40643-36-5Relevant articles and documents
Synthesis and evaluation of N-acylamino acids derivatives of triazenes. Activation by tyrosinase in human melanoma cell lines
Monteiro, Ana Sofia,Almeida, Joana,Cabral, Guadalupe,Severino, Paulo,Videira, Paula A.,Sousa, Ana,Nunes, Rafael,Pereira, Jo?o D.,Francisco, Ana Paula,Perry, M. Jesus,Mendes, Eduarda
, p. 1 - 9 (2013)
In this research work we report the synthesis of a new series of triazene prodrugs designed for Melanocyte-Directed Enzyme Prodrug Therapy (MDEPT). These compounds are derived from the N-acyltyrosine amino acid - a good enzyme substrate for the tyrosinase enzyme, which is significantly overexpressed in melanoma cells. We analysed their chemical stability and plasma enzymatic hydrolysis, and we also evaluated the release of the antitumoral drug in the presence of the tyrosinase. Subsequently, we performed the evaluation of the prodrug cytotoxicity in melanoma cell lines with different levels of tyrosinase activity. Prodrug 5c showed the highest cytotoxicity against melanoma cell lines, and this effect correlated well with the tyrosinase activity suggesting that prodrug cytotoxicity is tyrosinase-dependent.
Targeting gliomas with triazene-based hybrids: Structure-activity relationship, mechanistic study and stability
Braga, Cláudia,Vaz, Ana R.,Oliveira, M. Concei??o,Matilde Marques,Moreira, Rui,Brites, Dora,Perry, Maria J.
, p. 16 - 25 (2019/04/04)
Herein we report novel hybrid compounds based on valproic acid and DNA-alkylating triazene moieties, 1, with therapeutic potential for glioblastoma multiforme chemotherapy. We identified hybrid compounds 1d and 1e to be remarkably more potent against glioma and more efficient in decreasing invasive cell properties than temozolomide and endowed with chemical and plasma stability. In contrast to temozolomide, which undergoes hydrolysis to release an alkylating metabolite, the valproate hybrids showed a low potential to alkylate DNA. Key physicochemical properties align for optimal CNS penetration, highlighting the potential of these effective triazene based-hybrids for enhanced anticancer chemotherapy.
The selective cytotoxicity of new triazene compounds to human melanoma cells
Sousa, Ana,Santos, Fábio,Gaspar, Maria Manuela,Calado, Susana,Pereira, Jo?o D.,Mendes, Eduarda,Francisco, Ana Paula,Perry, Maria Jesus
, p. 3900 - 3910 (2017/07/05)
Metastatic melanoma still remains one the most difficult cancers to overcome. The aim of our research was the design of anti-tumour triazene compounds 3 for application to a melanoma-specific therapy. The strategy exploits the unique enzyme pathway of melanin biosynthesis for conversion of non-toxic prodrugs into toxic drugs in the melanoma cell. The compounds 3 were designed by coupling two active moieties, the alkylating triazenes and different tyrosinase substrates. All compounds 3 revealed to be chemically stable in isotonic phosphate buffer (PBS) at physiologic pH (t??≥?48?h), and most of them showed to be slowly hydrolysed in human plasma (1.5?≤?t? (h)?≤?161). Compounds 3c–n revealed to be excellent tyrosinase substrates (0.74?≤?t? (min)?≤?6) with the best tyrosinase substrate 3l releasing MMT 45?s after tyrosinase activation. Structure-activity relationship studies allowed the identification of the better structural features for enzyme affinity. Furthermore, the derivatives 3l and 3m showed cell selectivity with significant cytotoxic effects (IC50 values of 46–65?μM) against melanoma cell lines with tyrosinase overexpression MNT-1 and B16F10.
