54910-89-3 Usage
Uses
Used in Pharmaceutical Industry:
Fluoxetine is used as an antidepressant for treating depression, obsessive-compulsive disorder, bulimia, agoraphobia, and premenstrual dysphoric disorder (premenstrual syndrome). It helps maintain serotonin levels, which are often low in individuals with these disorders.
Used in Antimicrobial Applications:
Fluoxetine is also used as an antibacterial agent, demonstrating its versatility in different medical applications.
Used in Alzheimer's Treatment:
Fluoxetine serves as a metabolite of Rivastigmine, a drug used to treat Alzheimer's disease. It plays a role in the treatment process by contributing to the drug's overall effectiveness.
Used in Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder (PMDD) Treatment:
Fluoxetine hydrochloride, marketed as Sarafem, is used to relieve symptoms of premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD), such as mood swings, tension, bloating, irritability, and breast tenderness.
Chemical propertis
Fluoxetine Hydrochloride: White or white crystalline solids with a melting point of 158.4 to 158.9℃. Soluble in methanol or ethanol, dissolved in acetonitrile, acetone, or chloroform, and slightly soluble in ethyl acetate, dichloromethane, or water(with sonication at pHl.2，4.5，7.0).Almost insoluble in cyclohexane, hexane or toluene.
Solubility(mg/m1)：Methanol and ethanol > 100, Acetone, acetonitrile and chloroform 33~100, dichloromethane 5~10, water 1~2, ethyl acetate 2 ~ 2.5, Cyclohexane, hexane and toluene 0.5 ~ 0.67. The maximum solubility in water: 14mg/ml. UV maximum absorption (methanol):227，264，268，275nm (E1cm1%372.0，29.2，29.3，21.5).
Acute toxic of LD50 for large rate and small rat (mg/kg): 248, 452 oral administrations.
Antidepressant
Fluoxetine is an antidepressant of the selective serum reabsorption inhibitor (SSRI) type.The drug takes the form of Fluoxetine hydrochloride. Its trade name is "Prozac". The drug was developed by the Eli Lilly and Company. It has been launched into market for sale since the 1990s. This drug is used for the treatment of adult depression, obsessive-compulsive disorder, bulimia nervosa and the panic disorder that has or does not have the phobia of the square. It has good antidepressant effect and is widely used in clinical practice as a first-line antidepressant.The main pharmacological effect is to selectively inhibit the reuptake of 5 hydroxytryptamine (HT), which is released before the synapse of the central nervous system.It is also known as a selective 5- serotonin reuptake inhibitor. For other receptors, such as alpha adrenergic, beta adrenergic, 5- serotonin, and dopamine, fluoxetine had almost no binding force. Fluoxetine is well absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract after oral administration.The plasma concentration is about 6~8 hours, and eating does not affect its bioavailability. About 95% are combined with plasma proteins and are widely distributed.After taking the medicine for several weeks, the steady plasma concentration will be reached.By metabolism of the liver, the active metabolite, norfluoxetine is generated by demethylation. The half-life of fluoxetine is 4-6 days, and norfluoxetine is 4-16 days.It was mainly excreted by kidney. Because it can be secreted to breast milk, it is suggested to be cautious to pregnant women and breast-feeding women.
Precautions
There are a lot of side effects and the common adverse reactions are: systemic or local irritation, gastrointestinal disorders (such as nausea, vomiting, indigestion, diarrhea, dysphagia), anorexia, dizziness, headache, fatigue, sleep disorders, abnormal mental status, sexual dysfunction, abnormal vision, dyspnea etc..
Fluoxetine should be banned for those who are using drugs such as monoamine oxidase inhibitor (MAOI).
For hepatic insufficiency, the half-life of fluoxetine and norfluoxetine is increased to 7 days and 14 days respectively. Therefore, it is important to consider reducing the dosage or reducing the frequency of drug use.
