Solid-phase synthesis: Intramolecular azomethine ylide cycloaddition (→proline) and carbanilide cyclization (→hydantoin) reactions

Article abstract of DOI:10.1021/jo9800210

An efficient, diastereoselective route to 2,5,6,7-tetrasubstituted-1H- pyrrolo[1,2-c]imidazoles has been developed using solid-phase intramolecular azomethine ylide cycloaddition and carbanilide cyclization chemistries. To successfully execute this eight-step protocol in the solid phase, it was necessary to insert a spacer moiety between the resin and glycinate functional group. Experiments addressing the stereoselectivity of the 1,3- dipolar cycloaddition step as well as the cyclative release step are also presented.

Full text of DOI:10.1021/jo9800210

J . Org. Chem. 1998, 63, 3081-3086
3081
Solid -P h a se Syn th esis: In tr a m olecu la r Azom eth in e Ylid e
Cycloa d d ition (fP r olin e) a n d Ca r ba n ilid e Cycliza tion
(fHyd a n toin ) Rea ction s
Young-Dae Gong,† Samir Najdi,†,‡,1 Marilyn M. Olmstead,† and Mark J . Kurth*,†
Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, and Department of Chemistry,
Al-Quds University, East J erusalem
Received J anuary 6, 1998
An efficient, diastereoselective route to 2,5,6,7-tetrasubstituted-1H-pyrrolo[1,2-c]imidazoles has been
developed using solid-phase intramolecular azomethine ylide cycloaddition and carbanilide cycliza-
tion chemistries. To successfully execute this eight-step protocol in the solid phase, it was necessary
to insert a spacer moiety between the resin and glycinate functional group. Experiments addressing
the stereoselectivity of the 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition step as well as the cyclative release step are
also presented.
Sch em e 1. Solid -P h a se Ap p r oa ch to 1
In tr od u ction
There is enormous interest in the development of solid-
phase synthetic approaches to small molecules, particu-
larly those which embrace polyfunctional heterocyclic
targets.2 As part of our solid-phase synthetic methods
program, we have an interest in developing synthetic
strategies and chemistries applicable to a combinatorial
approach to hydantoin-containing heterocycles.3 The
hydantoin moiety imparts a broad range of biological
activity including antiviral, antibacterial, antifungal, and
herbicidal activity.4 In preliminary solution studies, we
have developed a novel route to hexahydro-1H-pyrrolo-
[1,2-c]imidazole derivatives by tandem azomethine ylide
cycloaddition (fproline) and carbanilide cyclization (fhy-
dantoin) chemistry. This chemistry delivers polycyclic
hydantoin-containing targets with stereoselective control
of four contiguous pyrolidine stereocenters.5
(7) is now adorned with CR- and N-substituents (see 2).
A variety of R-groups can then be introduced in the
condensation of 2 with isocyanate 3, setting the stage for
heterocyclization with concomitant resin release of poly-
heterocyclic target 1. Various substituents at positions
“X” and “W” are incorporated in the elaboration of
salicylaldehydes (5; “X”) and alkylating agents (6; “W”)
to imino ester 4 which then delivers the azomethine ylide
intermediate which leads to pyrrolidine 2. This retrosyn-
thetic analysis hinges on the tautomerization of an amino
ester derived Schiff base intermediate (4) to a Grigg-type
azomethine ylide (i.e., ©-CHdNCH2CO2R′ f ©-CHd
N+(H)C-HCO2R′; © ) remainder of solid or solution
compound)9 with subsequent intramolecular 1,3-dipolar
cycloaddition across an electron-deficient dipolarophile.10,11
Here we disclose modifications in this solution chem-
istry which accommodate a solid-phase (SP) synthetic
approach built around a cyclative release strategy6 which
encompasses intramolecular azomethine ylide cycload-
dition7 and carbanilide cyclization8 steps. As outlined in
Scheme 1, this strategy unfolds by elaborating a polymer-
bound glycine ester to a SP hexahydro-1H-pyrrolo[1,2-
c]imidazole precursor where the starting SP-glycine ester
† University of California.
‡ Al-Quds University.
(1) 1996-7 Fulbright Fellowship, University of California, Davis,
CA 95616.
