107-13-1Relevant articles and documents
Rate enhancing of carbon dioxide in the reaction of acetonitrile with methanol to acrylonitrile over magnesium oxide catalyst
Lin, Yi Wen,Ishi, Makoto,Ueda, Wataru,Morikawa, Yutaka
, p. 793 - 794 (1995)
Carbon dioxide greatly enhanced the formation of acrylonitrile in the gas-phase reaction of acetonitrile with methanol over magnesium oxide catalyst.The reaction in the presence of carbon dioxide was accompanied by the reaction of methanol with carbon dioxide to give carbon monoxide and water.An adsorbed carbon dioxide species on the basic surface of magnesium oxide seems to afford an active methanol-derived species for the reaction with acetonitrile.
Enantioselective Folding at the Cyclodextrin Surface
Eliseev, Alexey V.,Iacobucci, Guillermo A.,Khanjin, Nikolai A.,Menger, F. M.
, p. 2051 - 2052 (1994)
Spectroscopic and kinetic studies of β-cyclodextrin-linked L- and D-phenylalanine cyanoethyl esters in aqueous solution reveal an unusual intramolecular complexation mode where the hydrophobic portion of the amino acid resides outside the host cavity; L- and D-derivatives show different binding geometries and energies.
PYROLYSIS OF PROPIONITRILE AND THE RESONANCE STABILISATION ENERGY OF THE CYANOMETHYL RADICAL
Trenwith, Antony B.
, p. 2755 - 2764 (1983)
The pyrolysis of propionitrile has been studied at seven temperatures over the range 789-850 K and pressures between 10 and 100 Torr.Under these conditions the principal reaction products which are formed by essentially homogeneous processes are hydrogen, hydrogen cyanide, methane, ethane, ethene, acetonitrile and acrylonitrile.For short reaction times (A free radical chain mechanism has been proposed which accounts for all the above products.The chain initiating step is the reaction .Measurements of the rate of formation of methane in the subsequent reaction yield the rate expression where Θ = 2.303 RT/cal mol-1.The activation energy leads to D(H3C-CH3CN) = 80.4 +/- 1 kcal mol-1 and a resonance energy of 5.4 +/- 1.4 kcal mol-1 for the cyanomethyl radical.
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Kim,Takizama
, p. 356 (1974)
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Regioselective synthesis of 1,2,4-triazol-3(2H)-ones and their 3(2H)-thiones: Kinetic studies and selective pyrolytic deprotection
Al-Awadi, Nouria A.,Ibrahim, Yehia A.,Kaul, Kamini,Dib, Hicham
, p. 50 - 55 (2003)
Selective pyrolytic deprotection of 2-ethyl and 2-cyanoethyl-4-arylidenimino-1,2,4-triazol-3(2H)-ones and their 3(2H)-thiones was studied by flash vacuum pyrolysis. This study is useful in regioselective synthesis of 2-and 4-substituted 1,2,4-triazoles of potential biological applications. The kinetic results and product analysis lend support to a reaction pathway involving a six-membered transition state.
Role of Promoters on the Acrolein Ammoxidation Performances of BiMoOx
Ghalwadkar, Ajay,Katryniok, Benjamin,Paul, Sébastien,Mamede, Anne-Sophie,Dumeignil, Franck
, p. 431 - 443 (2016)
Ammoxidation of acrolein to acrylonitrile was studied using multicomponent (MC) BiMoOx catalysts in the presence of ammonia and oxygen. The MC catalysts containing bivalent and trivalent metal promoters were found to be highly active and selective to acrylonitrile. The corresponding MC catalysts were characterized by X-ray diffraction, nitrogen physisorption, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, ICP-MS and UV-visible diffuse reflectance spectroscopy. It was observed that, among the bivalent cations, the catalysts containing both Co-Ni showed superior performances due to the presence of the metastable β-CoxNi1-xMoO4 phase. The presence of a trivalent cation, and especially of iron, promoted the formation of both the γ-Bi2MoO6 active phase and the active β-phase of bivalent metal molybdate. Further, optimization of the reaction conditions enabled the achievement of a 59 % acrylonitrile yield.
Propane Versus Ethane Ammoxidation on Mixed Oxide Catalytic Systems: Influence of the Alkane Structure
Guerrero-Pérez, M. Olga,Rojas-García, Elizabeth,López-Medina, Ricardo,Ba?ares, Miguel A.
