An efficient substrate-controlled approach towards hypoestoxide, a member of a family of diterpenoid natural products with an inside-out [9.3.1]bicyclic core

Article abstract of DOI:10.1002/anie.200804237

(Chemical Equation Presented) The bicycle works: A versatile route to the verticillane family of natural products has been devised, utilizing a strategically rigidified relay ring-closing metathesis reaction. The shape of the bicyclic product was used to stereoselectively control the bisepoxidation reaction towards hypoestoxide, a member of this natural product family.

Full text of DOI:10.1002/anie.200804237

Communications
DOI: 10.1002/anie.200804237
Natural Products
An Efficient Substrate-Controlled Approach Towards Hypoestoxide, a
Member of a Family of Diterpenoid Natural Products with an Inside-
Out [9.3.1]Bicyclic Core**
Nicholas A. McGrath, Christopher A. Lee, Hiroshi Araki, Matthew Brichacek, and
Jon T. Njardarson*
Hypoestoxide (1, Scheme 1) was isolated from the tropical
shrub Hypoestes rosea, found in the Nigerian rainforests.[1]
Extracts from these shrubs have been used in folk medicine
cationic precursor (5) as both verticillol[7] and taxol (4),[8]
which in turn originates from consecutive cyclizations of
geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate. In the case of verticillol, the
cation 5 is trapped with water, whereas, for taxol and
hypoestoxide, it undergoes endocyclic and exocyclic elimi-
nations, followed by oxygenations and cyclizations. As part of
our efforts to evaluate the molecular mechanisms[9] of
promising natural product anticancer agents we have focused
our investigations on hypoestoxide and the verticillanes.
Several factors needed to be considered before beginning
our synthetic efforts. First, for a trans-[9.3.1]bicyclic frame-
work, two different atropisomers are possible. Calculations
(B3LYP/6-311 + G(d,p)) indicated that hypoestoxide is
4.1 kcalmolÀ1 more stable than the atropisomer (2). There-
fore, we imagined that any such macrocyclization would
preferentially form the naturally occurring atropisomer. In
addition, the energy change attributed to the process of
interconverting hypoestoxide and the atropisomer was esti-
mated to be 65 kcalmolÀ1. Diene 6 seemed an ideal target
because it allows access to all known verticillanes, and we
attempted its synthesis using a conformationally controlled
ring-closing metathesis (Scheme 2). This diene provides four
Scheme 1. Hypoestoxide and verticillol.
for generations, to treat various skin rashes and infections.
Hypoestoxide has been shown in recent studies to exhibit
promising anticancer,[2] antimalarial,[3] and anti-inflammatory
activity.[4] Our interest stems primarily from encouraging
antiangiogenic activities, in which hypoestoxide was shown to
inhibit the growth of a number of human and murine tumor
cell lines in vivo. In terms of angiogenesis, hypoestoxide
inhibited vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and
basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF). Hypoestoxide is a
bicyclo[9.3.1]pentadecane diterpenoid containing
a rigid
“inside–outside” ring system decorated with an exocyclic
enone, two epoxide moieties, and an acetate group. This rare
ring system has also been described for the verticillanes,[5] of
which verticillol (3, Scheme 1)[6] is the most well known. As a
more oxygenated variant of verticillol, it is tempting to
propose that hypoestoxide is formed from the same common
Scheme 2. Retrosynthesis of hypoestoxide.
=
[*] N. A. McGrath, Dr. C. A. Lee, Dr. H. Araki, M. Brichacek,
Prof. J. T. Njardarson
different options for ring-closing metathesis. Both the C5 C6
=
and C9 C10 bonds can originate from either a standard
Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Baker Laboratory
Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853-1301 (USA)
Fax: (+1)607-255-4137
monosubstituted carbene or, alternatively, from a disubsti-
tuted carbene, such as 7, which can be accessed by relay
metathesis.[10] Our analysis suggested that, in closing the
macrocycle, it would be advantageous to bring together a
more-substituted carbene with a less-hindered terminus to
minimize competing dimerization pathways. We further
E-mail: jn96@cornell.edu
[**] We thank Cornell University and the NIH (CBI Training Grant
(N.A.M. and M.B.) for financial support. We also thank Dr. Ivan
Keresztes (Cornell) for assistance with NMR spectroscopy.
