Aromatic ylide-stabilized carbocyclic silylene

Article abstract of DOI:10.1002/anie.201104805

New ring on the block: A new type of silylene (see scheme) has been synthesized and is stabilized by the ylidic carbon centers which serve as π-donor substituents while attenuating the σ-withdrawing effects of the nitrogen groups. The electronic and structural features of this neutral silaaromatic system were probed using DFT calculations. Copyright

Full text of DOI:10.1002/anie.201104805

DOI: 10.1002/anie.201104805
Silicon Chemistry
Aromatic Ylide-Stabilized Carbocyclic Silylene**
Matthew Asay, Shigeyoshi Inoue, and Matthias Driess*
Dedicated to Professor Gottfried Huttner
The chemistry of stable silylenes has been the subject of
considerable research since the first isolation of the N-
heterocyclic silylene (NHSi) A in 1994 (Scheme 1).[1] How-
ever, while the chemistry of stable carbenes, which began only
a few years earlier, has led to a wide array of systems using a
variety of stabilization modes,[2] silylene systems are less
developed. To date cyclic silylenes have been limited to the
three five-membered NHSis A,[1,3] B,[4] and C[5], the six-
membered NHSi D[6], and the cyclic dialkylsilylene E.[7] In
addition to these more classical silylenes there are also several
examples of stable SiII silylenoid species, wherein the silicon
center has a coordination number greater than two.[8]
significantly different properties and reactivities. The reac-
tivities of both NHSis and cyclocarbosilylene E have been
extensively studied and reviewed.[9]
Considering the significant chemistry that has already
been developed for stable silylenes given their unique and
varied reactivity, and potential as ligands for transition
metals,[9] we set out to develop a new type of silylene having
more electropositive carbon-based p-donating substituents,
which should lead to an electronic stabilization intermediate
to those of NHSis and the cyclic carbosilylene E. Carbanionic
substituents were targeted because the p donation of such a
substituent should match that of the nitrogen atom in NHSis
and the less electronegative carbon atom is a poorer
s acceptor.[10] For the silylene to be neutral the carbanionic
substituents can be additionally stabilized as part of a
phosphous ylide. In fact, the use of a single ylide has been
exploited in carbene chemistry to synthesize amino ylide
carbenes.[11] With these constraints in mind the silylene F
would be an ideal target (Scheme 2). In this case, not only is
the low-valent silicon center electronically stabilized by the
anionic carbon atoms of the two ylide groups as in F1, but the
Scheme 1. N-heterocyclic silylenes A–D, and the cyclic dialkylsilylene E.
Dip=2,6-diisopropylphenyl, TMS=trimethylsilyl.
Scheme 2. Resonance structures of the carbocyclic ylide-stabilized
silylene F.
Among stable cyclic silylenes, the most common mode of
stabilization, as with carbenes, is the use of nitrogen
substituents, which act as excellent p donors and strong
s acceptors because of their lone pair of electrons and high
electronegativity, respectively. The one exception is silylene
E, which is stabilized sterically through protection of Si by the
four trimethylsilyl groups and electronically by hyperconju-
formally vacant 3p orbital at silicon is additionally stabilized
by the aromaticity of the 6p-electron system. A further look
at the resonance structures of F shows a silacyclopentadiene
dianion,[12] which emphasizes the aromatic character,[13] the
anionic sila vinyl betaine-like F2, and the neutral F3. Each of
these resonance forms highlights potentially interesting
chemical and physical properties that such a silylene may
have and therefore we set about to develop a suitable
synthetic route to such a species.
ꢀ
gation of the Si C bonds into the vacant 3p orbital on the
silicon center as well as decreased s-acceptor properties of the
alkyl groups. These different methods of stabilization lead to
There are only two methods by which free, stable silylenes
can be formed. The most common method is the reduction of
[*] Dr. M. Asay, Dr. S. Inoue, Prof. Dr. M. Driess
Institute of Chemistry: Metalorganics and Inorganic Materials,
Technische Universitat Berlin
a
dihalosilane precursor with elemental alkali metals.