, p. 1838 - 1847 (2016)
Abstract: Catalysts from three different catalytic systems, Ni–Nb–O, Mo–V–Nb–Te–O and Sb–V–O, have been prepared, characterized, and tested during both ethane and propane ammoxidation reactions, in order to obtain acetonitrile and acrylonitrile, respectively. The catalytic results show that Mo–V–Nb–Te–O and Sb–V–O catalyze propane ammoxidation but are inactive for ethane ammoxidation whereas Ni–Nb–O catalysts catalyze both, ethane and propane ammoxidation. The activity results, and the characterization of fresh and used catalysts along with some data from previous studies, indicate that the ammoxidation reaction mechanism that occurs in these catalytic systems is different. In the case of Mo–V–Nb–Te–O and Sb–V–O, two active sites appear to be involved. In the case of Ni–Nb–O catalysts, only one site seems to be involved, which underlines that the mechanism is different and take place via a different intermediate. These catalysts activate the methyl groups in ethane, on the contrary, neither ethane nor ethylene appear to adsorb on the Mo–V–Nb–Te–O and Sb–V–O active sites. Graphical Abstract: [Figure not available: see fulltext.]
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Lankhuyzen et al.
, p. 20 (1975)
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Effects of Polar β Substituents in the Gas-Phase Pyrolysis of Ethyl Acetate Esters
Chuchani, Gabriel,Martin, Ignacio,Hernandez, Jose A. A.,Rotinov, Alexandra,Fraile, German,Bigley, David B.
, p. 944 - 948 (1980)
The rates of the gas phase pyrolysis of six β-substituted ethyl acetates were studied in a static system over the temperature range 319-450 deg C and the pressure range 63-207 mmHg.In seasoned vessels the reactions are homogenous, follow a first-order rate law, and are unimolecular.The temperature dependence of the rate constants is given by the following Arrhenius equations for the compounds indicated: 2-(dimethylamino)ethyl acetate, log k(s-1) = (13.90 +/- 0.30) - (220.4 +/- 3.8) kJ*mol-1 (2.303RT)-1; 2-methoxyethyl acetate, log k(s-1) = (12.04 +/- 0.24) -(203.7 +/- 2.9) kJ*mol1- (2.303RT)-1; 2-(methylthio)ethyl acetae, log k(s-1 = (11.27 +/- 0.39) - (179.0 +/- 4.6) kJ*mol-1 (2.303RT)-1; 2-chloroethyl acetate, log k(s-1) = (12.14 +/- 0.66) - (202.0 +/- 8.4)kJ*mol-1 (2.303RT)-1; 2-fluoroethyl acetate, log k(s-1) = (12.68 +/- 0.60) - (211.2 +/- 7.1) kJ*mol-1 (2.303RT)-1; 2-cyanoethylacetate, Log k(s-1) = (11.51 +/- 0.13) - (171.9 +/- 1.7) kJ*mol-1 (2.303RT)-1.The effect of substituents in the gas-phase elimination of β-substituted ethyl acetates may be grouped in three types.The linear correlation of several -I electron-withdrawing groups along strong ? bonds is presented and discussed.A small amount of anchimeric assistance is proposed in the pyrolysis of the 2-(methyltio)ethyl acetate.The experimental data are consistent with the transition state where the Cα-O bond polarization is the rate-determining process.
Tetrakis(2-cyanoethoxy)borate - An alternative to tetracyanidoborate-based ionic liquids
Harloff, Joerg,Karsch, Markus,Lund, Henrik,Schulz, Axel,Villinger, Alexander
, p. 4243 - 4250 (2013)
This study examines the synthesis and properties of salts of the new tetrahedral [B(O-C2H4-CN)4]- anion, which can be synthesized by the reaction of tetrahedral NaBH4 and HO-C2H4
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Zidan et al.
, p. 133,134 - 142 (1978)
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Ammoxidation of acrolein to acrylonitrile over bismuth molybdate catalysts
Thanh-Binh, Nguyen,Dubois, Jean-Luc,Kaliaguine, Serge
, p. 7 - 12 (2016)
The present work deals with the potentially significant process converting acrolein of green origin to acrylonitrile using mesoporous bismuth molybdate catalysts. The ammoxidation catalysts were characterized by N2 physisorption, X-ray diffraction, and catalytic tests under various conditions at different temperatures, contact times, and reactant molar ratios. The results indicated a catalytic activity proportional to specific surface area, which depends on bismuth molybdate phases, and concentration of oxygen in the gas feed. The selectivity of the catalysts only depends on reaction temperature. ACN selectivity obtained at 350-400 °C was 100% and reduced to 97% at 450 °C.