(2) (a) Gordon, E. M.; Barrett, R. W.; Dower, W. J .; Fodor, S. P. A.;
Gallop, M. A. J . Med. Chem. 1994, 37, 1385 (b) Terrett, N. K.; Gardner,
M.; Gordon, D. W.; Kobylecki, R. J .; Steele, J . Tetrahedron 1995, 51,
8135 (c) Thompson, L. A.; Ellman, J . A. Chem. Rev. 1996, 96, 557.
(3) Park, K. H.; Olmstead, M. M.; Kurth, M. J . J . Org. Chem. 1998,
63, 113.
(4) (a) Lo′pez, C. A.; Trigo, G. G. Adv. Heterocycl. Chem. 1985, 38,
177. (b) Nakajima, N.; Itoi, K.; Takamatsu, Y.; Okazaki, H.; Kinishita,
T.; Shindou, M.; Kawakubo, K.; Honma, T.; Toujigmor, M.; Haneishi,
T. J . Antibiotics 1991, 44, 293.
(5) Najdi, S.; Park, K.-H.; Olmstead, M. M.; Kurth, M. J . Tetrahedron
Lett. In press.
(6) Tietze, L. F.; Steinmetz, A. Synth. Lett. 1996, 667.
(7) Wade, P. A. Intramolecular 1,3-Dipolar Cycloadditions. In
Comprehensive Organic Synthesis; Trost, B. M, Fleming, I., Eds.;
Pergamon: London, 1991; Vol. 4, p 1111.
Resu lts a n d Discu ssion
Solu tion -P h a se Ch em istr y. A two-stage solution-
phase route to hexahydro-1H-pyrrolo[1,2-c]imidazole 1
was examined first. In parallel with Grigg’s studies,9
(9) (a) Grigg, R.; J ordan, M. W.; Malone, J . F. Tetrahedron Lett.
1979, 20, 3877. (b) Armstron, P.; Grigg, R.; J ordan, M. W.; Malone, J .
F. Tetrahedron 1985, 41, 3547. (c) Barr, D. A.; Grigg, R.; Nimal
Guraratne, H. A.; Kemp, J .; McMeekin, P.; Sridharan, V. Tetrahedron
1988, 44, 557. (d) Grigg, R.; Duffy, L. M.; Dorrity, M.j.; Malone, J .f.;
Rajviroongit, S.; Thornton-Pett, M. Tetrahedron 1990, 46, 2213.
(10) For a recent intermolecular example, see: Tsuge, O.; Kanemasa,
S.; Yoshioda, M. J . Org. Chem. 1988, 53, 1384.
(8) (a) Ware, E. Chem. Rev. 1950, 46, 403 (b) Read, W. T. J . Am.
Chem. Soc. 1922, 44, 1766.
(11) For a recent intramolecular example, see: Overman, L. E.;
Tellew, J . E. J . Org. Chem. 1996, 61, 8338.
S0022-3263(98)00021-8 CCC: $15.00 © 1998 American Chemical Society
Published on Web 04/09/1998

3082 J . Org. Chem., Vol. 63, No. 9, 1998
Gong et al.
Sch em e 2. Solu tion -P h a se Rou te for 8 f 11 f 13
condensation of the TFA salt of glycine esters (8) with
O-alkylated salicylaldehyde derivatives (9) delivered
benzylideneglycinates (10) in ∼80% yield (Scheme 2).
Given the obvious steric constraints, it is not surprising
that these benzylideneglycinates are obtained as one
diastereomerically pure Schiff base isomer (presumably
the E-isomer) as evidenced by a one-proton singlet at 7.98
ppm (CHdN) and a two-proton singlet at 4.41 ppm
(NCH2) in the 1H NMR spectra. Treating these crude
benzylideneglycinates at room temperature with silver
acetate and N,N-diisopropylethylamine in acetonitrile (3
h) followed by aqueous ammonium chloride workup
delivered cycloadducts 11a (79% yield) and 11b (87%
1
yield). We were pleased to find that, to the limits of H
NMR detection, each cycloadduct (11) was obtained as a
single diastereomer. However, since these four stereo-
genic centers occur on a five-membered ring, we were
reluctant to make coupling-constant-based relative ster-
eochemical assignments at this stage.
