Single-crystal-to-single-crystal iransformations of two threedimensional coordination polymers through regioselective [2+2] photodimerization reactions

Article abstract of DOI:10.1002/anie.201001551

Figure Persentation The crystal method: Single-crystal-tosingle-crystal (SCSC) transformations of two 3D coordination polymers, {[Zn₄(μ ₃OH)₂(5-sipa)₂(l,4-bpeb)₂] ·4H₂O}n, (see picture; C p

Full text of DOI:10.1002/anie.201001551

Angewandte
Chemie
DOI: 10.1002/anie.201001551
Structural Transformations
Single-Crystal-to-Single-Crystal Transformations of Two Three-
Dimensional Coordination Polymers through Regioselective [2+2]
Photodimerization Reactions**
Dong Liu, Zhi-Gang Ren, Hong-Xi Li, Jian-Ping Lang,* Ni-Ya Li, and Brendan F. Abrahams
In the field of supramolecular chemistry, single-crystal-to-
single-crystal (SCSC) structural transformations have
received considerable attention in recent years.[1,2] In partic-
ular, reactions within crystalline coordination polymers lead-
ing to the formation of covalent bonds have been the focus of
intense interest because they offer the possibility of producing
regio- or stereospecific organic compounds. Such compounds
may not always be accessible or easily obtained using more
traditional solution-based procedures.[2,3] Unfortunately, the
SCSC process often fails because crystals are unable to
maintain their single-crystalline character owing to the
inherent barriers to simultaneous bond formation and/or
cleavage in more than one direction.[2]
for new bond formation, once the photodimerization process
begins within a network, the subsequent movement of ligands
within the 3D structure may make further reactions within the
crystal difficult or even impossible.
In the examples of SCSC transformations referred to
above, the bridging ligand participating in the photodimeri-
zation process normally has only one olefinic bond, for
example, 1,2-bis(4-pyridyl)ethane (bpe). Pairs of these bridg-
ing ligands, appropriately aligned, form similar cyclobutane
derivatives.[5,6a,c] Those containing two or more olefinic bonds
are seldom employed,[6b] and no photoreactive 3D coordina-
tion polymers constructed using ligands containing multiple
vinyl bonds have been reported.
Photochemical [2+2] cycloadditions are a particularly
interesting type of organic solid-state reaction that can be
used to create new covalent bonds not only in photoreactive
organic compounds[4] but also in photoreactive coordination
complexes.[5–9] To date, only a few photochemical [2+2]
cycloaddition reactions accompanying SCSC transforma-
tions[4b,c] have been observed in discrete coordination com-
plexes[5] and coordination polymers.[6]
The ligand 1,4-bis[2-(4-pyridyl)ethenyl]benzene (1,4-
=
bpeb) has two C C bonds, which thus allows pairs of ligands
to link through either one or two cyclobutane units. If the
alignment of the ligands within the pair is “out-of-phase”, as
indicated in Scheme 1, then a single cyclcobutane unit can be
SCSC transformations associated with photodimerization
reactions involving ligands that are part of a three-dimen-
sional coordination network are extremely rare.[6c] This is
because positional and geometrical constraints placed upon
bridging ligands, through their incorporation in a network
structure, may not allow the reactive groups to come into the
appropriate positions for the generation of new bonds. Even if
the reactive centers are in a suitable position and orientation
Scheme 1. In-phase and out-of-phase arrangements of 1,4-bpeb mole-
cules.
formed from the two ligands. If both are “in-phase”, then it is
possible to form two cyclobutane units. In some particularly
elegant work, MacGillivray and co-workers have used
complementary hydrogen-bonded interactions to hold a pair
of 1,4-bpeb molecules in an in-phase configuration.[10] Irradi-
ation with light leads to the formation of one or two
cyclobutane units between the 1,4-bpeb molecules.