Recently, it has been shown that the treatment of mono-
halosilane precursors with strong bases can generate certain
silylenes although the limitations of this methodology have
not been fully explored.[14] In our case we opted to first
explore the more common reduction method. Therefore the
dibromosilanes 2 would be ideal precursors for the desired
silylenes 3. We applied a known synthetic methodology that
could be modified to generate the desired dibromosilanes 2
Strasse des 17, Juni 135, Sekr. C2, 10623 Berlin (Germany)
E-mail: matthias.driess@tu-berlin.de
[**] We would like to thank the Alexander von Humboldt Foundation for
a post-doctoral fellowship (M.A.) and a Sofja Kovalevskaja Award
(S.I.) as well as the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft for financial
support.
Supporting information for this article is available on the WWW
under http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/anie.201104805.
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Communications
[(Mes)NC(Me)]2CH, Mes = 2,4,6-trimethylphenyl) as
a
reducing agent in benzene.[17] The benzene solution of the
reaction mixture was analyzed by 31P NMR spectroscopy and
found to contain almost exclusively the desired product as
indicated by the signal at d = 17.3 ppm. Furthermore this
product was stable in a benzene solution, which allowed the
29Si NMR spectrum to be measured, the result of which was
observation of a new signal at d = 213.3 ppm with a large
coupling constant (triplet, 2JSiP = 38.5 Hz). As expected for 3a
the signal is shifted significantly downfield from the starting
material (d = ꢀ16.0 ppm, triplet, 2JSiP = 29.3 Hz). However,
this is also far downfield compared to that of the reported
NHSis (d = 78-119 ppm).[1,3–6] The only stable cyclic silylene
with a chemical shift further downfield is E, which has a signal
that appears at d = 567 ppm.[7] The calculated chemical shift
of 3a does correspond well with the experimental value (d =
243 ppm).[18] Unfortunately the silylene could not be sepa-
Scheme 3. Synthesis of silylene 3. a) PR3 in refluxing toluene;
b) KHMDS, SiBr4 in toluene at ꢀ788, c) KC8 in THF or DME.
DME=dimethoxyethane, THF=tetrahydrofuran. Experimental details
are given in the Supporting Information.
1
from the corresponding bisphosphonium salts
1
rated from the LMgBr, thus making characterization by H
(Scheme 3).[15] The synthesis is straightforward, starting
from a,a’-dibromo-ortho-xylene, which, upon addition of
two equivalents of triaryl phosphane, leads to the diphospho-
nium salts 1 in high yield (1a = 94%, 1b = 94%). The next
step is a one-pot reaction of 1 with four molar equivalents of
potassium hexamethyldisilazide (KHMDS) in the presence of
SiBr4. The resultant dibromosilanes 2 can be isolated in good
yield (2a = 72%, 2b = 86%) and were fully characterized by
multinuclear NMR spectroscopy, as well as by X-ray crystal-
lography in the case of 2a (Figure 1).[16]
Initial efforts to reduce the dibromosilane 2a led to mixed
results. The reduction of 2a using two equivalents of KC8 in
THF led to a color change from orange to dark red. The crude
reaction mixture was analyzed by 31P NMR spectroscopy, and
a mixture of starting material (d = 12.0 ppm) and a new
product (d = 17.3 ppm) were observed. However, extended
reaction times did not lead to complete conversion but rather
decomposition into a compound having a very broad signal at
d ꢁ 8 ppm in the 31P NMR spectrum. Such broad signals are
typical of polymeric species and indicate that perhaps the new
species was not stable in THF because of its highly basic
character. Therefore efforts were made to perform the
reduction in other solvents using different reducing agents.