Treatment of proline derivatives 11 with phenyl iso-
cyanate in dichloromethane at room temperature for 2 h
resulted in urea formation, giving 12a (83% yield) and
12b (85% yield). Upon heating (90 °C) DMF solutions
of 12 in the presence of N,N-diisopropylethylamine,
hexahydro-1H-pyrrolo[1,2-c]imidazoles 13a (82% yield)
and 13b (95% yield) were obtained as single isomers. The
overall yield for this four-step process was excellent (8b
f 13b in 56% overall yield).
The relative stereochemical assignments for the four
contiguous pyrrolidine stereogenic centers in 13a were
established at this point by single-crystal X-ray analysis
(see crystallographic projection of 13a in Figure 1).
However, the stereochemistry at C7a-H (pyrroloimida-
zole numbering) was not that expected from endo-like
transition state 10-T. These stereochemical results are
consistent with endo-like cycloaddition of a trans,anti-
azomethine ylide followed by base-mediated C7a-H
epimerization (C7a-Hâ f C7a-HR) to deliver the ther-
modynamically preferred trans,anti,trans-pyrrolidine ster-
eochemistry found in 13a . Indeed, X-ray quality crystals
F igu r e 1. X-ray crystallographic presentations of (a) 12a and
(b) 13a as well as (c) the preferred endo-like transition state
(10-T) for 10 f 11.
of urea 12a have been obtained and analyzed by single-
crystal X-ray analysis (see the crystallographic projection
12a in Figure 1) showing that the stereochemistry of C7a
here is opposite to that of 13a . Taken together, these
X-ray crystallographic studies establish that the 1,3-
dipolar cycloaddition step (10 f 11) proceeds via an endo-
like transition state followed by an epimerization at C7a
during the carbanilide cyclization step (12 f 13).
Solid -P h a se Ch em istr y. With these results in hand,
we focused our attention on adapting the chemistry of
Scheme 2 to a solid-phase format. Given the relative
expense of Merrifield’s resin (chloromethylated styrene/
2% divinyl benzene copolymer) versus more elaborate
linker-modified polystyrene resins, our initial thought

Solid-Phase Synthesis
Sch em e 3. Solid -P h a se Rou te to 13
J . Org. Chem., Vol. 63, No. 9, 1998 3083
Sch em e 4. 13 fr om 2-Hyd r oxy-1-n a p h th a ld eh yd e
elaborate the “CH2 spacer” of ®-CH2O2CCH2NH-Boc to
the “CH2OCH2CH2CH2 spacer”13 of ®-CH 2OCH2CH 2-
CH2O2CCH2NH-Boc. Treating Merrifield resin with
excess 1,3-propanediol and sodium hydride in DMF
resulted in O-alkylation to give resin 14 (3462 cm-1).
Esterfication of 14 with Boc-protected glycine with DCC/
DMAP afforded polymer-bound Boc-glycinate 15, which
displayed two carbonyl functionalities in the FT-IR (1752
and 1722 cm-1), providing strong evidence for conversion
of Merrifield resin to 15. Removal of the Boc group by
trifluoroacetic acid (TFA/CH2Cl2 1:1) treatment followed
by washing with triethylamine (50% Et3N/THF) gave
polymer-bound glycinate 16, which displayed amine and
carbonyl functional groups in the FT-IR (3396 and 1740
cm-1). After attempts with CaCl2, MgSO4, Al2O3, and 4
Å molecular sieves as dehydrating agents, we concluded
that triethyl orthoformate-mediated condensation of 9
with solid-phase amino ester 16 to give 17 was the most
practical,14 as the other desiccants proved difficult to
remove from the polymer-bound condensation product.
We observed two diagnostic peaks in the FT-IR of 17: a
composite carbonyl (i.e., the two ester carbonyls were not
was to tether BOC-protected glycine to the polystyrene
support by direct attachment (i.e., ®-CH2Cl f ®-CH2O2-
CCH2NHBOC where ® ) polymer).12 This transforma-
tion was successful as judged by FT-IR analysis [1750
(CH2O2CCH2) and 1719 (NHBOC) cm-1], but the subse-
quent solid-phase elaboration and cyclative release of our
pyrroloimidazole target proved altogether inadequate, as
13 was obtained in only trace amounts. While the cause
for this solid-phase nonperformance was concealed by
resin-imposed analytical limitations, inspection of the
remaining four transformations (see Scheme 2) suggested
that two steps (namely, 10 f 11 and 11 f 12) might be
particularly sensitive to resin-based steric constraints.
