5097-82-5

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Adsorption isotherms in the liquid phase can be used to determine the relative strengths of adsorption of reactants and solvent at a catalyst surface. Such isotherms can then be used to indicate which type of solvent would be most suitable for a heterogeneously catalyzed reaction in the liquid-phase. Solubility in any chosen solvent is also important. As examples, rates of heterogeneously catalyzed liquid-phase transfer hydrogenolyzes of aryl tetrazolyl ethers (1) have been shown to be highly dependent on both the nature of the solvent and on the solution concentrations of the reactants. The rate of reaction can be varied from zero to a maximum and then back to zero simply by adjusting the solubility of the redundant through changes in the proportion of water in a mixed-solvent system.

The phenolic OH moiety in lignin is one of the key functional groups responsible for the photo-induced yellowing of mechanical wood pulps and papers. To evaluate new protective groups for the stabilization of lignin phenols, the model compounds, 2-methoxy-4-propylphenol (1) and 4-hydroxy-3-methoxyacetophenone (2) were reacted with 5-chloro-1-phenyl-1H-tetrazole to give the corresponding tetrazole ethers 1′ and 2′, respectively, that were then studied for their photostability. The synthesis of these ethers was more efficient than that of alkyl ethers because of less hydrolysis of the alkylating agent under the reaction conditions. Compounds 1′ and 2′ were fully characterized, including X-ray crystal structure analyses. Crystals of 1′ and 2′ were monoclinic of space groups P21/c and P21/a, respectively. For 1′: a = 9.8679(6), b = 16.708(1), c = 10.2841(6) A, β = 109.732(5)°, Z = 4. For 2′: a = 7.7212(2), b = 27.350(5), c = 14.569(3) A, β = 101.30(2)°, Z = 8. The structures were solved by direct methods and refined by full-matrix least-squares procedures to R = 0.039 (Rw = 0.046) for 2029 reflections with I ≥ 3σ(I) (for 1′), and to R = 0.055 (Rw = 0.073) for 3634 reflections with I ≥ 3σ(I) (for 2′). Compound 2′ was much more photostable than the precursor phenol on exposure to strong fluorescent light, while 1′ was only slightly more stable than the precursor phenol.

The invention relates to the technical field of medicine synthesis, in particular to a method for synthesizing 1-phenyl-5-hydroxytetrazole in a continuous-flow tubular reactor. Specifically, in the continuous-flow tubular reactor, phenyl isocyanate and azidotrimethylsilane are used as raw materials to synthesize a target product. According to the method, the continuous-flow tubular reactor is adopted, so reaction time is greatly shortened, a contact area of reactants is large, an automation degree is high, control is convenient, an aftertreatment operation process is simplified, efficiency is high, time and labor cost are saved, yield reaches 95% or above, target product selectivity can reach 100%, emission of organic waste liquid is reduced, and environmental protection is facilitated.

A chemically diverse range of novel tetraoxanes was synthesized and evaluated in vitro against intramacrophage amastigote forms of Leishmania donovani. All 15 tested tetraoxanes displayed activity, with IC50 values ranging from 2 to 45 μm. The most active tetraoxane, compound LC140, exhibited an IC50 value of 2.52 ± 0.65 μm on L. donovani intramacrophage amastigotes, with a selectivity index of 13.5. This compound reduced the liver parasite burden of L. donovani-infected mice by 37% after an intraperitoneal treatment at 10 mg/kg/day for five consecutive days, whereas miltefosine, an antileishmanial drug in use, reduced it by 66%. These results provide a relevant basis for the development of further tetraoxanes as effective, safe, and cheap drugs against leishmaniasis.

The present invention relates to new endoperoxide compounds and compositions, and to a process for producing them for prophylaxis and control of perkinsiosis in bivalves. Endoperoxide compounds with biological activity against Perkinsus olseni include 13

The present disclosure relates to compounds of formula (AI), (I), (AII), and (II), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, stereoisomer, or tautomer thereof, a pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound of formula (AI), (I), (AII), and (II), and use thereof, wherein R2, R3, R4, R5, R6, R7, R10, R11a, R11b, R12, R16, R19a, R19b, and R20 are described herein. Such compounds are envisioned useful for the prevention and treatment of a variety of CNS-related conditions, for example, treatment of sleep disorders, mood disorders, movement disorders, convulsive disorders, schizophrenin spectrum disorders, disorders of memory and/or cognition, personality disorders, autism spectrum disorders, pain, traumatic brain injury, vascular diseases, substance abuse disorders and/or withdrawal syndromes, or tinnitus etc.