Kinetics and mechanism of thermal gas-phase elimination of β-substituted carboxylic acids
Al-Awadi,Abdallah,Dib,Ibrahim,Al-Awadi,El-Dusouqui
, p. 5769 - 5777 (2005)
3-Phenoxypropanoic acid (1), 3-(phenylthio)propanoic acid (2), and 4-phenylbutanoic acid (3) were pyrolysed between 520 and 682 K. Analysis of the pyrolysates showed the elimination products to be acrylic acid and the corresponding arene. Pyrolysis of ethyl 3-phenoxypropanoate (4) and its methyl analogue (5), ethyl 3-(phenylthio)propanoate (6) and its methyl counterpart (7), and 3-phenoxypropane nitrile (8) were also investigated between 617 and 737 K. The thermal gas-phase elimination kinetics and product analysis are compatible with a thermal retro-Michael reaction pathway involving a four-membered cyclic transition state.
Ammoxidation of Propane over Antimony-Vanadium-Oxide Catalysts
Nilsson, Roland,Lindblad, Thomas,Andersson, Arne
, p. 501 - 513 (1994)
Catalysts belonging to the Sb-V-O system were prepared with various Sb/V ratios and were used for propane ammoxidation to acrylonitrile.XRD patterns of freshly prepared samples show those with excess vanadia to consist of V2O5 ans SbVO4, while SbVO4 and α-Sb2O4 are constituents in the samples with a Sb/V ratio above unity.High rate and selectivity for propylene formation at low conversion are characteristic for samples with excess vanadia and considering XRD, Raman, infrared, and XPS results, this is explained by formation of amorphous vanadia spread over the surface of SbVO4.Catalysts with both α-Sb2O4 and SbVO4 phases are the most selective for acrylonitrile formation, a function that is linked to their ability to selectively transform intermediate propylene.XPS data suggests this function to be associated with the formation of suprasurface antimony sites on SbVO4 as a results of migration of antimony from α-Sb2O4 during the catalytic process.Raman and infrared spectral features revealed that compared with SbVO4, the samples with both α-Sb2O4 and SbVO4 are more efficiently reoxidises during propane amoxidation.Rate dependences on the partial pressures of reactants over a sample with excess α-Sb2O4 show that the adsorption of propane is the rate limiting step for propylene formation, and that acrylonitrile and carbon oxides are predominantly formed from the intermediate propylene in routes comprising nonequilibrated steps.Addition of water vapour results in an increase of rate and selectivity for acrylonitrile formation.The kinetic dependences indicate that for acrylonitrile formation it is advantageous in have a feed rich in propane and to use recirculation for obtaining high productivity.
Structure, activity and selectivity relationships in propane ammoxidation to acrylonitrile on V-Sb oxides: Part 3 modifications during the catalytic reaction and effect of feed composition
Centi, Gabriele,Guarnieri, Francesco,Perathoner, Siglinda
, p. 3391 - 3402 (1997)
The change in surface reactivity up until steady-state behavior is reached in propane ammoxidation of a series of V-Sb-oxide catalysts with Sb : V ratios in the range 1-10 and prepared either by calcination or heat treatment in vacuum at 600°C is reported and analyzed in terms of the change in the structural features of the catalyst determined as a function of the time on stream by IR spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction and chemical analysis data. The results indicate that during the catalytic reaction, V5+ oxide when present, quickly reduces forming a V4+O2/VSbO4 solid solution with an increase in the selectivity to propene, but not to acrylonitrile. An increase in the selectivity and productivity to acrylonitrile occurs when an Sb-rich approximate VSbO4 phase forms ('VSbO4'). This phase, however, is partially metastable, decomposing to 'VSbO4' + Sb2O4 when Sb5+ ions are reduced and not rapidly reoxidized. V5+ ions on the surface of the rutile phase stabilize the Sb-rich 'VSbO4' phase, and catalyze the reoxidation of Sb3+. This side oxidation of ammonia to nitrogen competes for the reduction of these V5+ ions and influences the above redox and solid-state reactions. Therefore, a considerable dependence of the surface reactivity on the feed was observed. The optimal catalytic behavior determined for the series of catalysts studied was found to depend on the feed composition indicating that in the analysis of the structure, activity and selectivity relationships in propane ammoxidation the concentration of reactants in the feed plays a specific important role.