Development of triazene prodrugs for ADEPT strategy: New insights into drug delivery system based on carboxypeptidase G2 activation
Capucha, Veronica,Mendes, Eduarda,Francisco, Ana Paula,Perry, M. Jesus
supporting information, p. 6903 - 6908,6 (2020/09/02)
Six novel urea triazene prodrugs have been synthesized to apply in antibody-directed enzyme prodrug therapy (ADEPT). The chemical and plasmatic stability of l-glutamate triazene prodrugs were evaluated and the chemical reactivity was mainly attributed to
Triazene drug metabolites. Part 17: Synthesis and plasma hydrolysis of acyloxymethyl carbamate derivatives of antitumour triazenes
Carvalho, Emilia,Francisco, Ana Paula,Iley, Jim,Rosa, Eduarda
, p. 1719 - 1725 (2007/10/03)
A series of 3-acyloxymethyloxycarbonyl-1-aryl-3-methyltriazenes 5 was synthesised by the sequential reaction of 1-aryl-3-methyltriazenes with (i) chloromethyl chloroformate, (ii) NaI in dry acetone, and (iii) either the silver carboxylate or the carboxylic acids in the presence of silver carbonate. The hydrolysis of these compounds was studied in pH 7.7 isotonic phosphate buffer and in human plasma. Triazene acyloxycarbamates demonstrated their ability to act as substrates for plasma enzymes. For compound 5f, a pH-rate profile was obtained which showed the hydrolysis to involve acid-base catalysis. The reaction is also buffer catalysed. Thus, at pH 7.7, pH-independent, base-catalysed and buffer-catalysed processes all contribute to the hydrolysis reaction. The sensitivity of the hydrolysis reaction to various structural parameters in the substrates indicates that hydrolysis occurs at the ester rather than the carbamate functionality. In plasma, the rates of hydrolysis correlate with partition coefficients, the most lipophilic compounds being the most stable. An aspirin derivative suffers two consecutive enzymatic reactions, the scission of the aspirin acetyl group being followed by the scission of the acyloxy ester group. These results indicate that triazene acyloxymethyl carbamates are prodrugs of the antitumour monomethyltriazenes. They combine chemical stability with a rapid enzymatic hydrolysis, and are consequently good candidates for further prodrug development. Moreover, this type of derivative allowed the synthesis of mutual prodrugs, associating the antitumour monomethyltriazenes with anti-inflammatory NSAIDs as well as with the anticancer agent butyric acid. Copyright (C) 2000 Elsevier Science Ltd.
Triazene Drug Metabolites. Part 9. Base Catalysed Deacylation of 3-Acyl-3-alkyl-1-aryltriazenes in Ethanol.
Iley, Jim,Ruecroft, Graham,Carvalho, Emilia,Rosa, Eduarda
, p. 1264 - 1273 (2007/10/02)
3-Acyl-3-alkyl-1-aryltriazenes undergo a base-catalysed deacylation reaction to liberate the corresponding cytotoxic 3-alkyl-1-aryltriazene.Reaction are first-order in both and .Second-order rate constants, k2, depend on the structure of both the substrate and the base.The values of k2 for the deformylation of 1-aryl-3-formyl-3-methyltriazenes by piperidine follow the Hammett relationship giving ρ +2.9; a similar correlation, ρ +1.6, is observed for the morpholine catalysed deacylation of 1-aryl-3-methyl-3-trifluoroacetyltriazenes.For 1-(4-cyanophenyl)-3-methyl-3-trifluoroacetyltriazene, a correlation between the aqueous pKa of the base and k2 is obtained, giving a Broensted β value of 0.36.The solvent deuterium isotope effect, k2EtOH/k2EtOD, for the piperidine-catalysed deacylation of 1-(3-pyridyl)-3-formyl-3-methyltriazene is 2.2, and 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine is some 2.4 times more effective than piperidine at catalysing the deformylation of this compound.Rate constants for the deacylation of 3-alkyltriazenes diminish in the order Me > Pr > Et.Rate constants also vary with the nature of the acyl group: thus CF3CO > HCO > MeCO > C8H17CO.The data are interpreted in terms of a mechanism that involves a rate-determining, general-base-catalysed attack of a solvent ethanol molecule at the carbonyl carbon atom of the group, followed by rapid collapse of the tetrahedral intermediate to form the monoalkyltriazene.