The best results were achieved using Jonesꢀs LMgI–MgIL (L =
and 13C NMR spectroscopy impossible.[19] By changing the
phenyl groups on phosphorus to a 3-methylphenyl group, the
more soluble dibromosilane 2b could be synthesized. Sub-
sequent efforts to reduce 2b using KC8 in DME proved
successful. The best results were obtained using a significant
molar excess of KC8 (3 equiv) and the reaction had to be
monitored by 31P NMR spectroscopy. Upon completion (ca.
2–3 hr) the DME was immediately removed in vacuo and the
silylene 3b was extracted in toluene. The 29Si and 31P NMR
spectra and respective coupling constants were nearly iden-
tical to those of 3a (d = 212.4 and 18.6 ppm, respectively). In
this case 1H and 13C NMR spectra of pure 3b could be
measured. The only signal of particular note is that of the
ylidic carbon atom in the 13C NMR spectrum. In 2b the ylidic
carbon atom has a chemical shift of d = 37.2 ppm and is
coupled to both phosphorus nuclei (1JCP = 114.7 Hz and 3JCP
=
10.3 Hz) to give a doublet of doublets. In the silylene 3b the
ylidic carbon atom appears downfield at d = 90.3 ppm as a
doublet of doublets (1JCP = 75.0 Hz and 3JCP = 16.1 Hz), which
is atypical for the carbanionic center of a phosphorus ylide,
but does corresponds well with the calculated value (d =
97.5 ppm).[18] Such a change in chemical shift is easily
understood by the generation of a ring current in the
silacyclopentadienide-like system as highlighted by the reso-
nance structure F1. In fact the chemical shift is remarkably
similar to that of cyclopentadienide (d = 95 ppm). Further-
more, the silylene 3b could be characterized by atmospheric
pressure chemical ionization HRMS (APCI/HRMS), where
the protonated silylene 3b·H+ could be observed (calcu-
lated = 737.2922—Found = 737.2928) with the appropriate
isotopic distribution.
Repeated efforts to grow single crystals suitable for X-ray
diffraction analysis were unfortunately unsuccessful. Whereas
the silylenes 3 appear to be remarkably stable in aromatic
solvents (no significant change observed by NMR spectros-
copy after three months at room temperature), slow decom-
position occurs in some ethereal solvents (especially THF, but
also slowly in DME) and they are highly sensitive to oxygen
and moisture. Therefore to further confirm the generation of
the silylenes 3, several trapping reactions were performed.
Interestingly, the silylene 3b is stable for several days at 608C
Figure 1. Molecular structure of 2a. Thermal ellipsoids are drawn at
50% probability level. Hydrogen atoms and solvent molecules are
omitted for clarity.
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Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2011, 50, 9589 –9592

Scheme 4. Synthesis of compound 4a,b. a) 3,5-di-tert-butyl-ortho-
benzoquinone in THF (4a) or toluene (4b) at ꢀ788C. Experimental
details are given in the Supporting Information.
in the presence of triethylsilane. Some decomposition occurs
slowly (indicated by the broad peak at d ꢁ 8 ppm in 31P NMR
spectra) but no insertion product could be seen observed from
1
the 31P and H NMR spectra. Treatment of silylenes 3 with
3,5-di-tert-butyl-o-benzoquinone, on the other hand, gener-
ated the [4+1] cycloaddition products 4 (Scheme 4). This type
of cyclization reaction has been demonstrated with several
other silylene systems.[20] In the case of 3a we found that use
of a large excess of KC8 (3–4 equiv) in THF would generate
the silylene rapidly enough to obtain near complete con-
version with minimal decomposition. Thus this THF solution
could be added immediately to a solution of the ortho-
benzoquinone at ꢀ788C. In the case of 3b the silylene was
extracted in toluene and added to the ortho-benzoquinone at
ꢀ788C. The 31P NMR spectra of 4a–b show a single peak
Figure 2. a) Calculated structure of silylene 3a [B3LYP/6-31G(d) level].