[*] D. Liu, Dr. Z. G. Ren, Dr. H. X. Li, Prof. Dr. J. P. Lang, N. Y. Li
College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science
Suzhou University
199 RenAi Road, Suzhou 215123, Jiangsu (P. R. China)
Fax: (+86)512-6588-0089
The combination of dicarboxylate anions and dipyridyl
ligands with appropriate metal ions commonly results in the
formation of 3D coordination polymers.[11] With a view to
generating 3D networks in which metal dicarboxylate sheets
are linked by parallel, pillar-like 1,4-bpeb ligands, we
combined the metal ions zinc(II) and cadmium(II) with the
dicarboxylic acids 5-sulfoisophthalic acid (5-H3sipa) and 1,3-
phenylenediacetic acid (1,3-H2pda) in the presence of 1,4-
bpeb. Whilst the desired structural outcome is certainly not
guaranteed, we were hopeful that within a 3D network pairs
of parallel 1,4-bpeb ligands bound to neighboring metal ions
would be suitably aligned for photoinduced [2+2] cyclo-
additions to occur.
E-mail: jplang@suda.edu.cn
Prof. B. F. Abrahams
School of Chemistry, University of Melbourne
Victoria 3010 (Australia)
[**] This work was financially supported by the National Natural Science
Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 20525101, 20871088 and
90922018), the Nature Science Key Basic Research of Jiangsu
Province for Higher Education (09KJA150002), the State Key
Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry of Shanghai Institute of
Organic Chemistry (2008-25), the Qin-Lan, and the “333” Projects
of Jiangsu Province, and the “SooChow Scholar” Program and
Program for Innovative Research Team of Suzhou University.
Supporting information for this article is available on the WWW
under http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/anie.201001551.
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Hydrothermal treatment of a mixture of Zn(NO3)2, 1,4-
bpeb, 5-H3sipa, and NaOH in a 1:1:1:3 molar ratio at 1608C
for 8 h followed by slowly cooling to room temperature gives
rise to yellow blocks of {[Zn4(m3-OH)2(5-sipa)2(1,4-
bpeb)2]·4H2O}n (1) in 41% yield. An X-ray analysis[12] of 1
revealed the formation of a two-dimensional network of the
composition {Zn4(m3-OH)2(5-sipa)2}. In the structure, {Zn4(m3-
OH)2} aggregates are linked by six equivalent 5-sipa ligands
and each 5-sipa ligand is linked to three equivalent {Zn4(m3-
OH)2} aggregates yielding a 2D (6,3)-connected net topolog-
ically related to CdI2. Bound to each {Zn4(m3-OH)2} aggregate
are two pairs of 1,4-bpeb ligands that extend outwards from
each side of the sheet and provide bridges to symmetry-
related aggregates belonging to parallel sheets (Figure 1a).
The underlying connectivity of the 3D network is represented
schematically in Figure 1b. Details relating to the net top-
ology are presented in the Supporting Information. Thermog-
ravimetric analysis revealed that crystals of 1 are stable. It
gradually lost two H2O molecules per molecule in the range of
50–1308C and did not decompose until 2658C (see Supporting
Information).
Each 1,4-bpeb ligand bridge is closely associated with two
symmetry-related 1,4-bpeb ligands (Figure 1c). Pairs of in-
phase 1,4-bpeb ligands bound to a {Zn4(m3-OH)2} aggregate at
one end are also bound to a single {Zn4(m3-OH)2} aggregate in
the adjacent parallel sheet. Both double bonds in the ligand
make relatively close contact with the double bonds in the
neighboring in-phase ligand (C7···C14B 3.958 ꢀ, C6···C15B
3.611 ꢀ). Although the ligands, which are related by a center
of inversion, appear close to parallel, the closely separated
double bonds are in either criss-cross or parallel fashion. For
=
pairs of ligands that are out-of-phase, only one of the C C
double bonds from each ligand makes close contact
(C6···C7A and C7···C6A 3.604 ꢀ), but unlike the in-phase
ligands, the double bonds are parallel. All the contacts
discussed above fall within the range of separations identified
by Schmidt as being necessary for photocycloaddition reac-
tions to proceed.[13]
UV irradiation of single crystals of 1 for 8 h using a 400W
Hg lamp leads to cycloaddition occurring between the out-of-
phase 1,4-bpeb ligands to produce the tetrapyridyl cyclo-
butane ligand, 1,3-bis(4-pyridyl)-2,4-bis[4-{2-(4-pyridyl)-
vinyl}phenyl]cyclobutane (bpbpvpcb). This reaction is ach-
ieved within a SCSC process that yields crystals of {[Zn4(m3-
OH)2(5-sipa)2(bpbpvpcb)]·2H2O}n (2). Powder X-ray diffrac-
tion (PXRD) confirmed that the reaction is complete and that
the bulk product of 2 is pure (see Supporting Information).