Originator
Actan ,Eurolab
History
Prozac was discovered by a team of chemists at the pharmaceutical company Eli Lilly. Key
researchers involved in the work were Bryan B. Molloy (1939–2004), Klaus K. Schmiegel
(1939–), Ray W. Fuller (1935–1996), and David T. Wong (1935–). In the middle of the
20th century, the main group of drugs for treating depression was tricyclic antidepressants
(TCAs) and monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs). TCAs are named because of their
three-ring chemical structure. Lilly researchers were working with TCAs in the1950s and
1960s. Prozac was developed by Eli Lilly scientists who based their work on the antihistamine diphenylhydramine; diphenylhydramine hydrochloride is marketed under the trade name
Benadryl.the Lilly scientists examined diphenylhydramine because research had demonstrated
that some antihistamines, including diphenylhydramine, had the ability to inhibit
serotonin and serve as antidepressants.Molloy started examining diphenylhydramine-type
compounds for their antidepressant properties in 1970. Molloy and his colleagues discovered
fluoxetine hydrochloride had potential as an antidepressant in 1972 and it was referred to
as Lilly 110140 in thefirst published articles on the compound, which appeared in 1974.
Fluoxetine hydrochloride was no more effective than other antidepressant drugs of the time,
but it produced much fewer negative side effects because it interacted specifically with the neurotransmitter
serotonin but did not interfere with other neurotransmitters. TCAs inhibited
the reuptake of other neurotransmitters along with serotonin. Molloy and Schmiegel applied
for a patent in 1974 for the synthesis of arloxyphenylpropylamines (U.S. Patent Number
4314081).the patent named a number of compounds in this class of chemicals that could
be used as antidepressants. In 1983, Eli Lilly applied to the Food and Drug Administration
(FDA) for approval of fluoxetine hydrochloride as a drug used to treat depression. Prozac was
first offered to the public in Belgium in 1986 and in the United States in 1988. Eli Lilly initially
had a monopoly on fluoxetine hydrochloride as an antidepressant with its Prozac brand.
In the mid-1990s, a lawsuit filed against Eli Lilly led to the loss of their exclusive patent rights,
allowing generic fluoxetine hydrochloride antidepressants to be marketed starting in 2001.
Manufacturing Process
About 600 g of β-dimethylaminopropiophenone hydrochloride were converted to the corresponding free base by the action of 1.5 N aqueous sodium hydroxide. The liberated free base was taken up in ether, the ether layer separated and dried, and the ether removed therefrom in vacuo. The residual oil comprising β-dimethylaminopropiophenone was dissolved in 2 L of tetrahydrofuran, and the resulting solution added in dropwise fashion with stirring to a solution of four moles of diborane in 4 L of tetrahydrofuran. The reaction mixture was stirred overnight at room temperature. An additional mole of diborane in 1 L of tetrahydrofuran was added, and the reaction mixture stirred again overnight at room temperature. Next, 2 L of aqueous hydrochloric acid were added to decompose any excess diborane present. The tetrahydrofuran was removed by evaporation. The acidic solution was extracted twice with 1 L portions of benzene, and the benzene extracts were discarded. The acidic solution was then made basic with an excess of 5 N aqueous sodium hydroxide. The basic solution was extracted three times with 2 L portions of benzene. The benzene extracts were separated and combined, and the combined extracts washed with a saturated aqueous sodium chloride and then dried. Evaporation of the solvent in vacuo yields 442 g of N,Ndimethyl-3-phenyl-3-hydroxypropylamine.A solution containing 442 g of N,N-dimethyl-3-phenyl-3-hydroxypropylamine in 5 L of chloroform was saturated with dry gaseous hydrogen chloride. 400 ml of thionyl chloride were then added to the chloroform solution at a rate sufficient to maintain reflux. The solution was refluxed an additional 5 h. Evaporation of the chloroform and other volatile constituents in vacuo yielded N,N-dimethyl-3-phenyl-3-chloropropylamine hydrochloride which was collected by filtration, and the filter cake washed twice with 1500 ml portions of acetone. The washed crystals weighed about 500 g and melted at 181°-183°C with decomposition. An additional 30 g of compound were obtained from the acetone wash by standard crystallization procedures. The structure of the above compound was verified by NMR and titration.A solution of 50 g p-trifluoromethylphenol, 