Sonochemical Green Synthesis of Yttrium Oxide (Y2O3) Nanoparticles as a Novel Heterogeneous Catalyst for the Construction of Biologically Interesting 1,3-Thiazolidin-4-ones

Article abstract of DOI:10.1007/s10562-017-2168-4

Abstract: This paper describes a facile and green strategy for the synthesis of yttrium oxide nanoparticles (Y₂O₃ NPs) by a straightforward process using Liriope platyphylla rhizome extract as the reducing agent and yttrium nitrate hexahydrate as the sole precursor without other additives. The crystallinity, surface chemistry, morphology, elemental composition, and thermal properties of the synthesized NPs are thoroughly investigated. The synthesized NPs shows remarkable catalytic activity for the construction of biologically interesting 1,3-thiazolidin-4-ones. Graphical Abstract: [Figure not available: see fulltext.].

Full text of DOI:10.1007/s10562-017-2168-4

Catal Lett
DOI 10.1007/s10562-017-2168-4
Sonochemical Green Synthesis of Yttrium Oxide (Y2O3)
Nanoparticles as a Novel Heterogeneous Catalyst
for the Construction of Biologically Interesting 1,3-Thiazolidin-4-
ones
Nagaraj Basavegowda1 · Kanchan Mishra1 · Raju S. Thombal1 · Kaliappan Kaliraj1 ·
Yong Rok Lee1
Received: 17 February 2017 / Accepted: 10 August 2017
© Springer Science+Business Media, LLC 2017
Abstract This paper describes a facile and green strat-
egy for the synthesis of yttrium oxide nanoparticles (Y2O3
NPs) by a straightforward process using Liriope platyphylla
rhizome extract as the reducing agent and yttrium nitrate
hexahydrate as the sole precursor without other additives.
The crystallinity, surface chemistry, morphology, elemen-
tal composition, and thermal properties of the synthesized
NPs are thoroughly investigated. The synthesized NPs shows
remarkable catalytic activity for the construction of biologi-
cally interesting 1,3-thiazolidin-4-ones.
Graphical Abstract
Keywords Yttrium oxide · Heterogeneous catalyst ·
1,3-Thiazolidin-4-ones · Liriope platyphylla · Green
approach
1 Introduction
Transition metal oxide nanoparticles (NPs) are widely
known for their variety of attractive chemical, electrical,
and optical properties [1–3] which can take up different
nanostructures such as nanorods, nanowires, nanospheres,
nanodisks, and nanotubes [4–8]. These attributes paves
the way to its application in catalysis, thermoelectric-
ity, magnetism, and optical fields [9–12]. Yttrium oxide
(Y2O3), also known as yttria, is considered as one of the
most important rare earth oxides and widely employed in
many applications owing to its thermal stability, corrosion
Electronic supplementary material The online version of this
article (doi:10.1007/s10562-017-2168-4) contains supplementary
material, which is available to authorized users.
* Yong Rok Lee
yrlee@yu.ac.kr
1
School of Chemical Engineering, Yeungnam University, 280
Daehak-Ro, Gyeongsan 38541, Republic of Korea
Vol.:(0123456789)
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N. Basavegowda et al.
resistivity, and transparency in the violet to infrared light
region [13] which makes it a promising candidate for
many advanced technical applications such as photody-
namic therapy [14], biological imaging [15], lumines-
cence [16] and nuclear power systems [17]. Its chemical
stability, high melting point, and low volatility has led
to its adoption in high-temperature applications as alloy-
ing elements and as an additive for advanced ceramics
[18–20]. In addition, it is widely used as a host material
for rare earth ions such as samarium, erbium, gadolinium,
and europium [21]. Although there are several reported
methods to prepare Y2O3 nanomaterials such as sol–gel
processes, solvothermal processes, precipitation, flame
spray pyrolysis, gas-phase condensation, combustion,
hydrothermal processes, and electrochemical methods [5,
22–28], majority of these approaches are high energy and/
or special equipment demanding, difficult to scale up, and
workable only under hard-to-control operation conditions
which poses significant drawbacks. While there are several
reported approaches to synthesize Y2O3 nanomaterials,
there have been few reports on green methods to do so.