STRUCTURAL EFFECT ON THE MECHANISTIC PATHWAY OF THE DECOMPOSITION OF 3-ALKYL-1-ARYLTRIAZENES: A KINETIC STUDY
Laila, Abdulhameed A. R.
, p. 453 - 456 (2007/10/02)
A kinetic study of the reaction between 3-alkyl-1-aryltriazenes and substituted acetic acids has been made in solvent acetone over the temperature range 21-37 deg C.Ea is 17.3 +/- 0.3 kcal mol-1 and log A is 10.3 +/- 0.1.Influence of the substituents on the reaction rate has been analyzed.The Hammett correlation with ? gave a ρ value of -0.96 for para-aryl substituted triazenes and +0.35 for meta- and para-substituted phenylacetic acid.The rate of decomposition of triazenes is also affected by changing the alkyl group.From these results a duality in mechanism is proposed; first, a simultaneous protonation and alkyl group expulsion to be the rate-determining step when R is tertiary, benzylic and possibly secondary.Secondly, a concerted mechanism for the protonation of nitrogen and cleavage of the N-R bond for primary alkyl groups.
OPEN-CHAIN NITROGEN COMPOUNDS. PART VI. THE FORMATION OF BIS(1-ARYL-3-METHYLTRIAZEN-3-YLMETHYL) METHYLAMINES IN THE REACTION OF DIAZONIUM IONS WITH MIXTURES OF FORMALDEHYDE AND METHYLAMINE
Manning, Hartford W.,Hemens, Chantal M.,LaFrance, Ronald J.,Tang, York,Vaughan, Keith
, p. 749 - 754 (2007/10/02)
The synthesis of a series of N,N-bis(1-aryl-3-methyltriazen-3-ylmethyl) methylamines from coupling diazonium salts with mixtures of methylamine and formaldehyde is described.These novel bis-triazenes, or heptazanonadienes, have significant anti-tumour activity against the TLX5 lymphoma in mouse.The mechanism of formation of these triazenes is discussed with reference to the implication to the presumed equilibria taking place in the methylamine/formaldehyde solution.The formation of the bis-triazene is usually accompanied by the formation of a 3-hydroxymethyltriazene, and it has been shown that the hydroxymethyltriazene can be transformed into the bis-triazene.The proportions of the two products are strongly influenced by the relative amounts of methylamine and formaldehyde.Coupling the p-bromobenzenediazonium salt to a 1:1 methylamine/formaldehyde mixture affords mainly the bis-triazene, whereas a 1:50 mixture gives almost totally the hydroxymethyl triazene.These results suggest that the two triazenes arise from diazonium coupling to different species in the amine/formaldehyde mixture; this hypothesis is supported by the formation of identical product mixtures from coupling the diazonium ion with (a) a 1:1 MeNH2/CH2O mixture, and (b) the cyclic trimer of the carbinolamine MeNHCH2OH, and by the identification of a minor product from the reaction of p-chlorobenzenediazonium fluoroborate with MeNH2/CH2O as bis(1-p-chlorophenyl-3-methyltriazen-3-yl) methane.
Substituent Effects on 13C and 15N Chemical Shifts in Triazenes Studied by Principal Components Multivariate Data Analysis
Dunn, III, W.J.,Lins, C.,Kumar, G.,Manimaran, T.,Grigoras, S.,et al.
, p. 450 - 456 (2007/10/02)
Principal components analysis was applied to the 13C and 15N chemical shift data on a series of fifteen 1-(para-substituted-phenyl)-3-acetyl-3-methyltriazenes.It was found that the halogen-substituted triazenes formed a class, based on substituent effects, which was different from the remaining eleven triazenes.A one-component model described the halogen class, whereas a two-component model was necessary for a description of the second class.In the second class, substituent tended to cluster to form groups depending on their electronic character.