12 g of solid sodium hydroxide and 400 ml of methanol was placed in a 1 L round-bottom flask equipped with magnetic stirrer, condenser and drying tube. The reaction mixture was stirred until the sodium hydroxide had dissolved. Next, 29.8 g of N,N-dimethyl-3phenyl-3-chloropropylamine hydrochloride were added. The resulting reaction mixture was refluxed for about 5 days and then cooled. The methanol was then removed by evaporation, and the resulting residue taken up in a mixture of ether and 5 N aqueous sodium hydroxide. The ether layer was separated and washed twice with 5 N aqueous sodium hydroxide and three times with water. The ether layer was dried, and the ether removed by evaporation invacuo to yield as a residue N,N-dimethyl-3-(p-trifluoromethylphenoxy)-3phenylpropylamine.A solution containing 8.1 g of cyanogen bromide in 500 ml benzene and 50 ml of toluene was placed in a 1 L three-neck round-bottom flask equipped with thermometer, addition funnel, drying tube and inlet tube for nitrogen. The solution was cooled to about 5°C with stirring, and nitrogen gas was bubbled thru the solution. Next, a solution of 12.146 g of N,N-dimethyl-3-(ptrifluoromethylphenoxy)-3-phenylpropylamine dissolved in 40 ml of benzene was added in dropwise fashion. The temperature of the reaction mixture was allowed to rise slowly to room temperature, at which temperature stirring was continued overnight while still maintaining a nitrogen atmosphere 100 ml of benzene were added. The reaction mixture was washed twice with water, once with 2 N aqueous sulfuric acid and then with water until neutral. The organic layer was dried, and the solvents removed therefrom by evaporation in vacuo to yield about 9.5 g of an oil comprising N-methyl-N-cyano-3-(ptrifluoromethylphenoxy)-3-phenylpropylamine.A solution of 100 g potassium hydroxide, 85 ml water, 400 ml ethylene glycol and 9.50 g of N-methyl-N-cyano-3-(p-trifluoromethylphenoxy)-3phenylpropylamine was prepared in a 1 L three-neck, round-bottom flask equipped with magnetic stirrer and condenser. The reaction mixture was heated to refluxing temperature (130°C) for 20 h, and was then cooled. 500 ml of water were added. The reaction mixture was extracted with three 500 ml portions of ether. The ether extracts were combined, and the combined extracts washed with water. The water wash was discarded. The ether solution was next contacted with 2 N aqueous hydrochloric acid. The acidic aqueous layer was separated. A second aqueous acidic extract with 2 N hydrochloric acid was made followed by three aqueous extracts and an extract with saturated aqueous sodium chloride. The aqueous layers were all combined and made basic with 5 N aqueous sodium hydroxide. N-Methyl-3-(ptrifluoromethylphenoxy)-3-phenylpropylamine, formed in the above reaction, was insoluble in the basic solution and separated. The amine was extracted into ether. Two further ether extractions were carried out. The ether extracts were combined, and the combined extracts washed with saturated aqueous sodium chloride and then dried. Evaporation of the ether in vacuo yielded about 6.3 g of N-methyl-3-(p-trifluoromethylphenoxy)-3-phenylpropylamine.
Biological Functions
Fluoxetine (Prozac) is given in the morning because of
its potential for being activating and causing insomnia.
Food does not affect its systemic bioavailability and
may actually lessen the nausea reported by some patients.
Fluoxetine is highly bound to serum proteins and
may interact with other highly protein bound drugs. It is
demethylated in the liver to form an active metabolite,
norfluoxetine. Inactive metabolites are excreted by the
kidney.Doses must be reduced in patients with liver disease.
The slow elimination of fluoxetine and norfluoxetine
lead to special clinical concerns when adjusting
doses and discontinuing this medication. Steady state is
not reached until 4 to 6 weeks, and similarly, complete
elimination takes 4 to 6 weeks after discontinuation of
the medication. A 4- to 6-week waiting period should be
permitted before starting a medication with potential
for an interaction with fluoxetine, such as a monoamine
oxidase inhibitor (MAOI). Additionally, fluoxetine is a
potent inhibitor of cytochrome P450 2D6 and can significantly
elevate levels of drugs metabolized by this
route. Thus, coadministration of drugs with a narrow
therapeutic index, such as TCAs and type 1C antiarrhythmics,
including flecainide and propafenone, are a
particular concern.
Mechanism of action
Fluoxetine is a potent and selective inhibitor of 5-HT reuptake, but not of NE or dopamine uptake in the CNS.