Green synthetic methods to obtain metal NPs using dif-
ferent plant extracts have received considerable attention
as alternatives to physical and chemical methods owing to
their cost effectiveness and suitability for the large-scale
production of metal NPs.
In this paper, we describe a green method to synthesize
Y2O3 NPs using L. platyphylla rhizome extract as a reducing
and capping agent. We also report the catalytic activities of
the synthesized nanoparticles for the construction of biologi-
cally interesting 1,3-thiazolidin-4-ones in solvent-free condi-
tions. To the best of our knowledge, no previous reports have
been made on the use of Y2O3 NPs as a catalyst for organic
transformation.
2 Experimental
2.1 Materials
Yttrium nitrate hexahydrate [Y(NO3)3·6H2O], benzalde-
hydes, amines, and thioglycolic acid were obtained from
Sigma-Aldrich. All chemicals were used as received. The
air-dried rhizomes of L. platyphylla were obtained from a
local supplier in Yeongchon, South Korea. The synthesis of
Y2O3 nanoparticles with the L. platyphylla rhizome extract
was carried out by sonicating the solution for 2 h at 60 °C
in an ultrasonic bath (Fischer Scientific, FS-60) operated at
50 Hz with a maximum power of 260 W.
2.2 Preparation and HPLC Analysis of L. platyphylla
Rhizome Extract
Recently, ultrasonic irradiation has been paid great atten-
tion by chemists due to its nontoxicity, cheapness, and envi-
ronmental benignity [29]. The ultrasonic-assisted method
for the preparation of nanomaterial has many advantages
in terms of fragmentation, particle size, surface area, pore
size, phase ratio. Moreover, it also prevents the formation
of larger particles due to the increased high velocity inter-
particle collisions [30].
The rhizome extract of L. platyphylla was prepared using
a previously published method [58]. Dried L. platyphylla
rhizomes were crushed to make a fine powder, and 5 g of
this powder was placed in 200 mL of deionized Milli-Q
water. The broth solution was then boiled for 10 min, filtered
through a 0.2 mm filter, and stored at 4 °C prior to use. The
HPLC profiling of L. platyphylla extract was carried out
in according to the method of Wang et al. [59] with some
modifications. The HPLC was performed using an Agilent
1100 chromatograph (Agilent Technologies; Palo Alto, CA,
USA) equipped with a binary pump, auto-sampler, column
heater, diode array detector (DAD), and ChemStation data
acquisition system. A Kinetics C18 (100 mm×4.6 mm) col-
umn with a particle size of 2.6 µm (Phenomenex; Torrance,
CA, USA) with an in-line filter was used for the analysis of
extract. In this study, L. platyphylla extract were separated
using a gradient elution with 0.1% of trifluoroacetic acid in
water and acetonitrile. The mobile phase was composed of
0.1% of trifluoroacetic acid (TFA) in water (elution A) and
acetonitrile (elution B).
Thiazolidinones are an important class of synthetic phar-
maceutical compounds owing to their broad spectrum of bio-
logical relevance such as anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial,
anti-HIV, antihistaminic, antitubercular, anti-cancer, anti-
oxidant, anti-hepatitis, anticonvulsant, anti-hyperglycemic,
anti-hypertensive, antiproliferative, and antifungal activities
[31–43]. Owing to the importance of 1,3-thiazolidin-4-ones
in pharmaceuticals, various protocols have been developed
to synthesize them using different catalysts such as nano-
Fe3O4@SiO2 [44], HBTU [45], [bmim] [PF6] [46], ZnCl2
[47], ferrite [48], DCC [49], Hunig’s base [50], and [bmim]
OH [51]. However, most of these catalytic systems poses
drawbacks such as low yields, long reaction times, and harsh
reaction conditions.
Liriope platyphylla is a traditional medicinal plant widely
distributed in the northern hemisphere [52]. Different parts
of L. platyphylla have been used for the treatment of asthma,
obesity, diabetes, neurodegenerative diseases, and respira-
tory inflammation [53–57].
2.3 Synthesis of the Y2O3 NPs
A 50-mL aliquot of the L. platyphylla extract was added to
a previously prepared 1 mmol yttrium nitrate hexahydrate
solution and sonicated for 2 h at 60 °C. A white precipitate
1 3