On the basis of the observations by Tietze et al.,13 we
decided to address this issue of resin-based steric limita-
tions by inserting a spacer between the resin support and
the glycine moiety, as we felt our cyclative release bias
limited our options to varying the “spacer” part of the
polymer-spacer-glycinate triad. Our decision was to
resolved) at 1729 cm-1 and an imine at 1639 cm-1
.
1,3-Dipolar cyclization of 17, mediated by silver acetate
and N,N-diisopropylethylamine in acetonitrile at room
temperature, gave solid-phase proline derivative 18 as
evidenced by disappearance of the 1639 cm-1 CdN peak
(12) For related ® -CH2Cl f ®-CH2OC(dO)R′, see: (a) Chen, C.;
Ahlberg Randall, L. A.; Miller, R. B.; J ones, A. D.; Kurth, M. J . J . Am.
Chem. Soc. 1994, 116, 2661. (b) Kurth, M. J .; Ahlberg Randall, L. A.;
Chen, C.; Melander, C.; Miller, R. B.; McAlister, K.; Reitz, G.; Kang,
R.; Nakatsu, T.; Green, C. J . Org. Chem. 1994, 59, 5862.
(13) (a) Tietze, L. F.; Steinmetz, A. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl.
1996, 35, 651. (b) Tietze, L. F.; Hippe, T.; Steimmetz, A. Synth. Lett.
1996, 1043. (c) See ref 6.
(14) Murphy, M. M.; Schullek, J . R.; Gordon, E. M.; Gallop, M. A.
J . Am. Chem. Soc. 1995, 117, 7029.

3084 J . Org. Chem., Vol. 63, No. 9, 1998
Gong et al.
Ta ble 1. Diver sity P oten tia l in th e P r ep a r a tion of 13
product
X
W
R
yield (%)a
13a
13b
13c
13d
H
H
4-Br
H
CO2Me
CO2Et
CO2Et
CO2Me
CO2Me
CO2Et
C6H5
C6H5
C6H5
C6H4-4-Cl
(CH2)3CH3
C6H5
13
14
10
9
13e
H
6
13fb/h c
--C4H4-d
15e
Overall yield for eight steps. b Ha/Hb/Hc/Hd configuration of 13f
a
is trans,anti,cis. c Ha/Hb/Hc/Hd configuration of 13h is cis,anti,cis.
That is, derived from 2-hydroxy-1-naphthaldehyde. e 13f:13h is
d
78:22.
(9a -c) derived azomethine ylides can adapt an “in-plane”
(conjugated) conformation which leads to the observed
trans,anti,cis-intermediate (18a -c) by endo addition. In
contrast, the 2-hydroxy-1-naphthaldehyde-derived azome-
thine ylide is forced “out-of-plane”, where favored endo
addition again delivers a trans,anti,cis-intermediate
while competing exo addition leads to a cis,anti,trans-
intermediate. Second, N-acylation and carbanilide cy-
clization delivers 13f as the major product without Hd-
epimerization and 13h as the minor product after Hd-
epimerization of hypothetical intermediate 13g. We
believe the naphthalene ring prevents 13f Hd-epimeriza-
tion because this structural change would bring O3 of
the hydantoin ring into close proximity with H8 of the
naphthalene ring (see Figure 2a). Epimerization 13g f
13h relieves transannular strain without placing O3 of
the hydantoin ring into close proximity with H8 of the
naphthalene ring (see Figure 2b).
With the examples delineated in Table 1, this solid-
phase approach to 13 accommodates three-component
product diversity from reagents 3 (i.e., “R”), 5 (i.e., “X”),
and 6 (i.e., “W”). A number of reaction protocols for the
cyclative release step (solution-phase 12 f 13 and solid-
phase 19 f 13) were evaluated. We discovered that
excess triethylamine in DMF (90 °C) mediates hydantoin
formation with concomitant C7a-H epimerization such
that release of substrate from the solid-phase generates
13 with trans,anti,trans-stereochemistry.