Its mechanism of action is common to the SSRIs. Fluoxetine does not interact directly with postsynaptic 5-HT
receptors and has weak affinity for the other neuroreceptors. Both enantiomers of fluoxetine display similar
affinities for human SERT. The NE:5-HT selectivity ratio, however, indicates that the S-enantiomer is
approximately 100 times more selective for SERT inhibition than the R-enantiomer. The R-(+)-stereoisomer is
approximately eight times more potent an inhibitor of SERT together with a longer duration of action than the
S-(–)-isomer. However, the S-(–)-norfluoxetine metabolite is seven times more potent as an inhibitor of the
5-HT transporter than the R-(+)-metabolite, with a selectivity ratio approximately equivalent to that of
S-fluoxetine.
Pharmacokinetics
The pharmacokinetics of fluoxetine fit the general characteristics of the SSRIs. Of particular
importance is its long half-life contributing to its nonlinear pharmacokinetics. In vitro studies show that
fluoxetine and norfluoxetine are potent inhibitors of CYP2D6 and CYP3A4 and less potent inhibitors of
CYP2C9, CYP2C19 and CYP1A2. Fluoxetine is metabolized primarily by CYP2D6 N-demethylation to its active
metabolite norfluoxetine and, to a lesser extent, O-dealkylation to form the inactive metabolite
p-trifluoromethylphenol. Following oral administration, fluoxetine and its metabolites are excreted principally
in urine, with approximately 73% as unidentified metabolites, 10% as norfluoxetine, 10% as norfluoxetine
glucuronide, 5% as fluoxetine N-glucuronide, and 2% as unmetabolized drug.
Both R- and S-Norfluoxetine were less potent than the corresponding enantiomers of fluoxetine as inhibitors
of NE uptake. Inhibition of 5-HT uptake in cerebral cortex persisted for more than 24 hours after
administration of S-norfluoxetine similarly to fluoxetine. Thus, S-norfluoxetine is the active N-demethylated
metabolite responsible for the persistently potent and selective inhibition of 5-HT uptake in vivo.
The pharmacokinetics of fluoxetine in healthy geriatric individuals do not differ substantially from those in
younger adults. Because of its relatively long half-life and nonlinear pharmacokinetics, the possibility of
altered pharmacokinetics in geriatric individuals could exist, particularly those with systemic disease and/or in
those receiving multiple medications concurrently. The elimination half-lives of fluoxetine and norfluoxetine do
not appear to be altered substantially in patients with renal or hepatic impairment.
Pharmacology
Fluoxetine is a phenylpropylamine that inhibits the neuronal reuptake of serotonin, which
presumably has a direct relationship on antidepressant activity. This compound has either no effect or a small effect on the neuronal reuptake of norepinephrine and dopamine. In
addition, it does not bind to cholinergic, histaminergic, or α-adrenergic receptors, which is
believed to be the cause of tricyclic antidepressant side effects.
Clinical Use
Fluoxetine is a 3-phenoxy-3-phenylpropylamine that exhibits selectivity and high affinity for human SERT and
low affinity for NET. It is marketed as a racemic mixture of R- and S-fluoxetine. Its selectivity for
SERT inhibition depends on the position of the substituent in the phenoxy ring.
Synthesis
Fluoxetine, 3-[p-(trifluoromethyl)-phenoxy]-N-methyl-3-phenylpropylamine
(7.3.6), is synthesized by reaction of p-trifluoromethylphenol with 3-(chloro)-N-methyl-3-
phenylpropylamine in the presence of potassium carbonate [59,60].
Drug interactions
Fluoxetine and its norfluoxetine metabolite, like many other drugs metabolized by CYP2D6, inhibit the activity
of CYP2D6 and, potentially, may increase plasma concentrations of concurrently administered drugs that also
are metabolized by this enzyme. Fluoxetine may make normal CYP2D6 metabolizers resemble poor
metabolizers. Fluoxetine can inhibit its own CYP2D6 metabolism, resulting in higher-than-expected plasma
concentrations during upward dose adjustments. Therefore, switching from fluoxetine to another SSRI or
other serotonergic antidepressant requires a washout period of at least 5 weeks or a lowerthan-recommended initial dose with monitoring for adverse events.
Fluoxetine is highly protein bound and may affect the free plasma concentration and, thus, the
pharmacological effect of other highly protein-bound drugs (e.g., warfarin sodium).
Metabolism
Fluoxetine is extensively metabolised by the enzyme
CYP2D6 in the liver to its primary active metabolite
norfluoxetine (desmethylfluoxetine), by desmethylation.
The elimination half-life of fluoxetine is 4-6 days and for
norfluoxetine 4-6 days. Excretion is mainly (about 60%)
via the kidney.