Sonochemical Green Synthesis of Yttrium Oxide (Y2O3) Nanoparticles as a Novel…
formed which was then washed twice with water. The pre-
cipitate was then dried at 150 °C for 4 h.
and the injected volume was 20 µL. L. platyphylla contains
polyphenols and flavonoids compounds that have been
reported previously [60]. Analysis of the chromatograms at
different wavelengths in the range of 210–530 nm has been
done. It was found that the chromatogram at 530 nm together
with 254 nm could represent the profile of the constituents
in L. platyphylla extract. However, by comparing the chro-
matogram of Wang et al. [59], it is proposed that 360 and
530 nm are the wavelengths in which most of the flavonoids
can be analyzed with high concentration.
2.4 Characterization of the Y2O3 NPs
Fourier transform infrared spectra (FT-IR) were collected
using a PerkinElmer Spectrum TwoTM spectrometer in
transmittance mode over a range of 400–4000 cm−1. X-ray
diffraction (XRD) analysis of the Y2O3 NPs was performed
using powdered samples in air, using a PANalytical X’Pert
MRD model (operating at 30 kV and 40 mA); CuKα
(λ = 1.5406 Å) was used as the X-ray source to scan a 2θ
angle range of 10–90° at a scanning rate of 1.2° min−1. The
composition of the nanoparticles and the chemical state of
each element were analyzed by X-ray photoelectron spec-
troscopy (XPS) using a Thermo scientific K-Alpha system
fitted with an Al Kα X-ray source. The size and morphology
of the nanoparticles were analyzed by transmission elec-
tron microscopy (TEM, FEI Tecnai G2 F20 ST FE-TEM).
The chemical compositions of the Y2O3 NPs were analyzed
using an energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) unit
attached to the transmission electron microscope. The per-
centage weight loss of the nanoparticles was measured by
thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) coupled with differential
thermal calorimetry (DTA, SDT-Q600 V20.5 Build 15) from
room temperature to 700 °C under a N2 atmosphere at a
heating rate of 10 °C min−1. Raman spectra were obtained
to analyze the interface between the two components using
an XploRA Plus (HORIBA Scientific) with a TE air-cooled
charge-coupled device (CCD) detector. The samples were
excited at 532 nm with a YAG (Nd) laser, the spectral resolu-
tion was approximately 3 cm−1, and the spectrum acquisition
time was 100 s.
3.2 Characterization of the Y2O3 NPs
The capping of the nanoparticles by the rhizome extract
was examined by FTIR spectroscopy. Figure 1 shows the
FTIR spectra of the rhizome extract and the Y2O3 NPs. The
spectrum of the rhizome extract shows vibrational bands at
3293, 2917, 1655, 1357, 1016, and 591 cm−1. Furthermore,
the vibrational bands of the prepared nanoparticles appear
at 3421, 1555, 1404, and 563 cm−1. The absorption peaks of
the rhizome extract at 3293 and 1655 cm−1 are attributed to
O–H and C=O stretching vibrations, respectively, which are
shifted to 3421 and 1555 cm−1, respectively. This result con-
firms that the O–H and C=O bonds are involved in reduc-
ing and capping the nanoparticles. The absorption peaks of
the rhizome extract at 2917, 1357, and 1016 cm−1 may be
assigned to C–H stretching, CH3 bending, and C–O stretch-
ing modes, respectively. The absorption peaks of the nano-
particles at 3421, 1555, 1404, and 563 cm−1 are attributed
to stretching of the O–H bonds, asymmetric and symmetric
stretching of the carboxylate group, and Y–O bonds, respec-
tively. The Y–O band at 563 cm−1 indicates the formation
2.5 General Procedure for the Synthesis
of 1,3-Thiazolidin-4-ones
Y2O3 NPs (2 mol%, 0.0045 g) were added to a solution of
the benzaldehyde (1 mmol), the amine (1 mmol), and thio-
glycolic acid (1 mmol) at room temperature. The reaction
mixture was stirred at room temperature for 1 h. After com-
pletion of the reaction, the reaction mixture was, filtered,
and recrystallized in ethanol to produce the pure product.
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 HPLC Analysis of L. platyphylla Rhizome Extract
A typical HPLC profile of the L. platyphylla extract is pre-
sented in Fig. S1. The gradient program used was as follows:
0–10 min, 20%; 10–25 min, 20–80%; 25–70 min, 80–20% of
0.1% of TFA in acetonitrile. The flow rate was 0.8 mL min−1
Fig. 1 FTIR spectra of the L. platyphylla rhizome extract and the
Y2O3 NPs
1 3