=
postulated that ruthenium carbene 7 (C5 C6 disconnection)
Supporting information for this article is available on the WWW
under http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/anie.200804237.
would be the better candidate for macrocyclization, since the
9450
ꢀ 2008 Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim
Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2008, 47, 9450 –9453

Angewandte
Chemie
equivalent C10-disubstituted carbene would be more steri-
cally hindered and suffer from unfavorable interactions with
the C12 hydroxy group. Concurrently, we proposed to rigidify
the macrocyclization substrate to bring the two olefin termini
closer together[11] and ensure formation of the correct
atropisomer. Ketone 8 (Scheme 2) serves as the branch-
point that would allow us, at a later stage, to evaluate several
fused ring sizes. Cyclization precursor 8 would be assembled
from three simple building blocks (9–11). Our endgame
towards hypoestoxide would rely on substrate-controlled
bisepoxidation.
Encouraged by the rapid assembly of metathesis precur-
sor 16, we decided to evaluate five- and seven-membered ring
tethers. Lactone 17 was formed by converting ketone 16 into
an enol triflate, followed by deprotection and carbonylation
(Scheme 4).[18] However, this lactone and its reduced variants
Our synthetic efforts commenced with a Grignard addi-
tion to methacrolein 12, followed by a Johnson–Claisen
rearrangement[12] to generate ethyl ester 13 (Scheme 3). This
Scheme 4. Efficient assembly of a hypoestoxide isomer. Reagents and
conditions: a) LHMDS (2.9 equiv), Comins reagent (1.9 equiv), THF,
À788C, 5 h, 95%; b) Amberlyst-15 (cat.), MeOH, THF, 238C, 3 h,
95%; c) [Pd(PPh3)4] (0.25 equiv), CO (60 psi), Et3N (12 equiv), DMF,
508C, 15 h, 92%; d) DIBAL-H (8 equiv), toluene, À78 to 238C, 1 h,
93%; e) Ti(OiPr)4 (10 equiv), then Grubbs II catalyst (20 mol%) ,
toluene, reflux, 8 min, 95%; f) Ac2O (10 equiv), DMAP (2 equiv), Et3N
(20 equiv), CH2Cl2, 238C, 1 h, 92%; g) DMDO (2 equiv), acetone,
238C, 10 min, 93%; h) [Pd(PPh3)4], (0.04 equiv) Et3N, HCOOH, THF,
758C, 15 h, 87%; i) SeO2, (2 equiv), CH2Cl2/CH3OH (1:1), 658C, 15 h,
then DMP (2 equiv), CH2Cl2, 238C, 1 h, 77%. DMAP=4-dimethylami-
nopyridine; DMDO=dimethyldioxirane; LHMDS=lithium hexamethyl-
disilazide; DMP=Dess–Martin periodinane.
Scheme 3. Synthesis of a common macrocyclization precursor.
=
Reagents and conditions: a) CH2 CH(CH2)3MgBr (0.7 equiv), Et2O,
À10 to 238C, 3 h, 90%; b) CH3C(OEt)3 (5 equiv), propionic acid
(0.03 equiv), 1408C, 2 h, 92%; c) DIBAL-H (1.05 equiv), hexanes,
=
À788C, 2 h, 95%; d) CH2 C(CH3)MgBr (1.5 equiv), THF, À10 to 238C,
2 h, 62%; e) NaH (4.5 equiv), BrCH2CO2H (1.05 equiv), THF, 858C,
6 h; f) LDA (3.6 equiv), THF, À458C, 3.5 h; g) LiAlH4 (2.5 equiv), Et2O,
508C, 1.5 h, 80% (3 steps); h) Pb(OAc)4 (1.05 equiv), Na2CO3
(1.05 equiv), CH2Cl2, 08C, 1 h, 95%; i) LDA (1.05 equiv), (E)-1-bromo-
2-hexene (1.2 equiv), THF, À78 to 08C, 2 h; j) MeLi (2.7 equiv), THF
then HCl, À78 to 238C, 12 h, 72% (2 steps); k) MeLi (2.5 equiv), CuI
(1.25 equiv), Et2O, then TMSCl (5 equiv), Et3N (5 equiv), À58C, 2.5 h,
88%; l) MeLi (1.06 equiv), Et2O, then ZnCl2 (1.1 equiv) then 9
(0.5 equiv), À458C, 2 h; m) TMSCl (1.9 equiv), Et3N, CH2Cl2, 0 to
238C, 18 h, 65% (2 steps). DIBAL-H=diisobutylaluminum hydride;
LDA=lithium diisopropylamine; TMS=trimethylsilyl.