F igu r e 2. X-ray crystallographic presentations of (a) 13f and
(b) 13h .
and appearance of secondary amine (3455 cm-1) and ester
(1743 cm-1) peaks in the FT-IR spectrum. Treatment of
18 with phenyl isocyanate in dichloromethane at room
temperature for 12 h resulted in urea formation, giving
carbanilide 19 (FT-IR urea peak at 1680 cm-1). Finally,
hydantoin formation with concomitant release of product
was affected by heating (110 °C) a DMF solution of 19
with N,N-diisopropylethylamine. Pyrroloimidazole 13a
was obtained in good yield (98 mg; 13% overall yield,
translating to ∼77% yield per step in this eight-step
sequence). The relative stereochemistry at the four
contiguous pyrrolidine stereogenic centers in 13a and 13b
were identical for both solution- and solid-phase routes
(as judged by mp, 1H NMR, and 13C NMR). On the basis
of our solution studies, we presume that base-mediated
epimerization of C7a-Hâ f C7a-HR occurs in the final
solid-phase step (19 f 13). Employing 5-bromosalicyla-
ldehyde in place of salicylaldehyde leads to 9c, which
delivers 13c (16 + 9c), a bromo analogue of 13b.
Finally, the results presented in Scheme 3 validate our
decision to employ a spacer (“CH2OCH2CH2CH2”) as our
glycinate starting material (16; ®-CH2OCH2CH2CH2O2-
CCH2NH2). Our results are consistent with polymer-
induced steric encumbrance in addressing the glycinate
moiety. We believe two transformations, 17 f 18 and
19 f 13, are particularly sensitive to steric constraints
and benefit from switching to glycinate 16.
Interestingly, use of 2-hydroxy-1-naphthaldehyde (16
+ 9d ) results in a different stereochemical arrangement
about the pyrrolidine ring (Scheme 4). With this sub-
strate, the major product (13f) is obtained with trans,-
anti,cis-stereochemistry (13a -c have trans,anti,trans-
stereochemistry) and a minor product (13h ) is obtained
with cis,anti,cis-stereochemistry (see Figure 2). We
believe two separate issues are involved in determining
the stereochemistry of 9d f 13f/h . First, salicylaldehyde
Su m m a r y
In conclusion, we have developed a novel route to
hexahydro-1H-pyrrolo[1,2-c]imidazole derivatives by solid-
phase azomethine ylide cycloaddition (fproline) and
carbanilide cyclization (fhydantoin) chemistry. As dis-
cussed above, the key to successfully executing this eight-
step protocol was insertion of a spacer moiety between
the solid-phase support and glycinate functional group.

Solid-Phase Synthesis
J . Org. Chem., Vol. 63, No. 9, 1998 3085
2H), 4.68 (m, 2H), 4.41 (s, 2H), 4.15 (q, 2H, J ) 7 Hz), 1.23 (t,
3H, J ) 7 Hz).
Other experiments address the stereoselectivity of the
1,3-dipolar cycloaddition step as well as the cyclative
release step.
Gen er a l P r oced u r e for Azom eth in e Ylid e Cycloa d d i-
tion [Sp ecific for 11b]. A mixture of 10b (1.43 g, 3.6 mmol),
silver acetate (0.90 g, 5.4 mmol), and DIPEA (0.46 g, 3.6 mmol)
in dry acetonitrile (20.0 mL) was stirred at ambient temper-
ature for 3 h and then quenched with aqueous ammonium
chloride. The mixture was extracted with ether (20 mL × 3),
washed with brine, and dried (Na2SO4). Concentration gave
an oil which was purified by flash column chromatography
(EtOAc/hexane 1:4) to give 11b (1.21 g, 3.29 mmol) in 87%
yield.
Exp er im en ta l Section
Gen er a l. All chemicals were obtained from commercial
suppliers and used without further purification. Analytical
TLC was carried out on precoated plates (Merck silica gel 60,
F254) and flash column chromatography was performed with
silica (Merk, 70-230 mesh). NMR spectra (1H at 300 MHz;
13C at 75 MHz) were recorded in CDCl3 solvent, and chemical
shifts are expressed in ppm relative to internal TMS. Single-
crystal X-ray structure determinations were obtained through
the X-ray Crystallography Facility, Department of Chemistry,
University of California, Davis, CA Concentration refers to
rotoevaporation.