N. Basavegowda et al.
of yttria. Similar results were obtained with the previously
reported method [61].
XPS measurements were performed to analyze the surface
chemistry and oxidation states in the synthesized Y2O3 NPs.
The only elements present are Y, O, and C, which reveals
that there are no impurities in the synthesized nanoparticles,
except C 1s (284.9 eV), which was used to calibrate the
spectra. Figure 3a shows the XPS full survey scan in the
binding energy range of 0 to 1200 eV for Y2O3 NPs. The Y
3d XPS spectrum splits into two strong sub-peaks at 158.4
and 156.7 eV due to the high binding state of Y 3d3/2 and
low binding state of Y 3d5/2, respectively as shown in Fig. 3b
[64]. Similar results to those for pure Y2O3 reported in the
literature are obtained [65]. The center of the Y 3d5/2 peak
corresponds to that of the Y3+ oxidation state. As shown in
Fig. 3c, the highest binding energy peak for the O 1s band is
presented on the fitting line at 531.6 eV which may be attrib-
uted to the chemisorbed oxygen from surface hydroxylation
and oxygen atoms in carbonate ions [66]. The low intensity
binding energy peak located at 529.2 is due to the O2− ions
in pure Y2O3 [67]. The core level XPS spectrum of C 1s is
shown in Fig. 3d which contains a broad peak at 284.9 eV
due to hydroxyl groups (O–H), indicating that the carbon
species bear oxygen-containing functional groups.
The powder XRD pattern of the Y2O3 NPs was deter-
mined, as shown in Fig. 2. A series of diffraction peaks are
observed at 2θ = 20.41°, 29.09°, 33.73°, 39.75°, 43.40°,
48.43°, 57.49°, and 78.50°, which are assigned to the (211),
(222), (400), (332), (134), (440), (622), and (662) Bragg
reflections, respectively. Of these, the 29.09°, 33.73°, and
48.43° diffraction angles that are assigned to the (222),
(400), and (440) reflections, respectively, produce the most
intense peaks, as indicated in the selected area electron dif-
fraction (SAED) patterns (which is in agreement with the
standard JCPDS: 89-5591). The diffraction peaks confirm
that phase cubic Y2O3 structure is present [62]. In the litera-
ture, it has been reported that the diffraction peaks becomes
sharper and intense due to increase in crystallinity by the
annealing of the particles at 300 °C and more [63]. While the
present synthetic method is sonochemical green approach,
there may be some other phases or impurities due to bio-
molecules present in L. platyphylla extract. The crystallite
size was estimated from the line width of XRD peaks, using
Scherrer’s equation as shown below.
The size and morphology of the synthesized nanopar-
ticles were investigated using TEM. Figure 4a–e shows
the TEM micrographs, corresponding SAED results, and
HRTEM images with d spacing analysis.
Kꢀ
D =
ꢁCosꢂ
where, θ is the Bragg diffraction angle, K is a constant
shape factor taken as 0.9, λ is the wavelength of incident
X-ray diffraction (λ =0.154056 nm), and β is the full-width
at half maximum (FWHM) of the diffraction peak in the
XRD patterns in radians. The main and intense peaks (222),
(400), (440), (622) have been selected for this determination
and the average crystallite size of Y2O3 NPs is found to be
17 nm.
The particles are aggregated into different shapes and
sizes. Figure 4a, b shows TEM images at 50 and 10 nm,
respectively. From the figure, we can see that the average
size of the particles is approximately 10–15 nm. Figure 4c
shows the SAED pattern of the particles with a series of
homocentric rings, which clearly indicates that the synthe-
sized Y2O3 NPs are polycrystalline in nature. The high-res-
olution TEM image in Fig. 4d shows the distinct crystalline
lattice fringes of Y2O3. In addition, the d spacing (Fig. 4e)
value of the crystal lattice fringe is 0.336 nm, which corre-
sponds to the (222) crystal plane of the body-centered cubic
(bcc) Y2O3 phase.
Elemental mapping of the synthesized nanoparticles was
conducted using high-angle annular dark-field scanning
transmission electron microscopy (HAADF-STEM) imaging
(Fig. 5a) combined with EDS. Elemental mapping confirmed
the arrangement of yttrium (green) and oxygen (orange) as
shown in Fig. 5b, c, respectively. An EDX spectrum was also
obtained to determine the relative surface composition of the
Y2O3 NPs, as shown in Fig. 5d.
TGA traces for the Y2O3 NPs reveal two significant
weight loss steps from room temperature to 800 °C. As
shown in Fig. 6, the weight loss is 1.78% in the first step
and 9.10% in the second step, giving an overall weight loss
of 10.88% and residual mass of 89.1%, which confirms
that the first step is due to moisture loss and the second
step is due to the loss of bioactive molecules from the
Fig. 2 XRD spectrum of Y2O3 NPs
1 3

