups and both Fmoc and Boc protecting groups for amines and is applicable to aliphatic, aromatic, and heteroaromatic acids.
- Sasaki, Kaname,Crich, David
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supporting information; experimental part
p. 2256 - 2259
(2011/06/22)
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- Ex situ generation of stoichiometric and substoichiometric 12CO and 13CO and its efficient incorporation in palladium catalyzed aminocarbonylations
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A new technique for the ex situ generation of carbon monoxide (CO) and its efficient incorporation in palladium catalyzed carbonylation reactions was achieved using a simple sealed two-chamber system. The ex situ generation of CO was derived by a palladium catalyzed decarbonylation of tertiary acid chlorides using a catalyst originating from Pd(dba)2 and P(tBu)3. Preliminary studies using pivaloyl chloride as the CO-precursor provided an alternative approach for the aminocarbonylation of 2-pyridyl tosylate derivatives using only 1.5 equiv of CO. Further design of the acid chloride CO-precursor led to the development of a new solid, stable, and easy to handle source of CO for chemical transformations. The synthesis of this CO-precursor also provided an entry point for the late installment of an isotopically carbon-labeled acid chloride for the subsequent release of gaseous [ 13C]CO. In combination with studies aimed toward application of CO as the limiting reagent, this method provided highly efficient palladium catalyzed aminocarbonylations with CO-incorporations up to 96%. The ex situ generated CO and the two-chamber system were tested in the synthesis of several compounds of pharmaceutical interest and all of them were labeled as their [ 13C]carbonyl counterparts in good to excellent yields based on limiting CO. Finally, palladium catalyzed decarbonylation at room temperature also allowed for a successful double carbonylation. This new protocol provides a facile and clean source of gaseous CO, which is safely handled and stored. Furthermore, since the CO is generated ex situ, excellent functional group tolerance is secured in the carbonylation chamber. Finally, CO is only generated and released in minute amounts, hence, eliminating the need for specialized equipment such as CO-detectors and equipment for running high pressure reactions.
- Hermange, Philippe,Lindhardt, Anders T.,Taaning, Rolf H.,Bjerglund, Klaus,Lupp, Daniel,Skrydstrup, Troels
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supporting information; experimental part
p. 6061 - 6071
(2011/06/19)
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