The invention relates to a process for the preparation of a tetrazolinone compound, comprising a step of reacting an isocyanate compound with an azide salt in a solvent and in the presence of a silicon derivative as a catalyst.

Aspects of the present disclosure include compounds of formula (A) that find use for the treatment of a variety of autoimmune and inflammatory diseases and disorders. Embodiments of the present disclosure also relate to pharmaceutical compositions that in

The present disclosure provides compounds that include a tetrazolone derivative of a carboxyl group of an active agent. This disclosure also relates to pharmaceutical compositions that include these compounds, methods of using these compounds in the treatment of various diseases and disorders, and processes for preparing these compounds.

A one-pot and scalable synthesis of tetrazolones (tetrazol-5-ones) from acid chlorides using azidotrimethylsilane is presented. The reaction tolerates many functional groups and can furnish aryl-, heteroaryl-, alkenyl-, or alkyl-substituted tetrazolone products in moderate to excellent yield (14-94%). No reduction in yield was observed when the reaction was undertaken on a larger-scale (20-36 g). The method could be used for the late-stage functionalization of pharmaceuticals, to provide tetrazolone congeners of the marketed drugs aspirin, indomethacin, probenecid, telmisartan, bexarotene, niacin (vitamin B3), and the active metabolite of the recently-launched immuno-modulatory agent, BG-12 (Tecfidera). The ability of a tetrazolone group to serve as a bioisostere of a carboxylic acid, and to improve drug pharmacokinetic profiles is also highlighted.

Addition of 1-substituted tetrazol-5-ones to dimethyl 2-chloroethynylphosphonate occurred regioselectively to form new geminally substituted bis(4-R-5-oxo-4,5-dihydro-1H-tetrazol-1-yl)ethenylphosphonates with 65- 92% yield.

A facile route for the synthesis of 20 new 1,4-disubstituted tetrazolone derivatives from allyl bromides of Baylis-Hillman adducts and various 1-substituted tetrazolones is described. All the synthesized compounds were screened for in vitro antibacterial

A simple and mild one-pot procedure for the synthesis of carbamoyl azides from acyl chlorides utilizing a combination of tetrachlorosilane and sodium azide in acetonitrile at ambient temperature is reported. Under gentle heating 1-aryltetrazolin-5- ones were also obtained in one-pot process presumably via a [3 + 2] cycloaddition step.

The photochemistry of 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1H-tetrazole-5(4H)-thione (1a) and 1-(3-methoxyphenyl)-4-methyl-1H-tetrazole-5(4H)-thione (1b) was studied in acetonitrile at 254 and 300 nm, which involves expulsion of dinitrogen and sulfur to form the respective carbodiimides 5a,b as sole photoproducts. Photolysis of the title compounds in the presence of 1,4-cyclohexadiene trap led to the formation of respective thioureas, providing strong evidence for the intermediacy of a 1,3-biradical formed by the loss of dinitrogen. In contrast, a trapping experiment with cyclohexene provided no evidence to support an alternative pathway of photodecomposition involving initial desulfurization followed by loss of dinitrogen via the intermediacy of a carbene. Triplet sensitization and triplet quenching studies argue against the involvement of a triplet excited state. While the quantum yields for the formation of the carbodiimides 5a,b were modest and showed little change on going from a C 6H5 (1a) to mOMeC6H4 (1b) substituent on the tetrazolethione ring, the highly clean photodecomposition of these compounds to a photostable end product makes them promising lead structures for industrial, agricultural, and medicinal applications.