Calculated molecular orbitals of silylene 3a [HF/6-311G(d)//B3LYP/6-
31G(d)]. b) HOMO, c) HOMOꢀ1, d) HOMOꢀ2, e) LUMO,
f) LUMO+8.
(singlets at d = 11.4 and 10.7 ppm, respectively) as does the
2
29Si NMR spectrum (triplets at d = 15.4 and 15.5 ppm; JSiP
=
26.2 and 25.3 Hz, respectively). As expected, these signals are
similar to those of 2 and indicate a phosphorus ylide system
with a tetracoordinated Si center. Compounds 4a–b were also
fully characterized by 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopy and
APCI/HRMS. Of note is the shift of the signal for the ylidic
carbon atom from d ꢁ 90 ppm to a chemical shift more typical
of such ylide species (4a: d = 30.7 ppm and 4b: d = 31.8 ppm).
The formation of spirocyclic silanes 4 is further evidence that
silylenes 3 are generated.
To have a better understanding of the structural and
electronic properties of this new type of carbocyclic silylene
DFT calculations [B3LYP/6-31G(d)] of compounds 2a and 3a
were performed. The calculated structural parameters of 2a
closely matched those found in the crystal structures. The
optimized structure of 3a is shown in Figure 2a.[18]
center may be electron-rich compared to that of NHSis and is
thus less electrophilic.
Bond lengths, angles, and the Wiberg bond index (WBI)
for the calculated compounds 2a and 3a can be found in
Table 1. Upon examination there are several interesting
features that are apparent. First, the angle at the silylene
center decreases significantly because of the lone pair of
ꢀ
electrons, which causes the Si C bonds to elongate somewhat.
ꢀ
However, the WBI indicates these Si C bonds actually have a
slightly higher bond order, which is in agreement with a
silacyclopentadienide-like structure F. Second, in both 2a and
ꢀ
3a the P C ylide bonds are somewhat longer than typical
unstabilized ylide bonds (ca. 1.66 ꢁ)[22] but there is no
significant difference between the dibromosilane and the
silylene. However, upon inspection of the natural bonding
orbitals (NBOs) some clarification of the nature of the
A closer look at the electronics of the silylene 3a shows
some interesting features. The HOMO is comprised of the 10-
ꢀ
ꢀ
electron system and appears to include the P C ylide bond
bonding can be obtained. NBO analysis shows that the P C
ꢀ
(Figure 2b). This orbital is similar to the HOMO of the
unsaturated NHSi A.[21] The HOMOꢀ1 orbital is also a p-
bonding orbital of the ring system (Figure 2c). The orbital
containing the lone pair of electrons is the HOMOꢀ2 orbital
(Figure 2d), which is different from that of NHSis where the
orbital containing the lone pair of electrons is the HOMOꢀ1.
This difference indicates that the p system significantly
stabilizes the lone pair of electrons in 3a. Another significant
difference is the LUMO, which for NHSis has significant
p character that is located principally at the Si center. The
LUMO of 3a on the other hand is restricted to the
triphenylphosphine substituents (Figure 2e). The lowest
unoccupied molecular orbital with significant p character on
silicon is the LUMO+8 (Figure 2 f; 0.34 eV higher in energy
than the HOMO), which is an indication that the silylene
ylide bond loses p-bonding character, while the C1 C4 and
ꢀ
C2 C3 bonds become polarized p bonds. Additionally, the Si
center has a partially occupied p orbital (classified as a lone-
pair orbital at silicon with exclusively 3p character and an
Table 1: Selected bond lengths [ꢀ], WBI, and bond angles [8] for the
calculated compounds 2a and 3a.
2a
3a
Bond length
WBI
Bond length
WBI
C1-Si1
C1-P1
C1-C4
C3-C4
C1-Si1-C2
Si1-C1-C4
1.814
1.709
1.477
1.441
95.698
107.048
0.7824
1.1198
1.1190
1.2438
1.871
1.719
1.461
1.440
86.948
113.708
0.8869
1.1359
1.1637
1.2337
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Communications
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occupancy of 0.499 electrons). These orbitals create the
conjugated p system required for aromaticity. To further
probe the aromatic character of 3a nucleus-independent
chemical shift (NICS)[23] calculations were performed. The
NICS(1)[24] value of ꢀ4.0, does indicate aromatic character.