11a :9b yield ) 79%; mp 115-116 °C; IR (KBr) 1740 cm-1
;
1H NMR δ 7.31-7.15 (m, 2H), 6.93-6.83 (m, 2H), 4.58 (dd,
1H, J ) 10 Hz, 4.2 Hz) 4.38 (d, 1H, J ) 10 Hz), 4.30-4.10 (m,
3H), 3.77 (d, 1H, J ) 11.4 Hz), 3.70 (s, 3H), 3.08 (t, 1H, J )
11.4 Hz), 2.50 (b-s, 1H), 2.39 (m, 1H), 1.27 (t, 3H, J ) 7 Hz);
13C NMR δ 171.62, 171.10, 153.14, 128.72, 124.55, 124.44,
120.37, 116.11, 69.15, 63.86, 61.70, 60.40, 52.06, 50.34, 46.91,
14.05. Anal. Calcd for C16H19NO5: C, 62.94; H, 6.27; N, 4.59.
Found: C, 62.82; H, 6.22; N, 4.59.
Solu tion -P h a se P r oced u r es. Gen er a l P r oced u r e for
th e P r ep a r a tion of Sa licyla ld eh yd e Eth er s [Sp ecific for
9b]. To an ice-cold suspension of sodium hydride (180.2 mg,
7.51 mmol) in DMF (20 mL) was added salicylic aldehyde
(610.0 mg, 5.00 mmol). After 20 min, ethyl 4-bromocrotonate
(1.41 g, 5.5 mmol) was added and the mixture was stirred at
ambient temperature for 1 h. The reaction was quenched with
water (30 mL) and extracted with ether (25 mL × 3), and the
combined organic solution was washed with brine, dried (Na2-
SO4), and concentrated. The resulting oily compound was
purified by flash column chromatography (EtOAc/hexane 1:4)
to give 9b (950 mg, 4.06 mmol) as a colorless oil in 81% yield.
1
11b:9b yield ) 87%; IR (KBr) 1736 cm-1; H NMR δ 7.40-
6.68 (m, 9H), 5.22 (dd, 2H, J ) 12.0, 12.0 Hz), 4.99 (d, 1H, J
) 6.6 Hz), 4.37 (d, 1H, J ) 9.3 Hz), 4.02(dd, 1H, J ) 9.3, 3.6
Hz), 3.88 (d, 1H, J ) 7.2 Hz), 3.65-3.49 (m, 3H), 2.97 (m, 1H),
0.65 (t, 3H, J ) 6.0 Hz); 13C NMR δ 173.33, 172.19, 155.58,
135.81, 128.64, 128.56, 128.33, 128.16, 125.84, 125.45, 120.91,
110.53, 68.14, 66.89, 63.51, 61.14, 60.34, 52.26, 47.77, 13.65.
Gen er a l P r oced u r e for Ur ea F or m a tion [Sp ecific for
12b]. To a solution of 11b (1.27 g, 3.33 mmol) in dry CH2Cl2
(30.0 mL) was added phenyl isocyanate (476.5 mg, 4.01 mmol),
and the mixture was stirred at ambient temperature for 2 h.
The solvent was removed by rotary evaporation and the oily
residue was triturated with ether to give 12b (1.4 g, 2.79 mmol)
as a colorless oil in 85% yield.
1
9a :9b yield ) 75%; IR (KBr) 1727 and 1686 cm-1; H NMR
δ 10.53 (s, 1H), 7.86 (d, 1H, J ) 6 Hz), 7.53 (m, 1H), 7.13-
6.91 (m, 3H), 6.23 (d, 1H, J ) 15 Hz), 4.83 (m, 2H), 3.75 (s,
3H); 13C NMR δ 189.68, 166.71, 160.75, 141.98, 136.38, 129.48,
125.91, 122.85, 122.07, 113.22, 67.55, 52.31.
1
9b:9b yield ) 81%; IR (KBr) 1718 and 1687 cm-1; H NMR
12a : yield ) 83%; mp 205-206 °C; IR (KBr) 1735, 1673,
δ 10.52 (s, 1H), 7.83 (d, 1H, J ) 6 Hz), 7.54 (m, 1H, 7.11-6.90
(m, 3H), 6.18 (d, 1H, J ) 15 Hz), 4.80 (m, 2H), 4.20 (q, 2H, J
) 7 Hz), 1.31 (t, 3H, J ) 7 Hz); 13C NMR δ 189.64, 166.23,
160.75, 141.61, 136.33, 129.34, 125.83, 123.22, 121.97, 113.19,
67.52, 61.17, 14.70.