The syntheses of 1-(4-methoxyphenyl)-4-methyl-1H-tetrazol-5(4H)-thione 1a, 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1H-tetrazole-5(4H)-thione 1b, 1-(4-chlorophenyl)-4-methyl-1H-tetrazol-5(4H)-thione 1c, 1-methyl-4-(4-nitrophenyl)-1H-tetrazol-5(4H)-thione 1d were carried out and their electronic absorption spectra were obtained in cyclohexane, THF, and acetonitrile. The UV spectra of 1a-d showed a modest dependence on the polarity of the solvent. The change of substituent on the tetrazolethione ring from a strongly electron donating group (p-C6H4OMe, 1a), to a moderately electron donating (C6H5, 1b) to a weakly electron withdrawing group (p-C6H4Cl, 1c) also produced minimal effect on the electronic properties of 1a-c. However, the presence of a strongly electron withdrawing group (p-C6H4NO2, 1d) on the heterocyclic ring produced a marked change in the UV spectrum. Time-dependent density functional calculations revealed that all the bands result from π → π* excitations with some degree of intramolecular charge transfer (ICT) within the molecules. Our studies further showed that as the acceptor strength is increased in the order: 1a (p-C6H4OMe) 6H5) 6H4Cl) 6H4NO2), the ICT also increases. In accordance with the experimental observations, the calculated transitions also showed modest dependence on the polarity of the solvent.

The reaction of 1-phenyltetrazole-5-thione with adamantan-1-ol in sulfuric acid gave 3-(1-adamantyl)-1-phenyltetrazole-5-thione having a mesoionic structure, 5-(1-adamantylsulfanyl)-1-phenyltetrazole, and 3-(1-adamantyl)-5-(1- adamantylsulfanyl)-1-phenylt

5-Methylthio-1-(4-nitrophenyl)tetrazole reacts with O-nucleophiles such as HO- and AlkO- to form 1-(4-nitrophenyl)tetrazol-5(4H)-one and 5-alkoxy-1-(4-nitrophenyl)tetrazoles, respectively. Replacement of the methylthio group in the substrate by methylsulfonyl group strongly increases its reactivity, so that 5-methylsulfonyl-1-(4-nitrophenyl)tetrazole is a promising starting compound for synthesis of functionally substituted tetrazoles.

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Previously we reported the novel thioaldehydes generation via thermolyses of phenacyl sulfoxides bearing some heteroaromatics. Thermolysis of sulfoxides (1a,b and 2a-4a) bearing other heterocycles such as thiadiazole, triazole, and tetrazole in the presence of 2,3-dimethyl-1,3-butadiene in dioxane at 100 °C led to the unexpected products 6-substituted-5,6-dihydro-3,4-dimethyl-2H-thiapyran 1-oxide (5a,b). These products were considered to be formed by the Diels-Alder reaction of the diene with the sulfines formed initially by the thermal decomposition of the sulfoxides. The rate acceleration and the improvement of the yield by addition of 1.5 equiv of triethylamine, especially in the case of ethoxycabonylmethyl sulfoxide 1c, was observed. The cis-trans selectivity for sulfine cycloadducts was also studied by NMR spectrometry. The reactions of α-substituted phenacyl sulfoxides 1d-f bearing a phenyl-substituted tetrazolyl group in the presence of the same diene were also studied.

L-770,644 (9c) is a potent and selective agonist of the human β3 adrenergic receptor (EC50 = 13 nM). It shows good oral bioavailability in both dogs and rats (%F = 27), and is a full agonist for glycerolemia in the rhesus monkey (ED50 = 0.21 mg/kg). Based on its desirable in vitro and in vivo properties, L-770,644 was chosen for further preclinical evaluation.

1,4-Disubstituted-5(4H)-tetrazolinones of the formula (I) STR1 wherein R1, R2 and R3 have the meanings given in the specification), which are known to be useful as herbicides, can be obtained in very good yields by reacting the corresponding 1-substituted-5(4H)-tetrazolinones with the corresponding carbamoyl chlorides in the presence of 4-dimethylaminopyridine.

Alkylation of 1-substituted tetrazole-5-thiones under conditions of phase-transfer catalysis in the two-phase system liquid-liquid proceeds regioselectively at the sulfur atom, regardless of the alkylating agent and phase-transfer catalyst. Phase-transfer oxidation of the 5-alkylthiotetrazoles thus obtained by potassium permanganate is a convenient method for preparation of 5-alkylsulfonyltetrazoles which can be used to synthesize functionally substituted tetrazoles.

Transfer hydrogenolysis of 5-allyloxy-1-phenyltetrazoles using either a heterogeneous or a homogeneous palladium catalyst and a hydrogen donor leads to cleavage of the allyloxy C-O bond to yield an alkane or an alkene and 1-phenyltetrazolone, depending on the catalyst used.