Sonochemical Green Synthesis of Yttrium Oxide (Y2O3) Nanoparticles as a Novel…
Fig. 3 XPS spectra a full sur-
vey scan, b Y 3d, c O 1s, and d
C 1s survey curve of Y2O3 NPs
Fig. 4 a TEM image of Y2O3 NPs at 50 nm b at 10 nm c the SAED patterns d HRTEM images showing lattice fringes e d spacing
1 3

N. Basavegowda et al.
Fig. 5 a STEM-EDS elemental maps of Y2O3 NPs b yttrium c oxygen d EDX
Fig. 6 TGA and DTA traces of Y2O3 NPs
Fig. 7 Raman spectrum of Y2O3 NPs
381 cm−1 indicates a large polarizability vibration. The
other bands at 166, 593, and 1084 cm−1 are much weaker.
Y2O3 NPs. The DTA thermogram [Fig. 6 (blue)] exhib-
its heat variations related to exothermic and endothermic
reactions. The endothermic peak at 298.5 °C is assigned to
thermal decomposition of the bioactive molecules present
in the rhizome extract.
3.3 Catalytic Activity
To investigate the catalytic activity of the synthesized Y2O3
NPs, multicomponent reactions of arylaldehydes (1), ben-
zylamines (2), and thioglycolic acid (3) in the presence of
2 mol% Y2O3 NPs (4.5 mg) was performed in the absence
The phonon energy of the materials was studied by
Raman spectroscopy. Figure 7 represents the Raman spec-
trum of the Y2O3 NPs and the bands are in good agreement
with the literature [68]. The strong intense band at around
1 3

Sonochemical Green Synthesis of Yttrium Oxide (Y2O3) Nanoparticles as a Novel…
of solvent (Table 1). For example, the reaction of benzalde-
hyde 1a with benzylamine 2a and thioglycolic acid (3) at
room temperature for 1 h provides the product 4a in 99%
yield. The structure of 4a was determined by analysis of its
spectral data and direct comparison with the literature data
[49, 69–71].
Combination of 1a or 1e with 2b produces products 4g
(87%) and 4h (87%), and that of 1g with 2c gives 4i in 91%
yield.
Table 2 shows the catalytic performance of the syn-
thesized Y2O3 NPs compared with that of other catalysts
reported for the synthesis of 1,3-thiazolidin-4-ones. The
biosynthesized Y2O3 NPs show higher catalytic ability than
the previously reported catalysts [49, 69–71].
To synthesize a variety of 1,3-thiazolidin-4-ones, further
three-component reactions were performed using various
arylaldehydes and benzylamines bearing electron-donating
or withdrawing groups on the benzene rings. Treatment of 2a
with 3 and 1b or 1c bearing electron-donating groups 3-Me
and 3-OMe, respectively, affords the corresponding prod-
ucts 4b and 4c in 95 and 96% yield, respectively, whereas
that with 1d, 1e, or 1f bearing electron-withdrawing groups
2-Cl, 2-Br, and 2-NO2 affords the corresponding products
4d, 4e, and 4f in 90, 89, and 95% yield, respectively. With
substituted benzylamines bearing the electron-withdrawing
group 4-Cl or the electron-donating group 3-Me on the ben-
zene ring, the desired products are obtained in good yield.
To explore the versatility of the synthesized Y2O3
NPs on this type of transformation, further reaction with
Table 2 Synthesis of 1,3-thiazolidin-4-ones in different catalysts
Entry
Catalyst
Time (h)
Yields
Ref.
1
2
3
4
5
Y2O3 NPs
DCC
Silica gel
Valine
1
4
4
4
4
99%
87%
52%
89%
84%
Present work
[49]
[69]
[70]
[71]
HClO4–SiO2
Table 1 Y2O3 NP-catalyzed
synthesis of a variety of
1,3-thiazolidin-4-ones (4a–4i)a,b
aReaction conditions: arylaldehydes (1.0 mmol), benzylamines (1.0
mmol), and thioglycolic acid (1.0 mmol) in Y2O3 NPs (2 mol%) at
room temperature for 1 h. bIsolated yield
1 3