The structure of the new ligand, which maintains its coordi-
nation to the zinc centers after the cycloaddition process, is
shown in Figure 1c. Single-crystal X-ray analysis reveals that
the 3D framework of 2 is similar to that of 1; however, within
the distance between hydroxo-bridged Zn1 and Zn2 centers
(Figure 1c) increased from 3.428 ꢀ to 3.503 ꢀ (see Support-
ing Information). The separation between adjacent Zn4(m3-
OH)2 aggregates within the {Zn4(m3-OH)2(5-sipa)2} sheets has
increased from 9.409 ꢀ to 9.559 ꢀ along the b axis but
contracted along the a axis from 9.876 to 9.782 ꢀ. The
separation between {Zn4(m3-OH)2(5-sipa)2} sheets, corre-
sponding to the c axis, decreases by only a small amount
Figure 1. a) The 3D structure of 1 viewed along the a axis. 1,4-bpeb
ligands, making close contact with each other, form stacks in a
direction normal to the page. b) Representation of the underlying
network connectivity of 1. The large black and smaller gray spheres
represent the 8-connecting {Zn4(m3-OH)2} aggregates and 3-connecting
5-sipa ligands, respectively. The long horizontal black connections
represent pairs of in-phase 1,4-bpeb ligands. c) A side-on view of one
=
of the 1,4-bpeb stacks showing close contacts between C C units in 1
(striped connections) and the formation of bpbpvpcb ligands between
out-of-phase 1,4-bpeb ligands in 2.
from 18.307 ꢀ in 1 to 18.288 ꢀ in 2. Zinc centers bridged by
1,4-bpeb ligands in 1 are brought closer together following the
cycloaddition (from 19.994 to 19.741 ꢀ). To our knowledge,
this is the first example of two 1,4-bpeb molecules undergoing
a regiospecific dimerization reaction to produce a bpbpvpcb
molecule in a SCSC transformation. However, if all the
olefinic bonds were arranged in the parallel positions, the
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possibility may exist of polymerization of bpeb monomers in
1, which was observed in the case of the diolefinic compound,
1,3-phenylene-3,3’-bis(2-propenoic) acid.[4d]
Encouraged by the successful SCSC transformation of 1 to
2, another hydrothermal reaction was performed in which
Cd(NO3)2 was allowed to react with 1,4-bpeb and 1,3-H2pda
in a 1:1:1 molar ratio at 1608C over a period of 8 h. This
reaction led to the isolation of yellow crystals with the
formulation {Cd2(1,3-pda)2(1,4-bpeb)2}n (3) in 83% yield. X-
ray analysis of 3 indicated the formation of {Cd2(1,3-pda)2}
sheets (see Supporting Information). In this structure, four
carboxylate groups from four separate ligands associate with
a pair of closely separated cadmium centers. This {Cd2(1,3-
pda)4} aggregate, which is approximately planar, is linked to
equivalent aggregates within a 2D (4,4) network if the
{Cd2(1,3-pda)4} aggregate is considered
a single node.
Almost-parallel pairs of 1,4-bpeb ligands extend out from
either side of the {Cd2(1,3-pda)4} aggregate and link to
equivalent {Cd2(1,3-pda)4} aggregates that are in parallel
neighboring 2D {Cd2(1,3-pda)2} sheets, yielding a 3D network
(Figure 2a). From a topological perspective, the structure of 3
can be considered to be a simple cubic net with the {Cd2(1,3-
pda)4} aggregates representing the nodes (Figure 2b).