A process for the preparation of a 1-substituted-5(4H)-tetrazolinone of the formula STR1 wherein R1 is defined in the specification n is 0, 1, 2, 3 or 4, which comprises reacting a 1-substituted-5(4H)-tetrazolinethione of the formula STR2 with an ethylene oxide of the formula STR3 wherein R2 represents hydrogen, methyl or ethyl, in the presence of a base and in the presence of water, an alcohol or a mixture thereof.

A synthesis of 5-β-D-ribofuranosyl-1H-tetrazole (2) and 5-β-D- ribofuranosyl-l,3,4-oxadiazole-2(3H)-one (9) derivatives is described. Ring transformations of 2 have been investigated in an effort to establish the stability of this synthon for further use

The application is also directed to a pesticidal composition comprising the above-recited compound and a carrier.

Nickel catalysed ipso displacement of phenolic ethers, ArOR, by Grignard reagents, R'MgX, to give arenes, ArR', has been achieved.

Arene formation by catalytic transfer hydrogenolysis of aryloxytetrazolyl ethers in the liquid-phase shows biphasic concentration-time curves which indicate rate-limiting dissociation of heterogeneous complexes between catalyst and one of the reaction products, a tetrazolone.A dependence of catalytic reaction rate on pH and following modifications made to the catalyst are reported also.

Arene formation by catalytic transfer hydrogenolysis of aryl tetrazoyl ethers in the liquid phase shows biphasic concentration-time curves indicating rate-limiting dissociation of heterogenous complexes between catalyst and tetrazolone produced under steady state conditions.

Hydrogen isotope studies have shown that heterogeneous catalytic transfer hydrogenolysis of C-O bonds in tetrazolyl ethers of phenols (1) in the liquid phase proceeds via direct transfer of hydrogen from an active hydrogen donor centre to the ether on the catalyst surface and not through transfer of hydrogen atoms from the catalyst surface.

Hydrogen isotope studies have shown that heterogeneous catalytic transfer hydrogenolysis of C-O bonds in phenolic tetrazolyl ethers, under certain conditions, appears to proceed through a direct transfer of hydrogen from the donor to the substrate.

Previous work has shown that, after converting phenols into suitable phenolic ethers, the aromatic C-O bond of the original phenol can be reductively cleaved heterogeneously to give a C-H bond through the use of molecular hydrogen or hydrogen donors together with a transition metal catalyst.The present work provides a method for selectively replacing a phenolic OH group by H in just a few minutes, compared with the 2 to 4 hr required previously using a hydrogen donor and the several hours under pressure required for molecular hydrogen.Various kinds of groups are suitable for preparing the required phenolic ethers from phenols, but the best ones are strongly electronwithdrawing heteroaromatic entities.Solvent appears to play an important role in this heterogeneous reaction, the mechanism of which is discussed.

5-Aryloxy-1-phenyltetrazoles are cleaved cathodically in a 2 F mol-1 process.Initial electron transfer is to the tetrazole ring and the compounds cleave predominantly at the tetrazolyl-oxygen bond.An exception is 5-(p-cyanophenoxy)-1-phenyltetrazole which undergoes 1 F mol-1 cleavage to 1-phenyltetrazolone and benzonitrile.Competitive electrolysis of pairs of the tetrazolyl ethers, differently substituted in the aryloxy-ring, allows an estimation of relative rates of cleavage.These rates are found to be roughly related to the pKa values of the corresponding phenols.

Trimethylsilyl azide (TMSA) reacted with aryl isocyanates to give arylcarbamoyl azides, 1-aryl-5(4H)-tetrazolinones, and / or 1-aryl-4-(arylcarbamoyl)-5(4H)-tetrazolinones, whose yields were dependent on the reaction conditions.The reaction between TMSA and benzoyl or thiobenzoyl isocyanates provides a facile method for the preparation of 5-aryl-3-hydroxy-1,2,4-oxadiazoles or -1,2,4-thiadiazoles, respectively.However, with phenyl or benzoyl isothiocyanate, 1-anilino-1,2,3,4-thiatriazole or benzoylcyanamide was obtained in low yield, respectively.TMSA reacted with carbodiimides to afford the corresponding 5-aminotetrazoles.Tetraphenylsuccinimide, N-(diphenylacetyl)tetraphenylsuccinimide, 1,3-bis(diphenylmethyl)urea, and / or benziloylamide were obtained from the reaction of TMSA with diphenyl ketene.The pathways for the formation of the above products are also described.