109889-09-0 Usage
Uses
Used in Oncology:
Granisetron is used as an anti-emetic agent for managing nausea and vomiting caused by cancer chemotherapy and radiotherapy. It helps alleviate the side effects of these treatments, improving the quality of life for cancer patients.
Used in Postoperative Care:
Granisetron is also used to prevent and treat postoperative nausea and vomiting, providing relief to patients undergoing surgery and ensuring a smoother recovery process.
Used in Pharmaceutical Industry:
In the pharmaceutical industry, Granisetron is utilized as a selective 5HT-3 antagonist, which is an essential component in the development of medications targeting nausea and vomiting associated with various medical conditions, including cancer treatments and postoperative care.
Anti-nausea drug
Launched by GSK's predecessor Britain SmithKline pharmaceutical company in the early 90s,Granisetron is an anti-nausea drug for the prevention and treatment of nausea and vomiting caused by chemotherapy and radiotherapy, with 6 ~ 11 time the anti-nausea effect of Ondansetron. Through blocking effect on the upper small intestine stomach centripetal nerve fibers and solitary nucleus or 5 - HT3 receptor in vomiting chemical feeling area, it suppresses nausea and vomiting caused by antitumor drugs and radiation.
Drug for chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting
Background
As one of the most important means of cancer treatment with positive effect, chemotherapy dose have many adverse reactions, among which vomiting is one of the most serious. The purpose of antiemetic therapy is to prevent or reduce the frequency and intensity of nausea and vomiting associated induced by chemotherapy. Early antiemetic drugs used in clinical practice have severe nerve center inhibition or extrapyramidal adverse reactions. Therefore, a variety of highly selective 5-ht3 receptor blockers have been developed since the 1980s and gradually develops into the mainstream drugs for the treatment of nausea and vomiting caused by chemotherapy. Based on the mechanism antiemetic drugs can be divided into dopamine blockers, vomiting central inhibitors, antihistamines, corticosteroids, 5-ht3 receptor blockers, and nk-1 receptor blockers.
5-HT3 receptor blocker
Since the launch of the first generation highly selective 5 - HT3 receptor blockers Ondansetron, a series of 5 - HT3 receptor blockers derivatives with determined curative effect and less adverse reaction have been used clinically, such as Granisetron, Navoban, Azasetron.
Mechanisms: the mechanism of chemotherapy induced nausea and vomiting is very complex which mainly includes the following aspects: the majority of cytotoxic drugs can stimulate the gastrointestinal mucosa causing mucosa damage and lead the chromaffin cells on mucous membrane, especially from the stomach to the ileal mucosa to release 5-HT which combines 5 - HT3 receptor to generate nerve impulses spreading to vomiting center forming vomiting; chemotherapeutic drugs and the metabolites stimulate and activate the vomiting center to form vomit; the various toxic substances in blood can act on the vomiting center unprotected by blood-brain barrier and the signal can be passed to vomiting center causing vomiting, the vomiting center reacts to a variety of stimuli which are activated through a series of receptors (dopamine receptors, histamine receptors, muscarine receptors, 5-HT3 receptors). Most antiemetic drugs also play a role in acting on one or more receptors. 5-HT is an important central transmitter in the human body. Its receptor is divided into 4 types,5-HT1, 5-HT2, 5-HT3, 5-HT4 and several subtypes. 5 - HT3 receptor blockers can be applied to the 5-HT3 receptors on vagus nerve to inhibit the excitement of vagal into fibers and inhibit the activation of AP and NTS 5 - HT3 by acting on the receptors, thus blocking afferent impulse to the vomiting center and inhibiting vomiting.
Nk-1 receptor blocker
Mechanism: P substance and its receptor are new targets for the treatment of nausea and vomiting drugs induced by chemotherapy. As a polypeptide containing 11 amino acids, Substance P along with neurokinin A (NKA) and neurokinin B (NKB) belongs to the tachykinin family which has three subtypes (NK 1 receptor, NK - 2 receptor, NK receptors - 3). P substance is mainly found in the central nervous system and gastrointestinal tract and has the strongest binding force with nk-1 receptor. There have been tests to prove that intravenous injection of P can cause vomiting, and the application of selective Nk-1 receptor blockers can block the vomiting caused by cytotoxic chemotherapy drugs.