(1,4- and 1,2-reductions) did not undergo ring-closing meta-
thesis. The seven-membered-ring series was easily accessed by
reducing 17 to the diol 18 and tethering the two hydroxy
groups. A carbonate tether, obtained by treating 18 with
triphosgene, turned out to be an ideal cyclization substrate.
Optimized conditions using the Grubbs second generation
catalyst[19] in refluxing toluene afforded bicyclic substrate 19
in excellent yield.[20] Having developed a successful cycliza-
tion substrate, we sought to eliminate two steps from the
synthetic sequence by tethering the diol in situ, using titanium
additives.[21] Gratifyingly, adding excess titanium isopropox-
ide prior to the addition of the catalyst led to the formation of
triene 19 in equally high yield, directly from diol 18.
ester was reduced to the aldehyde with DIBAL-H, and
another Grignard addition afforded allylic alcohol 14. We
next utilized a [2,3] rearrangement[13] to stereoselectively
install the second trisubstituted olefin. The hydroxy acid
was reduced and the resulting diol was cleaved with lead
tetraacetate to give aldehyde 9. The other key component,
enone 15, was readily assembled using the Stork–Danheiser
method.[14] This enone was then subjected to a conjugate
addition and in situ trapping to form the trimethylsilyl enol
Surprisingly, extensive NMR spectroscopic analysis[22] of
19 revealed additional problems with the structure. The ring-
closing metathesis not only gave the undesired Z olefin, but
also took place with the C12-bearing tether in an axial
position instead of the more stable equatorial position, thus
forming the wrong atropisomer of the natural product.
Although this unexpected result demonstrated that the
metathesis catalyst had overridden the planned effect of the
ether[15] to couple with aldehyde 9. The addition of ZnCl2
[16]
was required to promote the desired aldol reaction to form
tetraene 16 with the desired trans arrangement[17] on the six-
membered ring. This route efficiently assembles the versatile
synthetic intermediate 16 in only ten steps from methacrolein.
Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2008, 47, 9450 –9453
ꢀ 2008 Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim
www.angewandte.org
9451

Communications
facial bias, it did confirm the applicability of our tethered-
this proposition, it was essential to find oxidation conditions
= =
cyclization strategy. The metathesis product 19 was then
bisacetylated, and the two trisubstituted macrocyclic olefins
were subjected to substrate-controlled bisepoxidation, which
afforded 20 as the only product (Scheme 4). Tsuji and co-
workersꢀ reductive allylic transposition[23] was used to form
the desired exo-methylene moiety in 21. Allylic oxidation was
achieved with selenium dioxide and the resulting alcohol was
oxidized with Dess–Martin periodinane to enone 22. This 19-
step synthesis of an isomer of hypoestoxide highlights the
efficiency of our synthetic assembly.[24]
that discriminated between the C5 C6 bond and the C9 C10
=
bond. Gratifyingly, the C5 C6 bond was selectively dihy-
droxylated using standard conditions. Unfortunately, the
resulting monomesylate did not form the desired inverted
epoxide, but instead underwent a facile ring contraction to an
11-membered ring, incorporating a methyl ketone.[29] This
inversion conundrum was solved by instead forming diol 24
(Scheme 5) by using a substrate-controlled oxidation/reduc-
tion sequence. The hydroxy groups of diol 24 were then
converted into a cyclic thiocarbonate, which, when subjected
to the Corey–Winter deoxygenation conditions,[30] afforded
the desired E,E,E-triene 25.[22] Following bisepoxidation of
the macrocyclic diene moiety, palladium-mediated allylic
transposition was again successfully employed to form the
desired exo-methylene moiety. Unfortunately, all efforts to
oxidize 27 to atrop-hypoestoxide 2 proved unsuccessful.[31]
Towards an even more expedient synthetic assembly and a