Application of high throughput screening to heterogeneous liquid and gas phase oxidation catalysis
Guram, Anil,Hagemeyer, Alfred,Lugmair, Claus G.,Turner, Howard W.,Volpe Jr., Anthony F.,Weinberg, W. Henry,Yaccato, Karin
, p. 215 - 230 (2004)
The application of combinatorial methods to oxidation catalysis in the liquid and gas phases is described. New lead materials have been discovered for the selective liquid phase oxidation of alcohols to aldehydes/ketones catalyzed by vanadium supported on carbon, for the low temperature CO oxidation/ light off for cold start automotive emissions control over supported noble metals and perovskites, for volatile organic compound (VOC) removal using CoCr oxide catalysts, and for the selective gas phase oxidation of propane to acrylic acid and acrylonitrile using mixed metal oxides. Catalyst discovery libraries were screened in 96-well batch reactors, in a rapid serial scanning mass spectrometer and in a massively parallel microfluidic reactor as primary screens. Promising hits were scaled up in conventional autoclaves or in multi-channel fixed bed secondary/ tertiary screening reactors.
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Kawamoto,Nishimura
, p. 1105 (1969)
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Cobalt(II) complexes of nitrile-functionalized ionic liquids
Nockemann, Peter,Pellens, Michael,Van Hecke, Kristof,Van Meervelt, Luc,Wouters, Johan,Thijs, Ben,Vanecht, Evert,Parac-Vogt, Tatjana N.,Mehdi, Hasan,Schaltin, Stijn,Fransaer, Jan,Zahn, Stefan,Kirchner, Barbara,Binnemans, Koen
, p. 1849 - 1858 (2010)
A series of nitrile-functionalized ionic liquids were found to exhibit temperature-dependent miscibility (thermomorphism) with the lower alcohols. Their coordinating abilities toward cobalt(II) ions were investigated through the dissolution process of cobalt(II) bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)-imide and were found to depend on the donor abilities of the nitrile group. The crystal structures of the cobalt(II) solvates [Co(C1C1CNPyr) 2(Tf2N)4] and [Co(C1C 2CNPyr)6][Tf2N]8, which were isolated from ionic-liquid solutions, gave an insight into the coordination chemistry of functionalized ionic liquids. Smooth layers of cobalt metal could be obtained by electrodeposition of the cobalt-containing ionic liquids.
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Ham,Stevens
, p. 4638 (1962)
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Alkylating potential of α,β-unsaturated compounds
Manso, Jose A.,Cespedes Camacho, Isaac F.,Calle, Emilio,Casado, Julio
, p. 6226 - 6233 (2011)
Alkylation reactions of the nucleoside guanosine (Guo) by the α,β-unsaturated compounds (α,β-UC) acrylonitrile (AN), acrylamide (AM), acrylic acid (AA) and acrolein (AC), which can act as alkylating agents of DNA, were investigated kinetically. The following conclusions were drawn: i) The Guo alkylation mechanism by AC is different from those brought about the other α,β-UC; ii) for the first three, the following sequence of alkylating potential was found: AN > AM > AA; iii) A correlation between the chemical reactivity (alkylation rate constants) of AN, AM, and AA and their capacity to form adducts with biomarkers was found. iv) Guo alkylation reactions for AN and AM occur through Michael addition mechanisms, reversible in the first case, and irreversible in the second. The equilibrium constant for the formation of the Guo-AN adduct is Keq (37 °C) = 5 × 10-4; v) The low energy barrier (≈10 kJ mol -1) to reverse the Guo alkylation by AN reflects the easy reversibility of this reaction and its possible correction by repair mechanisms; vi) No reaction was observed for AN, AM, and AA at pH 8.0. In contrast, Guo alkylation by AC was observed under cellular pH conditions. The reaction rate constants for the formation of the α-OH-Guo adduct (the most genotoxic isomer), is 1.5-fold faster than that of γ-OH-Guo. vii) a correlation between the chemical reactivity of α,β-UC (alkylation rate constants) and mutagenicity was found.