As can be seen in the HOMO (Figure 2b) the p system is also
delocalized into the phosphorus ylide moiety, which may
explain the lack of a larger NICS(1) value; however, overall
3a has the characteristics of an aromatic system.[11c]
In conclusion, the synthesis of a new type of carbocyclic
silylene has been reported. This new type of silylene is
stabilized by two phophorus ylide functionalities and has
considerable aromatic character. Calculations indicate that
this silylene should have an electron-rich silicon center. This
characteristic in addition to the cyclopentadienide-like struc-
ture F suggest that the silylenes 3 should have reactivities and
coordination properties that differ from other known silyl-
enes (A–E). Studies of the reactivity as well as the use of 3 as a
ligand to transition metals are currently underway.
[10] This concept has been studied theoretically for a less-electro-
negative phosphorus substituent, see: W. W. Schoeller, E. Eisner,
Inorg. Chem. 2004, 43, 2585.
[11] a) S. Y. Nakafuji, J. Kobayashi, T. Kawashima, Angew. Chem.
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Asay, B. Donnadieu, A. Baceiredo, M. Soleilhavoup, G. Ber-
trand, Inorg. Chem. 2008, 47, 3949; c) A. Fꢂrstner, M. Alcarazo,
K. Radkowski, C. W. Lehmann, Angew. Chem. 2008, 120, 8426;
Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2008, 47, 8302; d) J. Kobayashi, S. Y.
Nakafuji, A. Yatabe, T. Kawashima, Chem. Commun. 2008,
6233; e) at the proof stage of this manuscript, Apeloig and Karni
independently reported at the XVI. International Symposium on
Silicon Chemistry (Hamilton, Canada, August 2011) on theoret-
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and calling for their synthesis.
Received: July 11, 2011
Revised: August 4, 2011
Published online: September 1, 2011
[12] There is one example of a silacyclopentadiene dianion that can
be generated and trapped. See: J. H. Hong, P. Boudjouk, S.
Castellino, Organometallics 1994, 13, 3387.
[13] For reviews on heavy aromatics, see: a) V. Ya. Lee, A. Sekiguchi,
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[15] G. Breitsameter, A. Schmidpeter, H. Noth, Chem. Eur. J. 2000, 6,
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[16] CCDC 833278 (2a) contains the supplementary crystallographic
data for this paper. These data can be obtained free of charge
from The Cambridge Crystallographic Data Centre via www.
ccdc.cam.ac.uk/data_request/cif
[17] a) A. Stasch, C. Jones, Dalton Trans. 2011, 40, 5659; b) S. P.
Green, C. Jones, A. Stasch, Science 2007, 318, 1754.
[18] For more details and a full list of coordinates please see the
Supporting Information.
[19] A silylene!Mg complex could not be detected in solution at
ambient temperature. Only “free” 3a and LMgBr are observed
by 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopy.
[20] Silylene 3b also reacts with 2,3-dimethyl-1,3-butadiene to give
complex reaction mixtures. The silylene 3b was consumed but no
product could be isolated and identified. For examples of [4+1]
cyclization reactions, see: a) R. Azhakar, R. S. Ghadwal, H. W.
Roesky, J. Hey, D. Stalke, Organometallics 2011, 30, 3853; b) M.
Haaf, A. Schmiedl, T. A. Schmedake, D. R. Powell, A. J.
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metallics 1998, 17, 1378; d) B. Gehrhus, P. B. Hitchcock, M. F.
Lappert, Organometallics 1997, 16, 4861.
Keywords: aromaticity · cyclization ·
density functional calculations · silylenes · ylides
.
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