Other Anti-nausea drugs
Aprepitant : usually in conjunction with other antiemetic drugs and can only be used to prevent nausea and vomiting caused by cancer drugs, noneffective for existing nausea and vomiting. Clinical studies show that NK- 1 receptor blockers aprepitant, along with 5-HT3 receptor blockers and dexamethasone, can increase the control ratio by 20% in acute vomiting, and by 30% ~ 40% in the delayed vomiting without drug tolerance in the later course of treatment.
The clinical trial phase Ⅲ of aprepitant show that on the basis of high dose of cisplatin, oral aprepitant (125 mg 1st day, 80 mg 2nd ~ 3rd day ) with
Ondansetron and Dexamethasone has better effect on acute and delayed vomiting than Ondansetron and Dexamethasone and good tolerance.
Casopitant: NK-1 receptor blocker developed by GlaxoSmithKline
According to the latest clinical data from casopitant(GW679769) for nausea and vomiting indications, casopitant has a better efficacy than ondansechin and matches arapitant if combined with ondansechin. The two dose phase Ⅱ clinical trials involving 1200 patients in the United States show that casopitant can be effectively used in moderate and severe vomint chemotherapy. In moderate vomit-induced chemotherapy trials, 85% of patients show completely curative effect with 150 mg casopitant used with dexamethasone and ondansechin , while the data is only 70% (P < 0.05) if dexamethasone and ondansechin are just used . In severe vomit-induced chemotherapy trials, 86% of patients have completely curative effect with 100mg casopitant and dexamethasone and ondansechin used, while the data is only 60%(P < 0.05) if dexamethasone and ondansechin are just used.
Pharmacokinetics
This product is widely distributed in the body, and the binding rate of serum protein is about 65%. The metabolic pathway is mainly conjugated after N dealkylation and aromatic epoxidation. It is excreted mainly through urine and feces.
Adverse effects
Human studies show that this product has good tolerance. Like other drugs, common adverse reactions are just headache and constipation, most of which are from mild to moderate. Occasionally allergic reaction happens of which is heavy sometimes (such as anaphylactic shock). Other allergic reactions include mild rash. In clinical trials, liver transaminase transient characteristic increases but still in normal range.
Taboo
Allergic to this product
Patients with gastrointestinal obstruction.
Precautions
The injection preparation can be diluted with physiological saline and 5% glucose injection and prepared just when using. The diluted injection should not be stored for more than 24 hours with light avoidance and room temperature. ??
The injection should not be mixed with other drugs before use.
The does should not be more than 10mg daily to avoid further increase of blood pressure.
Medical interaction
Dexamethasone can increase the efficacy
In vitro studies have shown that ketoconazole may inhibit the metabolism of this product by acting on CYP 3A isozyme, but its clinical significance is unclear.
Indications
granisetron (Kytril) is potent
antagonists of 5-HT3 receptors,which is found peripherally
on vagal nerve terminals and centrally in the
CTZ. During chemotherapy that induces vomiting, mucosal
enterochromaffin cells in the GI tract release serotonin,
which stimulates 5-HT3 receptors.
Clinical Use
Prevention or treatment of nausea and vomiting induced
by cytotoxic chemotherapy, radiotherapy, or postoperative
nausea and vomiting (PONV)
Side effects
This causes vagal
afferent discharge, inducing vomiting. In binding to
5-HT3 receptors, granisetron blocks
serotonin stimulation, hence vomiting, after emetogenic
stimuli such as cisplatin. Headache is the most frequently
reported adverse effect of these medications.
Drug interactions
Potentially hazardous interactions with other drugs
Cytotoxics: possible increased risk of ventricular
arrhythmias with panobinostat.
Metabolism
Granisetron is metabolised primarily in the liver by
oxidation followed by conjugation. The major compounds
are 7-OH-granisetron and its sulphate and glycuronide
conjugates. Although antiemetic properties have
been observed for 7-OH-granisetron and indazoline
N-desmethyl granisetron, it is unlikely that these
contribute significantly to the pharmacological activity
of granisetron in man. Clearance is predominantly by
hepatic metabolism. Urinary excretion of unchanged
granisetron averages 12% of dose whilst that of
metabolites amounts to about 47% of dose. The
remainder is excreted in faeces as metabolites.
Check Digit Verification of cas no
The CAS Registry Mumber 109889-09-0 includes 9 digits separated into 3 groups by hyphens. The first part of the number,starting from the left, has 6 digits, 1,0,9,8,8 and 9 respectively; the second part has 2 digits, 0 and 9 respectively.