Ammoxidation of Propane on Nickel Antimonates: The Role of Vanadium as Promoter
Cassidy,Pollastri,Trifiro
, p. 55 - 63 (1997)
The catalytic behaviour of Ni-Sb mixed oxides doped by vanadium has been investigated for the ammoxidation of propane and propene to acrylonitrile. The binary nickel antimonates, with 1:1 80%) but they showed no activity in propane ammoxidation till 470°C. The activity/gram and the yield in acrylonitrile (ACN)/gram presented a maximum at Ni:Sb 1:2 due to a balance between the surface area and the doping effect of antimony. With the addition of vanadium to the Ni-Sb system, the activity and productivity of the catalysts were increased markedly, both in propane and propene ammoxidation. The optimum vanadium loading in terms of ACN yield was found for NiSb2O6 to be V:Ni 0.2:1 atomic ratio, a compromise between activity and selectivity. It was found that sites containing vanadium are involved in the selective nitrogen insertion step in propene ammoxidation, as well as in the activation of propane. The ammoxidation of propane is a cleaner reaction than the ammoxidation of propene, as smaller amounts of hydrogen cyanide (HCN) and acetonitrile (AceN) were formed for the same yield of acrylonitrile. X-ray analysis revealed the presence of NiSb2O6 and free αSb2O4 in all samples. In the Ni-Sb vanadium doped oxides the FTIR characterisation showed that up to a V:Ni ratio of 0.2, vanadium species different from V2O5, and very likely interacting with the NiSb2O6, were formed; these species are the ones involved in propane activation. With higher loadings of vanadium, V2O5 species formed which are responsible for the lowering of acrylonitrile selectivity.
Propane ammoxidation on Bi promoted MoVTeNbOx oxide catalysts: Effect of reaction mixture composition
Andrushkevich, Tamara V.,Popova, Galina Y.,Chesalov, Yuriy A.,Ischenko, Evgeniya V.,Khramov, Mikhail I.,Kaichev, Vasily V.
, p. 109 - 117 (2015)
MoVTeNbO catalysts were characterized with XRD, XPS, and FTIR techniques and tested in the ammoxidation of propane. Bismuth-modified MoVTeNbO catalysts showed a higher acrylonitrile yield than the base four-component system. The effect of the reaction mixture composition (C3H8, NH3 and O2) on selectivity towards different products was studied at propane conversion above 80%. The favorable effect of bismuth promoter on the selectivity towards acrylonitrile was explained by suppression of acrylonitrile transformation connected with decreasing acidity of the catalyst.
Influence of the Bulk and Surface Properties on the Performance of Iron-Antimony Catalysts
Burriesci, Nicola,Garbassi, Fabio,Petrera, Michele,Petrini, Guido
, p. 817 - 834 (1982)
The modifications induced in Fe-Sb catalysts by the introduction of an excess of antimony oxide, which is needed in order to obtain highly slective catalysts in the ammonoxidation of propylene to acrylonitrile, were investigated by means of X-ray diffraction (X.r.d.), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (X.p.s.) and Moessbauer spectroscopy.More important than increasing the surface Sb:Fe ratio, a promoting effect by an excess of Sb was found to develop during activation through the formation of structurally distorted and defective FeSbO4, which appears to be the active phase.Fe2+ ions are thus introduced into the iron antimonate rutile structure near oxygen vacancies.These vacancies are possibly connected with the adsorption sites for the more strongly bound oxygen species that is responsible for allylic oxidation.
Crossed beam reaction of cyano radicals with hydrocarbon molecules. III. Chemical dynamics of vinylcyanide (C2H3CN;X 1A') formation from reaction of CN(X 2Σ+) with ethylene, C2H4(X 1Ag)
Balucani, N.,Asvany, O.,Chang, A. H. H.,Lin, S. H.,Lee, Y. T.,Kaiser, R. I.,Osamura, Y.