1602, 1542, 1216, 754 cm-1 1H NMR δ 8.12 (s, 1H), 7.50-
;
6.81 (m, 9H), 4.93 (d, 1H, J ) 9 Hz), 4.85 (dd, 1H, J ) 3 Hz),
4.67 (d, 1H, J ) 12 Hz), 4.2 (m, 5H), 3.75 (s, 3H), 3.05 (m,
2H), 1.33 (t, 3H, J ) 7 Hz); 13C NMR δ 170.06, 169.26, 157.02,
152.82, 138.54, 128.96, 128.22, 125.98, 124.71, 123.29, 120.16,
119.18, 115.81, 69.70, 64.31, 62.56, 60.27, 52.17, 46.35, 41.41,
13.87. Anal. Calcd for C23H24N2O6: C, 65.08; H, 5.70; N, 6.60.
Found: C, 64.86; H, 5.66; N, 6.61. X-ray crystal structure 12a
shown in Figure 1.
9c: yield ) 80%; IR (KBr) 1719 and 1685 cm-1; 1H NMR δ
10.44 (s, 1H), 7.93 (d, 1H, J ) 3 Hz), 7.63 (dd, 1H, J ) 3, 9
Hz), 7.07 (dt, 1H, J ) 3, 15 Hz), 6.85 (d, 1H, J ) 9 Hz), 6.18
(d, 1H, J ) 15 Hz), 4.81 (m, 2H), 4.22 (q, 2H, J ) 7 Hz), 1.31
(t, 3H, J ) 7 Hz); 13C NMR δ 187.63, 165.26, 158.83, 140.37,
137.96, 130.90, 126.11, 122.56, 114.53, 113.88, 67.20, 60.44,
12b: yield ) 85%; mp 177-178 °C; IR (KBr) 3371, 3064,
3033, 1741(s), 1675(s), 1600, 1539, 11189, 756 cm-1; 1H NMR
δ 7.99 (s, 1H), 7.41-6.85 (m, 14H), 5.32 and 5.16 (AB-q, 2H, J
) 12 Hz), 5.01 (d, 1H, J ) 7.2 Hz), 4.90 (dd, 1H, J ) 10, 4 Hz),
4.75 (d, 1H, J ) 10 Hz), 4.30 (t, 1H, J ) 10 Hz), 4.01 (m, 2H),
3.17 (m, 2H), 1.18 (t, 3H, J ) 7 Hz); 13C NMR δ 169.67, 168.76,
157.12, 152.90, 138.44, 134.18, 129.10, 129.00, 128.93, 128.88,
128.33, 128.70, 128.34, 126.00, 124.77, 123.33, 120.23, 119.17,
115.95, 69.90, 68.32, 64.53, 61.40, 60.60, 46.72, 41.48, 13.94.
Anal. Calcd for C29H28N2O6: C, 69.59; H, 5.64; N, 5.60.
Found: C, 69.15; H, 5.59; N, 5.55.
Gen er a l P r oced u r e for P yr r oloim id a zole P r ep a r a tion
[Sp ecific for 13b]. A solution of urea 12b (470.0 mg, 0.94
mmol) and DIPEA (15 mL, 9.4 mmol) in DMF (15.0 mL) was
stirred at 90 °C for 15 h. The resulting mixture was diluted
with 3 N aqueous HCl (2.0 mL) and extracted with ether (20
mL × 3). The combined organic solution was washed with
brine, dried (MgSO4), and concentrated. The resulting crude
oil (402.1 mg) was crystallized from ether to give 13b (353.2
mg, 0.90 mmol) as a white solid in 95% yield.
13.95. Anal. Calcd for
Found: C, 49.79; H, 4.21.
C
13H13BrO4: C, 49.86; H, 4.18.
9d :9b yield ) 78%; IR (KBr) 1718 and 1671 cm-1; H NMR
δ 10.98 (s, 1H), 9.25 (d, 1H, J ) 9 Hz), 8.05 (d, 1H, J ) 9 Hz),
7.77 (d, 1H, J ) 6 Hz), 7.64 (t, 1H, J ) 6 Hz), 7.43 (t, 1H, J )
6 Hz), 7.25-7.11 (m, 2H), 6.22 (dt, 1H, J ) 3, 15 Hz), 4.95 (m,
2H), 4.23 (q, 2H, J ) 7 Hz), 1.31 (t, 3H, J ) 7 Hz); 13C NMR
δ 191.86, 166.25, 162.81, 141.58, 138.02, 132.17, 130.58,
129.57, 128.80, 125.74, 125.69, 123.54, 118.12, 113.97, 68.61,
1
61.32, 14.78. Anal. Calcd
Found: C, 71.78; H, 5.75.