Calculate Digit Verification of CAS Registry Number 109889-09:
(8*1)+(7*0)+(6*9)+(5*8)+(4*8)+(3*9)+(2*0)+(1*9)=170
170 % 10 = 0
So 109889-09-0 is a valid CAS Registry Number.
InChI:InChI=1/C18H24N4O/c1-21-13-6-5-7-14(21)11-12(10-13)19-18(23)17-15-8-3-4-9-16(15)22(2)20-17/h3-4,8-9,12-14H,5-7,10-11H2,1-2H3,(H,19,23)
109889-09-0Relevant articles and documents
Preparation methods of 1H-indazol-3-carboxylic acid derivative, granisetron and lonidamine
-
, (2021/05/12)
The invention relates to preparation methods of a 1H-indazol-3-carboxylic acid derivative, granisetron and lonidamine. The 1H-indazol-3-carboxylic acid derivative is a compound with a structure shown in a formula (1) and a formula (2), and is mainly structurally characterized by having a 1H-indazol-3-carboxylic acid amide skeleton and a 1H-indazol-3-carboxylic ester skeleton. The 1H-indazol-3-carboxylic acid derivative can be synthesized by taking simple o-aminophenylacetic acid amide or o-aminophenylacetic acid ester as an initial raw material. The 1H-indazol-3-carboxylic acid derivative is a key intermediate for synthesizing a plurality of medicines, such as granisetron, lonidamine and the like. The synthesis method of the 1H-indazol-3-carboxylic acid derivative and the drug molecules glassetron and lonidamine is simple, the reaction condition is mild, the reaction speed is high, the yield is high, and purification is easy.
All Non-Carbon B3NO2 Exotic Heterocycles: Synthesis, Dynamics, and Catalysis
Opie, Christopher R.,Noda, Hidetoshi,Shibasaki, Masakatsu,Kumagai, Naoya
supporting information, p. 4648 - 4653 (2019/03/17)
The B3NO2 six-membered heterocycle (1,3-dioxa-5-aza-2,4,6-triborinane=DATB), comprising three different non-carbon period 2 elements, has been recently demonstrated to be a powerful catalyst for dehydrative condensation of carboxylic acids and amines. The tedious synthesis of DATB, however, has significantly diminished its utility as a catalyst, and thus the inherent chemical properties of the ring system have remained virtually unexplored. Here, a general and facile synthetic strategy that harnesses a pyrimidine-containing scaffold for the reliable installation of boron atoms is disclosed, giving rise to a series of Pym-DATBs from inexpensive materials in a modular fashion. The identification of a soluble Pym-DATB derivative allowed for the investigation of the dynamic nature of the B3NO2 ring system, revealing differential ring-closing and -opening behaviors depending on the medium. Readily accessible Pym-DATBs proved their utility as efficient catalysts for dehydrative amidation with broad substrate scope and functional-group tolerance, offering a general and practical catalytic alternative to reagent-driven amidation.
Catalytic direct amidations in: Tert -butyl acetate using B(OCH2CF3)3
Coomber, Charlotte E.,Laserna, Victor,Martin, Liam T.,Smith, Peter D.,Hailes, Helen C.,Porter, Michael J.,Sheppard, Tom D.
supporting information, p. 6465 - 6469 (2019/07/09)
Catalytic direct amidation reactions have been the focus of considerable recent research effort, due to the widespread use of amide formation processes in pharmaceutical synthesis. However, the vast majority of catalytic amidations are performed in non-polar solvents (aromatic hydrocarbons, ethers) which are typically undesirable from a sustainability perspective, and are often poor at solubilising polar carboxylic acid and amine substrates. As a consequence, most catalytic amidation protocols are unsuccessful when applied to polar and/or functionalised substrates of the kind commonly used in medicinal chemistry. In this paper we report a practical and useful catalytic direct amidation reaction using tert-butyl acetate as the reaction solvent. The use of an ester solvent offers improvements in terms of safety and sustainability, but also leads to an improved reaction scope with regard to polar substrates and less nucleophilic anilines, both of which are important components of amides used in medicinal chemistry. An amidation reaction was scaled up to 100 mmol and proceeded with excellent yield and efficiency, with a measured process mass intensity of 8.