According to TGA studies, the compound is relatively
stable, with decomposition not occurring until 3608C.
Although 1 and 3 share gross structural features, there are
some important differences, particularly in relation to the
association of the 1,4-bpeb ligands; each 1,4-bpeb ligand is
only closely associated with one other 1,4-bpeb ligand. Each
of the two double bonds in one 1,4-bpeb ligand is closely
aligned in a parallel arrangement with a double bond in its
neighbor, with separations that lie in a range appropriate for
photocycloaddition to occur (C6···C15A and C7···C14A
3.886 ꢀ and 4.023 ꢀ, respectively; Figure 2c).
Irradiating single crystals of 3 using a 400 W Hg lamp for
about 10 h results in both double bonds in each 1,4-bpeb
ligand participating in photocycloaddition reactions, leading
to the generation of the dicyclobutane ligand, tetrakis(4-
pyridyl)-1,2,9,10-diethano[2.2]paracyclophane (Figure 2c).
This transformation occurs in an SCSC process, which yields
single crystals of {Cd2(1,3-pda)2(tppcp)}n (4). PXRD patterns
indicated that the reaction was also complete and that bulk 4
was pure (see Supporting Information).
The 3D framework of 4 is closely related to that of 3 with a
single tppcp ligand in 4 taking the place of the closely
associated pair of 1,4-bpeb ligands in 3 (see Supporting
Information). An interesting aspect of this transformation is
the increase in separation between cadmium centers within
the Cd2(1,3-pda)4 aggregates (from 3.912 ꢀ in 3 to 4.287 ꢀ in
4). The cadmium centers are thus no longer linked by a pair of
oxygen atoms (Figure 2d). As a result, the coordination
number of the cadmium centers drops from seven in 3 to six in
4. The structure of 4 is different from that of a 2D
coordination polymer containing the tppcp ligand, {[Co-
(O2CMe)2(4,4’-tppcp)]·2MeOH·toluene}n.[14]
Figure 2. a) The 3D structure of 3 viewed along the b axis. b) The
underlying network connectivity of 3. The black spheres represent the
{Cd2(1,3-pda)4} aggregates. The long horizontal black connections
represent pairs of in-phase 1,4-bpeb ligands. c) A view of two pairs of
1,4-bpeb ligands in 3 (striped connections represent close contact
=
between C C units) that form tppcp ligands in 4. d) A representation
of the structural changes that occur to {Cd2(1,3-pda)4} aggregates
following the formation of tppcp.
1,4-bpeb ligands within 1 and 3, the ligands bpbpvpcb in 2 and
tppcp in 4 can be formed. It is anticipated that such a synthetic
methodology may be applied to other linkers containing
multiple vinyl groups to yield various known or unknown
products regiospecifically. Studies along these lines are
currently underway.
In conclusion, the present work demonstrates that 1,4-
bpeb incorporated into coordination networks can undergo
photoinduced cycloaddition reactions with preservation of
single-crystal character. Depending upon the alignment of the
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Communications
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Experimental Section
1: Zn(NO3)2·6H2O (119 mg, 0.4 mmol), 5-H3sipa (98 mg, 0.4 mmol),
ˇˇ ´
[4] a) L. R. MacGillivray, G. S. Papaefstathiou, T. Friscic, T. D.
1,4-bpeb (114 mg, 0.4 mmol), NaOH (48 mg, 1.2 mmol), and H2O
(15 mL) were loaded into a 25 mL Teflon-lined autoclave. The
autoclave was sealed and heated in an oven to 1608C for 8 h, and then
cooled to ambient temperature at a rate of 58ChÀ1, resulting in the
formation of light yellow blocks of 1. Yield: 58 mg (41% yield based
on Zn).
2: Single crystals of 1 were irradiated by a Hg lamp (400 W) for
about 8 h to form crystals of 2 in 100% yield based on 1. As the
crystals were exposed under the Hg lamp, each crystal lost two H2O
molecules per formula unit relative to that of 1.