general route towards both hypoestoxide and verticillol, we
investigated an additional tethering strategy. We were inter-
ested in learning how this six-membered ring tether would
affect the selectivity of the ring-closing metathesis
(Scheme 6). Grignard addition to ketone 16 afforded a
To complete a total synthesis of atrop-hypoestoxide
(Scheme 1) we needed to invert both the C12[25] stereocenter
=
and the C5 C6 bond geometry. Towards that end, the primary
alcohol of metathesis product 19 (Scheme 5) was selectively
protected and the C12 alcohol was converted into a ketone
Scheme 5. Synthesis of 18-desoxy-atrop-hypoestoxide. Reagents and
conditions: a) TBSCl (3 equiv), imidazole (9 equiv), CH2Cl2, 238C,
30 min, 62%; b) TPAP (0.05 equiv), NMO (1.5 equiv), CH2Cl2, 238C,
45 min; c) LiAlH4 (25 equiv), THF, then HCl, 0 to 238C, 1 h, 96% (2
steps); d) Ac2O (10 equiv), Et3N (20 equiv), DMAP (2 equiv), CH2Cl2,
238C, 1.5 h, 98%; e) OsO4 (1.1 equiv), THF, 0 to 238C, 3 h, 74%;
f) (COCl)2 (9 equiv), Et3N (36 equiv), DMSO (18 equiv), CH2Cl2, À78
to 08C, 1 h, 80%; g) NaBH4 (10 equiv), MeOH, 238C, 30 min, 80%;
h) Cl2C=S (10.5 equiv), DMAP (40 equiv), CH2Cl2, 458C, 20 h, 91%;
i) P(OEt)3 (500 equiv), 1608C, 15 h, 86%; j) DMDO (2 equiv), acetone,
238C, 4 h, 99%; k) [Pd(PPh3)4] (1 equiv), Et3N (10 equiv), HCOOH
(10 equiv), THF, 758C, 15 h, 55%. TBS=tert-butyldimethylsilyl;
TPAP=tetrapropylammonium perruthenate; NMO=N-methylmorpho-
line-N-oxide.
Scheme 6. Synthesis of a verticillol isomer. Reagents and conditions:
a) MeMgBr (10 equiv), THF, 08C, 1 h, 60%; b) triphosgene (1 equiv),
pyridine (15 equiv), CH2Cl2, 238C, 18 h, 75%; c) Grubbs II catalyst
(0.3 equiv), toluene, reflux, 8 min, 40%; d) NaOH, dioxane, 238C, 6 h,
71%; e) MsCl (10 equiv), DMAP (1 equiv), pyridine (10 equiv), CH2Cl2,
238C, 20 h, 51%; f) lithium naphthalenide, À788C, 10 min, 93%.
Ms=methanesulfonyl.
single diol diastereoisomer 28, which was readily tethered as
a cyclic carbonate.[32] This carbonate, when treated with the
Grubbs catalyst, formed a single macrocyclic isomer which,
upon deprotection, afforded diol 30. NMR spectroscopic
analysis indicated that the undesired Z olefin and incorrect
atropisomer were again formed as the only bicyclic product in
the ring-closing metathesis reaction. This diol could, however,
be converted into an isomer of verticillol by selective
mesylation of the secondary alcohol and reductive removal
of the resulting sulfonate ester. This synthetic route to an
isomer of verticillol constitutes only 16 synthetic steps from
methacrolein 12.
using the Ley oxidation.[26] Substrate-controlled reduction of
the ketone and acetylation of the resulting diol gave 23 as a
single product.[27] We then turned our attention to the more
=
challenging task of inverting the C5 C6 trisubstituted bond.
Given the rigid semispherical shape of the bicycle, this
double bond inversion is a particularly challenging task
because nucleophiles can not approach from inside the
macrocyclic unit. We proposed that a diol could alleviate
this problem by internal cyclization/inversion of the tertiary
alkoxide of the resulting secondary mesylate.[28] To investigate
9452
www.angewandte.org
ꢀ 2008 Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim
Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2008, 47, 9450 –9453

Angewandte
Chemie
[12] W. S. Johnson, L. Werthemann, W. R. Bartlett, T. J. Brocksom,
In summary, we have reported the first synthetic efforts
towards the natural product hypoestoxide. An efficient
flexible synthetic route that also provides access to the
verticillane family of natural products has been devised. This
synthetic roadmap has been utilized to accomplish the
synthesis of 18-desoxy-atrop-hypoestoxide, as well as isomers
of both hypoestoxide and verticillol. Efforts are underway to
T. T. Li, D. J. Faulkner, M. R. Petersen, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1970,
92, 741 – 743.
[13] T. Nakai, K. Mikami, S. Taya, Y. Kimura, T. Mimura, Tetrahe-
dron Lett. 1981, 22, 69 – 72.