N. Basavegowda et al.
2-thiophenecarboxaldehyde (1h) instead of benzaldehydes
was also examined (Scheme 1). The reaction of 1h with 2a
and 3 at room temperature for 1 h without using solvent
affords product 5 in 91% yield.
O
Y2O3 NPs
NH2
N
O
H
OH
The proposed mechanism for the formation of 4a is
depicted in Scheme 2. In the presence of Y2O3 NPs, benza-
ldehyde (1a) forms intermediate 1a’ which is then attacked
by benzylamine (2a) to form the imine intermediate 6
through the elimination of water. Further, the sulfur atom
of the thioglycolic acid (3) attacks intermediate 6 to give
subsequent intermediate 7 that undergoes intramolecular
cyclization to form final product 4a through the removal
of water.
1a
H
N
HS
H2O
H2O
O
1a'
6
3
Y2O3 NPs
O
HO
O
NH
S
4a
S
7
Scheme 2 Proposed mechanism for the formation of 4a
3.3.1 Theoretical Study
structure of 4a is shown in Fig. 8, in which oxygen is the
strongest nucleophilic region (highest electron density) in
the molecule.
In order to find the stationary points for the minima and
to evaluate the zero-point energies (ZPEs), density func-
tional theory (DFT) calculations were performed using the
Gaussian 09W program system. Becke-3-Lee-Yang-Parr
(B3LYP) parameter with 6-311G (d, p) level of theory have
been adopted for geometry optimization. Total energies and
ZPEs of reactant and product were calculated as shown in
Table S1 [72]. From this theoretical discussion it can be
concluded that ΔE shows that the reaction is exothermic and
they do not need temperature.
3.3.3 Recovery and Reuse of Catalyst
In order to examine the heterogeneous nature of the Y2O3
nanoparticles, its recyclability and reusability for subsequent
catalytic cycles is very important. We have carried out the
reaction of 4a under similar reaction conditions. After the
completion of the reaction, the catalyst was recovered by
filtration from the reaction mixture after dilution with ethyl
acetate, washed with methanol and dried in an oven at 80 °C
before using for the next catalytic cycle. The recovered nano-
catalyst was reused up to five consecutive catalytic cycles
under similar reaction conditions. Based from our observa-
tion, there was no significant change in the yield of the prod-
uct (4a) up to the fourth cycle. However, the product yield
slightly decreased at the fifth cycle. The drop of product
yield at the fifth catalytic cycle may be due to the agglom-
eration [73] of the Y2O3 nanoparticles which was further
3.3.2 Molecular Electrostatic Potential of 4a
The molecular electrostatic potential (MEP) study is help-
ful for knowing the nucleophilic and electrophilic regions
of the molecule. It is represented by different colors like
red, orange, yellow, green and blue. The potential increases
in the following order red<orange<yellow<green<blue.
Red indicates higher electronegativity (electron rich) site
and show strongest repulsion and blue indicates higher elec-
tropositivity (electron deficient) site of the molecule and
show the strongest attraction, while green color represent
the region which have zero potential.
The charge distribution of 4a molecule is calculated
using DFT at B3LYP/6-31G (d, p) level of theory. The MEP
2a
Y2O3 NPs
O
O
NH2
O
N
no solvent
1 h
HO
HS
+
H
S
91%
S
1h
3
S
5
Scheme 1 Additional reaction of 1 h with 2a and 3 for the formation
of 5
Fig. 8 Molecular Electrostatic Potential representation of 4a
1 3

Sonochemical Green Synthesis of Yttrium Oxide (Y2O3) Nanoparticles as a Novel…
Fig. 9 a Recovery and reuse
of the synthesized Y
2O3 NPs b
SEM images after five cycles
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In summary, we have developed a simple and green protocol
for the synthesis of Y2O3 NPs using L. platyphylla rhizome
extract as a reductant and stabilizer. HPLC analysis of the
L. platyphylla extract confirms the presence of flavonoids
and polyphenols which act as good reducing and capping
agents. Our synthetic approach is simpler and more efficient
compared to chemical and physical synthetic methods which
require additional reductants or surfactants. Moreover, the
synthesized NPs were successfully used as a heterogeneous
green catalyst for the construction of biologically interest-
ing 1,3-thiazolidin-4-ones in good to excellent yields. The
remarkable advantages of this methodology include easy
preparation, short reaction times, high product yields, and
environmental benignity. These findings show that Y2O3
NPs have potential application in catalyzing organic trans-
formations which are useful especially in the medical and
pharmaceutical fields.
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Acknowledgements This work was supported by the National
Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) grant funded by the Korea gov-
ernment (MSIP) (NRF-2014R1A2A1A11052391), the Nano Material
Technology Development Program (2012M3A7B4049675), and the
Ministry of Education (2014R1A6A1031189).
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