Check Digit Verification of cas no
The CAS Registry Mumber 54910-89-3 includes 8 digits separated into 3 groups by hyphens. The first part of the number,starting from the left, has 5 digits, 5,4,9,1 and 0 respectively; the second part has 2 digits, 8 and 9 respectively.
Calculate Digit Verification of CAS Registry Number 54910-89:
(7*5)+(6*4)+(5*9)+(4*1)+(3*0)+(2*8)+(1*9)=133
133 % 10 = 3
So 54910-89-3 is a valid CAS Registry Number.
InChI:InChI=1/C17H18F3NO/c1-21-12-11-16(13-5-3-2-4-6-13)22-15-9-7-14(8-10-15)17(18,19)20/h2-10,16,21H,11-12H2,1H3
54910-89-3Relevant articles and documents
Truly-Biocompatible Gold Catalysis Enables Vivo-Orthogonal Intra-CNS Release of Anxiolytics
Adam, Catherine,Becker, Catherina G.,Hamilton, Lloyd,Ortega-Liebana, M. Carmen,Porter, Nicola J.,Sieger, Dirk,Unciti-Broceta, Asier,Valero, Teresa
supporting information, (2021/11/22)
Being recognized as the best-tolerated of all metals, the catalytic potential of gold (Au) has thus far been hindered by the ubiquitous presence of thiols in organisms. Herein we report the development of a truly-catalytic Au-polymer composite by assembling ultrasmall Au-nanoparticles at the protein-repelling outer layer of a co-polymer scaffold via electrostatic loading. Illustrating the in vivo-compatibility of the novel catalysts, we show their capacity to uncage the anxiolytic agent fluoxetine at the central nervous system (CNS) of developing zebrafish, influencing their swim pattern. This bioorthogonal strategy has enabled -for the first time- modification of cognitive activity by releasing a neuroactive agent directly in the brain of an animal.
Tuning the activity of known drugs via the introduction of halogen atoms, a case study of SERT ligands – Fluoxetine and fluvoxamine
Bojarski, Andrzej J.,Bugno, Ryszard,Duszyńska, Beata,Hogendorf, Adam S.,Hogendorf, Agata,Kurczab, Rafa?,Lenda, Tomasz,Pietru?, Wojciech,Sata?a, Grzegorz,Staroń, Jakub,Wantuch, Anna,Warszycki, Dawid
supporting information, (2021/06/02)
The selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), acting at the serotonin transporter (SERT), are one of the most widely prescribed antidepressant medications. All five approved SSRIs possess either fluorine or chlorine atoms, and there is a limited number of reports describing their analogs with heavier halogens, i.e., bromine and iodine. To elucidate the role of halogen atoms in the binding of SSRIs to SERT, we designed a series of 22 fluoxetine and fluvoxamine analogs substituted with fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine atoms, differently arranged on the phenyl ring. The obtained biological activity data, supported by a thorough in silico binding mode analysis, allowed the identification of two partners for halogen bond interactions: the backbone carbonyl oxygen atoms of E493 and T497. Additionally, compounds with heavier halogen atoms were found to bind with the SERT via a distinctly different binding mode, a result not presented elsewhere. The subsequent analysis of the prepared XSAR sets showed that E493 and T497 participated in the largest number of formed halogen bonds. The XSAR library analysis led to the synthesis of two of the most active compounds (3,4-diCl-fluoxetine 42, SERT Ki = 5 nM and 3,4-diCl-fluvoxamine 46, SERT Ki = 9 nM, fluoxetine SERT Ki = 31 nM, fluvoxamine SERT Ki = 458 nM). We present an example of the successful use of a rational methodology to analyze binding and design more active compounds by halogen atom introduction. ‘XSAR library analysis’, a new tool in medicinal chemistry, was instrumental in identifying optimal halogen atom substitution.