, p. 8643 - 8655 (2000)
The neutral-neutral reaction of the cyano radical, CN(X 2Σ+), with ethylene, C2H4(X 1Ag), has been performed in a crossed molecular beams setup at two collision energies of 15.3 and 21.0 kJ mol-1 to investigate the chemical reaction dynamics to form vinylcyanide, C2H3CN(X 1A') under single collision conditions. Time-of-flight spectra and the laboratory angular distributions of the C3H3N products have been recorded at mass-to-charge ratios 53-50. Forward-convolution fitting of the data combined with ab initio calculations show that the reaction has no entrance barrier, is indirect (complex forming reaction dynamics), and initiated by addition of CN(X 2Σ+) to the ? electron density of the olefin to give a long-lived CH2CH2CN intermediate. This collision complex fragments through a tight exit transition state located 16 kJ mol-1 above the products via H atom elimination to vinylcyanide. In a second microchannel, CH2CH2CN undergoes a 1,2 H shift to form a CH3CHCN intermediate prior to a H atom emission via a loose exit transition state located only 3 kJ mol-1 above the separated products. The experimentally observed mild sideways scattering at lower collision energy verifies the electronic structure calculations depicting a hydrogen atom loss in both exit transition states almost parallel to the total angular momentum vector J and nearly perpendicular to the C2H3CN molecular plane. Since the reaction has no entrance barrier, is exothermic, and all the involved transition states are located well below the energy of the separated reactants, assignment of the vinylcyanide reaction product soundly implies that the title reaction can form vinylcyanide, C2H3CN, as observed in the atmosphere of Saturn's moon Titan and toward and toward dark, molecular clouds holding temperatures as low as 10 KI. In strong agreement with our theoretical calculations, the formation of the C2H3NC isomer was not observed.
Effect of Fe, Ga, Ti and Nb substitution in ≈sbVO4 for propane ammoxidation
Wickman, Andreas,Andersson, Arne
, p. 110 - 117 (2011)
Substitution in rutile-type ≈SbVO4 was made with Fe 3+ and Ga3+ replacing V3+, and Nb5+ replacing Sb5+. Moreover, preparations with Ti were synthesised where Ti4+ ions substitute for both V4+ and V 3+/Sb5+ pairs. ≈SbVO4-related phases containing Ti together with Fe and Ga were also prepared. The samples were characterised using X-ray diffraction, DRIFT and Raman spectroscopy. The characterisations show the formation of a cation deficient single rutile-type phase. Use of the samples in propane ammoxidation to produce acrylonitrile reveals, compared with the pure ≈SbVO4 phase, that Fe, Ga and Ti substitution in ≈SbVO4 results in lower activity but considerably higher selectivity to acrylonitrile at the same level of propane conversion. Niobium substitution, on the contrary, gives no improved catalytic properties. Correlations are presented between the catalytic and structural properties of the catalysts. It is demonstrated that isolation in the structure of the propane activating V-O. sites in a surrounding of nitrogen inserting Sb-sites results in improved selectivity for acrylonitrile formation.
PRODUCTION OF DINITRILES
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Paragraph 0088-0089, (2022/02/15)
A process for producing dinitrile comprises supplying a C6 organic compound, an oxidizing agent, ammonia and a diluent to a reaction zone to produce a reaction mixture and contacting the reaction mixture in the reaction zone with a heterogeneous catalyst at a temperature from 50 to 200°C to convert at least a portion of the C6 organic compound to dinitrile and water and produce a reaction effluent. At least part of the reaction effluent is supplied to a separation system to separate at least dinitrile and unreacted ammonia from the reaction effluent and additional water is supplied to a portion of the reaction effluent prior to or during separation of unreacted ammonia from the reaction effluent.
Facile dehydration of primary amides to nitriles catalyzed by lead salts: The anionic ligand matters
Ruan, Shixiang,Ruan, Jiancheng,Chen, Xinzhi,Zhou, Shaodong
, (2020/12/09)
The synthesis of nitrile under mild conditions was achieved via dehydration of primary amide using lead salts as catalyst. The reaction processes were intensified by not only adding surfactant but also continuously removing the only by-product, water from the system. Both aliphatic and aromatic nitriles can be prepared in this manner with moderate to excellent yields. The reaction mechanisms were obtained with high-level quantum chemical calculations, and the crucial role the anionic ligand plays in the transformations were revealed.
INTEGRATED METHODS AND SYSTEMS FOR PRODUCING AMIDE AND NITRILE COMPOUNDS
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Paragraph 00093; 00095-00096; 00098, (2020/09/30)
Provided herein are integrated methods and systems for the production of acrylamide and acrylonitrile compounds and other compounds from at least beta-lactones and/or beta-hydroxy amides.