[14] a) G. Stork, R. L. Danheiser, J. Org. Chem. 1973, 38, 1775 – 1776;
b) for an asymmetric variant of this methodology, see: B. M.
Trost, R. N. Bream, J. Xu, Angew. Chem. 2006, 118, 3181 – 3184;
Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2006, 45, 3109 – 3112; J. Evarts, E. Torres,
P. L. Fuchs, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2002, 124, 11093 – 11101; K. Aoki,
M. Nakajima, K. Tomioka, K. Koga, Chem. Pharm. Bull. 1993,
41, 994 – 996.
utilize
a
similar titanium-templated macrocyclization
approach to synthesize hypoestoxide, verticillol, and addi-
tional analogues thereof.
[15] G. Stork, P. F. Hudrlik, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1968, 90, 4462 – 4464.
[16] H. O. House, D. S. Crumrine, A. Y. Teranishi, H. D. Olmsted, J.
Am. Chem. Soc. 1973, 95, 3310 – 3324.
[17] A. Kuramochi, H. Usuda, K. Yamatsugu, M. Kanai, M. J.
Shibasaki, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2005, 127, 14200 – 14201.
[18] R. P. L. Bell, J. B. P. A. Wijnberg, A. de Groot, J. Org. Chem.
2001, 66, 2350 – 2357.
[19] M. Scholl, S. Ding, C. W. Lee, R. H. Grubbs, Org. Lett. 1999, 1,
953 – 956.
[20] Successful metathesis cyclizations took place only when the
Grubbs 2nd generation catalyst was used. All other metathesis
catalysts gave no product.
Received: August 27, 2008
Revised: September 19, 2009
Published online: October 31, 2008
Keywords: atropisomerism · cyclization · hypoestoxide ·
.
natural products · total synthesis
[1] A. A. Adesomoju, J. I. Okogun, M. P. Cava, P. J. Carroll,
Heterocycles 1983, 20, 2125 – 2128.
[2] a) E. A. Ojo-Amaize, E. J. Nchekwube, H. B. Cottam, R. Bai, P.
Verdier-Pinard, V. A. Kakkanaiah, J. A. Varner, L. Leoni, J. I.
Okogun, A. A. Adesomoju, O. A. Oyemade, E. Hamel, Cancer
Res. 2002, 62, 4007 – 4014; b) E. A. Ojo-Amaize, H. B. Cottam,
O. A. Oyemade, J. I. Okugon, E. J. Nchekwube, World J.
Gastroenterol. 2007, 13, 4586 – 4588.
[3] E. A. Ojo-Amaize, E. J. Nchekwube, H. B. Cottam, O. A.
Oyemade, A. A. Adesomoju, J. I. Okugon, Exp. Parasitol.
2007, 117, 218 – 221.
[4] E. A. Ojo-Amaize, P. Kapahi, V. N. Kakkanaiah, T. Takahashi, T.
Shalom-Barak, H. B. Cottam, A. A. Adesomoju, E. J. Nchek-
wube, O. A. Oyemade, M. Karin, J. I. Okogun, Cell. Immunol.
2001, 209, 149 – 157.
[5] a) F. Nagashima, A. Tamada, N. Fuji, Y. Asakawa, Phytochem-
istry 1997, 46, 1203 – 1208; b) J. D. Hernandez-Hernandez, L. U.
Roman-Marin, C. M. Cerda-Garcia-Rojas, P. Joseph-Nathan, J.
Nat. Prod. 2005, 68, 1598 – 1602.
[21] The effects of titanium additives for metathesis reactions have
previously been reported, but none are as dramatic as the
example discussed herein. See also: a) A. Fꢁrstner, K. Lange-
mann, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1997, 119, 9130 – 9136; b) Y. Baba, G.
Saha, S. Nakao, C. Iwata, T. Tanaka, T. Ibuka, H. Ohishi, Y.
Takemoto, J. Org. Chem. 2001, 66, 81 – 88; c) A. Fꢁrstner,
Angew. Chem. 2000, 112, 3140 – 3172; Angew. Chem. Int. Ed.
2000, 39, 3012 – 3043.
[22] Complete NMR spectroscopic analysis, including full proton and
carbon assignments from HSQC and HMBC data, and stereo-
chemical assignments from NOESY data, can be found in the
Supporting Information.
[23] J. Tsuji, I. Minami, I. Shimizu, Synthesis 1986, 623 – 627.