3: Cd(NO3)2·4H2O (123 mg, 0.4 mmol), 1,3-H2pda (78 mg,
0.4 mmol), 1,4-bpeb (114 mg, 0.4 mmol), and H2O (15 mL) were
loaded into a 25 mL Teflon-lined autoclave. The autoclave was sealed
and heated in an oven to 1608C for 8 h, and then cooled to ambient
temperature at a rate of 58ChÀ1, leading to the formation of light
yellow blocks of 3. Yield: 195 mg (83% yield based on Cd). The 1,3-
H2pda ligands were deprotonated in hydrothermal conditions without
the presence of base, and the acidic environment was propitious to
obtain single crystals in good quality.
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bpbpvpcb: A mixture of Na2(H2edta) (298 mg), 2 (140 mg), H2O
(20 mL), and CH2Cl2 (25 mL) were placed in a 100 mL flask and
stirred for 2 days. The organic phase was separated from the reaction
mixture and the aqueous layers were extracted with CH2Cl2 (3 ꢁ
40 mL). The combined organic phase was concentrated to dryness
in vacuo. The powder was then washed thoroughly with NaOH
solution and H2O and finally dried with anhydrous Na2SO4 to give
bpbpvpcb as yellow powder. Yield: 43 mg (76%). 1H NMR
(400 MHz, [D6]DMSO): d = 8.55 (q, 4H, Py-H), 8.29 (q, 4H, Py-H),
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=
7.72 (d, 4H, Py-H), 7.59 (q, 4H, Py-H), 7.48 (d, 2H, CH CH), 7.36 (d,
=
2H, CH CH), 7.19 (m, 4H, Ph-H), 7.02 (d, 4H, Ph-H), 4.48 ppm (q,
4H, CH-CH).
tppcp was obtained from 4 (118 mg) as a pale yellow powder by
the method used for the isolation of bpbpvpcb. Yield: 40 mg (70%).
1H NMR (400 MHz, [D6]DMSO): d = 8.35 (d, 8H, Py-H), 7.26 (d, 8H,
Py-H), 7.07 (d, 4H, Ph-H), 6.79 (d, 4H, Ph-H), 4.74 (d, 4H, CH-CH),
4.61 ppm (d, 4H, CH-CH).
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The successful isolation of bpbpvpcb and tppcp also indicated
that the transformations of 1 to 2 and 3 to 4 were complete.
1477.
¯
[12] Crystal data for 1: triclinic, P1, a = 9.4093(19), b = 9.876(2), c =
18.307(4) ꢀ, a = 79.35(3), b = 87.30(3), g = 68.20(3)8, V=
Received: March 15, 2010
Published online: May 20, 2010
1551.9(7) ꢀ3, Z = 2, 1calcd = 1.522 gcmÀ3, m = 1.669 cmÀ1, R1 =
¯
0.059, wR2 = 0.162, GOF = 1.175. 2: triclinic, P1, a =
9.5591(19), b = 9.782(2), c = 18.288(4) ꢀ, a = 78.75(3), b =
Keywords: bridging ligands · coordination polymers ·
photodimerization · regioselectivity · structural transformations
86.28(3), g = 68.73(3)8, V= 1562.9(7) ꢀ3, Z = 2, 1calcd
=
.
1.469 gcmÀ3, m = 1.653 cmÀ1, R1 = 0.104, wR2 = 0.196, GOF =
1.178. 3: monoclinic, P21/c, a = 11.870(2), b = 11.798(2), c =
17.924(4) ꢀ, b = 95.03(3)8, V= 2500.5(8) ꢀ3, Z = 4, 1calcd
=
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1.564 gcmÀ3, m = 0.913 cmÀ1, R1 = 0.039, wR2 = 0.084, GOF =
1.087. 4: monoclinic, P21/c, a = 11.804(2), b = 11.912(2), c =
18.226(4) ꢀ, b = 96.12(3)8, V= 2548.1(8) ꢀ3, Z = 4, 1calcd
=
1.535 gcmÀ3, m = 0.896 cmÀ1, R1 = 0.134, wR2 = 0.248, GOF =
1.152. CCDC 761121, 761122, 761123, and 761124 contain the
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