Method for synthesizing chiral secondary alcohol compound
-
Paragraph 0160-0166, (2021/05/29)
The invention discloses a method for synthesizing a chiral secondary alcohol compound. The method comprises the following step of: reacting a ketone compound in an aprotic organic solvent at room temperature and inert gas atmosphere under the action of a chiral cobalt catalyst and an activating agent by taking a combination of bis(pinacolato)diboron and alcohol or water as a reducing agent to obtain the chiral secondary alcohol compound. According to the method disclosed by the invention, a combination of pinacol diborate and alcohol or water which are cheap, stable and easy to obtain is taken as a reducing agent, and a ketone compound is efficiently reduced to synthesize a corresponding chiral secondary alcohol compound in an aprotic organic solvent under the action of a chiral cobalt catalyst; in a chiral cobalt catalyst adopted by the method, when a chiral ligand is PAOR, an activating agent is NaBHEt3 or NaOtBu and an adopted raw material is aromatic ketone, the yield is 80% or above, and the optical purity is 90% or above; and when the adopted raw material is alkane ketone, the yield can reach 70% or above, and the optical purity can reach 80% or above.
Systems and methods for synthesizing chemical products, including active pharmaceutical ingredients
-
Page/Page column 37-39, (2020/12/14)
Systems and methods for synthesizing chemical products, including active pharmaceutical ingredients, are provided. Certain of the systems and methods described herein are capable of manufacturing multiple chemical products without the need to fluidically connect or disconnect unit operations when switching from one making chemical product to making another chemical product.
Copper-catalyzed and additive free decarboxylative trifluoromethylation of aromatic and heteroaromatic iodides
Johansen, Martin B.,Lindhardt, Anders T.
, p. 1417 - 1425 (2020/03/03)
A copper-catalyzed decarboxylative trifluoromethylation of (hetero)aromatic iodides has been developed. Importantly, this new copper-catalyzed reaction operates in the absence of any ligands and metal additives. The protocol shows good functional group tolerance and is compatible with heteroaromatic systems. The reaction proved scalable to a 15 mmol scale with increased yield. Finally, late-stage installation of the trifluoromethyl functionality afforded the N-trifluoroacetamide variant of the antidepressant agent, Prozac, demonstrating the applicability of the developed method.
Enantioselective Heck Arylation of Acyclic Alkenol Aryl Ethers: Synthetic Applications and DFT Investigation of the Stereoselectivity
Polo, Ellen Christine,Wang, Martí Fernández,Angnes, Ricardo Almir,Braga, Ataualpa A. C.,Correia, Carlos Roque Duarte
supporting information, p. 884 - 892 (2019/12/30)
Herein we report the enantioselective Heck-Matsuda arylation of acyclic E and Z-alkenyl aryl ethers. The reactions were carried out under mild conditions affording the enantioenriched benzyl ethers in a regioselective manner, moderate to good yields (up to 73%), and in good to excellent enantiomeric ratios (up to 97:3). The enantioselective Heck-Matsuda arylation has shown a broad scope (25 examples), and some key Heck-Matsuda adducts were further converted into more complex and valuable scaffolds including their synthetic application in the synthesis of (R)-Fluoxetine, (R)-Atomoxetine, and in the synthesis of an enantioenriched benzo[c]chromene. Finally, in silico mechanistic investigations into the reaction's enantioselectivity were performed using density functional theory. (Figure presented.).
Enantioseparation of chiral pharmaceuticals by vancomycin-bonded stationary phase and analysis of chiral recognition mechanism
Li, Jiaxi,Liu, Ruixia,Wang, Liyang,Liu, Xiaoling,Gao, Hongjie
, p. 236 - 247 (2019/02/01)
The drug chirality is attracting increasing attention because of different biological activities, metabolic pathways, and toxicities of chiral enantiomers. The chiral separation has been a great challenge. Optimized high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) methods based on vancomycin chiral stationary phase (CSP) were developed for the enantioseparation of propranolol, atenolol, metoprolol, venlafaxine, fluoxetine, and amlodipine. The retention and enantioseparation properties of these analytes were investigated in the variety of mobile phase additives, flow rate, and column temperature. As a result, the optimal chromatographic condition was achieved using methanol as a main mobile phase with triethylamine (TEA) and glacial acetic acid (HOAc) added as modifiers in a volume ratio of 0.01% at a flow rate of 0.3?mL/minute and at a column temperature of 5°C. The thermodynamic parameters (eg, ΔH, ΔΔH, and ΔΔS) from linear van 't Hoff plots revealed that the retention of investigated pharmaceuticals on vancomycin CSP was an exothermic process. The nonlinear behavior of lnk′ against 1/T for propranolol, atenolol, and metoprolol suggested the presence of multiple binding mechanisms for these analytes on CSP with variation of temperature. The simulated interaction processes between vancomycin and pharmaceutical enantiomers using molecular docking technique and binding energy calculations indicated that the calculated magnitudes of steady combination energy (ΔG) coincided with experimental elution order for most of these enantiomers.