[24] Independently of this study, we have converted diol 28 into 22 in
five steps (bisepoxidation, acetylation, dehydration, allylic
oxidation, and oxidation).
[25] To further highlight the fine balance needed for a successful
cyclization, it is worth noting that the correct C12-hydroxy
isomer does not undergo ring-closing metathesis.
[6] a) H. Erdtman, T. Norin, M. Sumimoto, A. Morrison, Tetrahe-
dron Lett. 1964, 5, 3879 – 3886; b) K. Bengt, A. M. Pilotti, A. C.
Soderholm, T. Norin, S. Sundin, M. Sumimoto, Tetrahedron 1978,
34, 2349 – 2354.
[7] Y. Jin, D. C. Williams, R. Croteau, R. M. Coates, J. Am. Chem.
Soc. 2005, 127, 7834 – 7842.
[26] The substrate-controlled reduction of the ketone can be
explained by the geminal dimethyl group on the ring, which
blocks the hydride delivery from what might otherwise be
considered the less-hindered face.
[8] a) D. C. Williams, B. J. Carroll, Q. Jin, C. D. Rithner, S. R.
Lenger, H. G. Floss, R. G. Coates, R. M. Williams, R. Croteau,
Chem. Biol. 2000, 7, 969 – 977; b) T. Tokiwano, T. Endo, T.
Tsukagoshi, H. Goto, E. Fukushi, H. Oikawa, Org. Biomol.
Chem. 2005, 3, 2713 – 2722.
[27] S. V. Ley, J. Norman, W. P. Griffith, S. P. Marsden, Synthesis
1994, 639 – 666.
[28] a) J. E. McMurry, R. G. Dushin, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1990, 112,
6942 – 6949; b) A. B. Smith III, E. F. Mesaros, E. A. Meyer, J.
Am. Chem. Soc. 2005, 127, 6948 – 6949.
[9] a) S. M. Kupchan, D. C. Fessler, M. A. Eakin, T. Giacobbe,
Science 1970, 168, 376 – 379; b) A. T. Dinkova-Kostova, M. A.
Massiah, R. E. Bozak, R. J. Hicks, P. Talalay, Proc. Natl. Acad.
Sci. USA 2001, 98, 3404 – 3409; c) B. Siedle, A. J. Garcia-Pineres,
R. Murillo, J. Schulte-Monting, V. Castro, P. Rungeler, C. A.
Klaas, F. B. Da Costa, W. Kisiel, I. Merfert, J. Med. Chem. 2004,
47, 6042 – 6054.
=
[29] Interestingly, the C9 C10 trisubstituted bond could be cleanly
inverted to the cis epoxide using this same sequence after
initially epoxidizing C5 C6. This bisepoxide was subjected to
Tsujiꢀs allylic transposition and readily underwent allylic oxida-
tion.
=
[30] E. J. Corey, R. A. E. Winter, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1963, 85, 2677 –
2678.
[31] Over 20 different allylic oxidations were attempted without
success, using reagents including: SeO2, C6F5Se(O)OH, NaClO2/
T-Hydro, Mn(OAc)3, Co(OAc)2/TBHP, [Rh2(cap)4]/TBHP, and
Pd/C/TBHP.
[32] All nonrigidified substrates failed to cyclize using any of the
known ruthenium metathesis catalysts. Other diol diastereoiso-
mers were also accessed and evaluated, but these also failed to
cyclize.
[10] T. R. Hoye, C. S. Jeffrey, M. A. Tennakoon, J. Wang, H. Zhao, J.
Am. Chem. Soc. 2004, 126, 10210 – 10211.
[11] For ring-closing metathesis tethers, see: a) D. J. OꢀLeary, S. J.
Miller, R. H. Grubbs, Tetrahedron Lett. 1998, 39, 1689 – 1690;
b) J. R. Rodriguez, L. Castedo, J. L. Mascarenas, Org. Lett. 2000,
2, 3209 – 3212; c) K. T. Sprott, P. R. Hanson, J. Org. Chem. 2000,
65, 7913 – 7918; d) P. A. Evans, V. S. Murthy, J. Org. Chem. 1998,
63, 6768 – 6769; e) K. T. Sprott, M. D. McReynolds, P. R.
Hanson, Org. Lett. 2001, 3, 3939 – 3942.
Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2008, 47, 9450 –9453
ꢀ 2008 Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim
www.angewandte.org
9453