Synthesis and Pharmacological Evaluation of [11C]Granisetron and [18F]Fluoropalonosetron as PET Probes for 5-HT3 Receptor Imaging
Mu, Linjing,Müller Herde, Adrienne,Rüefli, Pascal M.,Sladojevich, Filippo,Milicevic Sephton, Selena,Kr?mer, Stefanie D.,Thompson, Andrew J.,Schibli, Roger,Ametamey, Simon M.,Lochner, Martin
, p. 1552 - 1564 (2016/11/29)
Serotonin-gated ionotropic 5-HT3 receptors are the major pharmacological targets for antiemetic compounds. Furthermore, they have become a focus for the treatment of irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) and there is some evidence that pharmacological modulation of 5-HT3 receptors might alleviate symptoms of other neurological disorders. Highly selective, high-affinity antagonists, such as granisetron (Kytril) and palonosetron (Aloxi), belong to a family of drugs (the "setrons") that are well established for clinical use. To enable us to better understand the actions of these drugs in vivo, we report the synthesis of 8-fluoropalonosetron (15) that has a binding affinity (Ki = 0.26 ± 0.05 nM) similar to the parent drug (Ki = 0.21 ± 0.03 nM). We radiolabeled 15 by nucleophilic 18F-fluorination of an unsymmetrical diaryliodonium palonosetron precursor and achieved the radiosynthesis of 1-(methyl-11C)-N-granisetron ([11C]2) through N-alkylation with [11C]CH3I, respectively. Both compounds [18F]15 (chemical and radiochemical purity >95%, specific activity 41 GBq/μmol) and [11C]2 (chemical and radiochemical purity ≥99%, specific activity 170 GBq/μmol) were evaluated for their utility as positron emission tomography (PET) probes. Using mouse and rat brain slices, in vitro autoradiography with both [18F]15 and [11C]2 revealed a heterogeneous and displaceable binding in cortical and hippocampal regions that are known to express 5-HT3 receptors at significant levels. Subsequent PET experiments suggested that [18F]15 and [11C]2 are of limited utility for the PET imaging of brain 5-HT3 receptors in vivo.
CRYSTALLINE GRANISETRON BASE AND PRODUCTION PROCESS THEREFOR
-
Page/Page column 3, (2008/12/07)
Provided is crystalline granisetron base form I and processes for producing crystalline granisetron base form I, which is suitable for preparing, e.g., granisetron salts such as, e.g., the hydrochloride salt. Also provided is a process for producing a salt of granisetron from crystalline granisetron base form I.
Process for preparing 1-methylindazole-3-carboxylic acid
-
Page 9, (2010/02/09)
A method of performing a bearer path assurance test across a packet-based IP network is provided. The method includes establishing a bearer path across the IP network and performing a bearer path assurance test during call setup before cutting through the call. The method can also include creating a timestamp at the originating office, sending the timestamp from the originating office to a terminating office, sending the timestamp from the terminating office to the originating office, receiving the timestamp at the originating office, and verifying the continuity of the bearer path. The method can also include evaluating round trip delay and packet loss using one or more timestamps.
5-Hydroxytryptamine (5-HT3) Receptor Antagonists. 1. Indazole and Indolizine-3-carboxylic Acid Derivatives
Bermudez, Jose,Fake, Charles S.,Joiner, Graham F.,Joiner, Karen A.,King, Frank D.,et al.
, p. 1924 - 1929 (2007/10/02)
Metoclopramide (1) is a gastric motility stimulant and a weak dopamine and 5-HT3 receptor antagonist.Conformational restriction of the (diethylamino)ethyl side chain of 1 in the form of the azabicyclic tropane gave 3, a very potent gastric motility stimulant and 5-HT3 receptor antagonist but devoid of significant dopamine receptor antagonist properties.Subsequent alteration of the aromatic nucleus led to the identification of indazoles 6a-h, and 1- and 3-indolizines 7b-d, and 8, and imidazopyridines 9 and 10, as potent 5-HT3 receptor antagonists devoid ofeither dopamine antagonist or gastric motility stimulatory properties.Further conformational restriction of the side chain identified quinuclidine 11 and isoquinuclidine 12 as potent 5-HT3 receptor antagonists which mimic the distorted chair conformation of the tropane with, in the case of 11, the N-methyl group axial.From these series, 6g (BRL 43694) was found to be both potent and selective and has been shown to be a very effective antiemetic agent against cytotoxic drug induced emesis both in the ferret and in man.