Simultaneous enantioselective determination of seven psychoactive drugs enantiomers in multi-specie animal tissues with chiral liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry
Zhu,Li, Shuang,Zhou, Li,Li, Qing,Guo, Xingjie
, (2019/07/31)
In stock farming, illegal use of antipsychotics has caused the food safety problem. This paper presents for the first time, a multi-residues method for the simultaneous enantioselective determination of seven antipsychotics in pork, beef and lamb muscles. The behaviors of Chiralpak AGP toward changes in pH and organic modifier in mobile phase were studied, and all analytes were rapidly separated within 30 min. The calibration curves of all enantiomers were linear in the range of 1–250 ng g?1, with correlation coefficient above 0.9931. The recoveries of the targeted compounds were higher than 82.1%, with repeatability and intermediate precision lower than 18.2% and 17.4%, respectively. In three matrices, the limit of detection and limit of quantification ranged from 0.20 to 0.65 ng g?1 and from 0.40 to 1.00 ng g?1, respectively. The proposed method can be used to provide additional information for the reliable risk assessment of chiral antipsychotics.
Evaluation of the Edman degradation product of vancomycin bonded to core-shell particles as a new HPLC chiral stationary phase
Hellinghausen, Garrett,Lopez, Diego A.,Lee, Jauh T.,Wang, Yadi,Weatherly, Choyce A.,Portillo, Abiud E.,Berthod, Alain,Armstrong, Daniel W.
, p. 1067 - 1078 (2018/08/01)
A modified macrocyclic glycopeptide-based chiral stationary phase (CSP), prepared via Edman degradation of vancomycin, was evaluated as a chiral selector for the first time. Its applicability was compared with other macrocyclic glycopeptide-based CSPs: TeicoShell and VancoShell. In addition, another modified macrocyclic glycopeptide-based CSP, NicoShell, was further examined. Initial evaluation was focused on the complementary behavior with these glycopeptides. A screening procedure was used based on previous work for the enantiomeric separation of 50 chiral compounds including amino acids, pesticides, stimulants, and a variety of pharmaceuticals. Fast and efficient chiral separations resulted by using superficially porous (core-shell) particle supports. Overall, the vancomycin Edman degradation product (EDP) resembled TeicoShell with high enantioselectivity for acidic compounds in the polar ionic mode. The simultaneous enantiomeric separation of 5 racemic profens using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry with EDP was performed in approximately 3?minutes. Other highlights include simultaneous liquid chromatography separations of rac-amphetamine and rac-methamphetamine with VancoShell, rac-pseudoephedrine and rac-ephedrine with NicoShell, and rac-dichlorprop and rac-haloxyfop with TeicoShell.
Determination of fluoxetine hydrochloride via ion-pair complexation with alizarin red S
Constantinescu, Ioana Clementina,Neagu, Alexandra Filareta,Uivarosi, Valentina
, p. 1293 - 1303 (2019/01/04)
Two UV-Vis spectrophotometric methods and one fluorimetric method have been developed for the quantitative determination of fluoxetine hydrochloride in bulk and pharmaceutical formulations. These methods are based on the ion-pair complex formation between alizarin red S and fluoxetine hydrochloride. In the first method (method A), the yellow-colored complex obtained in acidic medium was extracted with chloroform and the absorbance of the chloroformic solution was measured at 425 nm. Beerís law limits (9.5 ? 48 μg/mL), the molar absorptivity (5256 L ∑ mol-1 ∑ cm-1), and the complex composition (1: 1) were determined. In the second method (method B), the yellow complex fluoxetine ? alizarin red S extracted in chloroform was broken in alkaline medium, and the absorbance of the resulting violet-colored free dye was measured at 524 nm. A linear relationship was observed in the range of 9.0 ? 54 μg/mL. In the third method (method C) the fluorescence intensity of the fluoxetine ? alizarin red S complex, obtained in the same manner as for method A, was measured at 594 nm after excitation at 425 nm. The fluorescence intensity was proportional to the drug concentration in the linear range of 2.7-10.2 μg/mL. The limits of detection and quantification have also been calculated. Furthermore, the proposed methods have been successfully applied for the assay of the drug in pharmaceutical dosage forms.