C17H16O4: C, 71.82; H, 5.62.
Gen er a l P r oced u r e for th e P r ep a r a tion Sch iff Ba se
In ter m ed ia tes [Sp ecific for 10b]. A mixture of glycine
benzyl ester trifluoroacetate (8b; 1.02 g, 3.6 mmol) and N,N-
diisopropylethylamine (0.61 mL, 3.66 mmol) in dry CH2Cl2
(30.0 mL) was stirred at ambient temperature for 15 min.
Aldehyde 9b (860.0 mg, 3.66 mmol) and activated 4 Å molec-
ular sieves (3.0 g) were added, and stirring was continued at
ambient temperature for 15 h. The mixture was filtered and
the filtrate was washed with water (30 mL × 2) and brine,
dried (Na2SO4), and concentrated. The resulting yellow oil
(10b; 1.15 g, 80% yield) was used without further purification
due to its moisture sensitivity.
13a : yield ) 82%; mp 203-204 °C; IR (KBr) 1722, 1677,
1600, 1203 cm-1; 1H NMR δ 7.56-6.83 (m, 9H), 4.90 (d, 1H, J
) 10 Hz), 4.60 (m, 2H), 4.36 (t, 1H, J ) 10.5 Hz), 3.85 (s, 3H),
3.04 (m, 2H); 13C NMR δ 170.04, 168.97, 160.69, 152.62, 131.54
129.30, 129.12, 128.46, 126.14, 125.73, 123.83, 120.77, 116.08,
67.99, 67.03, 62.06, 53.03, 47.47, 46.35. Anal. Calcd for
1
10a :9b yield ) 83%; H NMR δ 8.77 (s, 1H), 8.03 (m, 1H),
7.41-6.84 (m, 4H), 6.18 (m, 1H), 4.77 (m, 2H), 4.42 (s, 2H),
4.24 (m, 2H, J ) 7 Hz), 3.77 (s, 3H), 1.30 (t, 3H, J ) 7 Hz).
C
21H18N2O5: C, 66.66; H, 4.79; N, 7.40. Found: C, 66.29; H,
1
10b:9b yield ) 80%; H NMR δ 8.70 (s, 1H), 7.98 (m, 1H),
4.71; N, 7.40. X-ray crystall structure 13a shown in Figure
1.
7.33-6.77 (m, 9H), 6.08 (dt, 1H, J ) 16 Hz, 2.1 Hz), 5.15 (s,

3086 J . Org. Chem., Vol. 63, No. 9, 1998
Gong et al.
13b: yield ) 95%; mp 197-198 °C; IR (KBr) 1724, 1649,
1599 cm-1; 1H NMR δ 7.48-6.75 (m, 9H), 4.82 (d, 1H, J ) 10
Hz), 4.50 (m, 2H), 4.33-4.19 (m, 3H), 2.92 (m, 2H), 1.25 (t,
3H, J ) 7 Hz); 13C NMR δ 170.09, 168.47, 160.73, 152.56,
129.26, 129.18, 129.11, 128.43, 126.12, 125.71, 123.81, 120.72,
116.02, 68.03, 67.05, 62.17, 62.07, 47.46, 46.56, 14.16. Anal.
Calcd for C22H20N2O5: C, 67.34; H, 5.14; N, 7.14. Found: C,
67.34; H, 5.20; N, 7.21.
(1.0 g, 2.0 mmol) in dry DMF (20.0 mL) at ambient temper-
ature and the mixture was stirred at 100 °C for 36 h. After
filtration, the resin was washed with CH2Cl2 (20 mL × 3) and
EtOAc (20 mL × 3) and the combined filtrate was concen-
trated. Water (100 mL) was added to the resulting solution
and the aqueous layer was extracted with EtOAc (50 mL ×
3). The combined organic solution was washed with water (30
mL × 3), dried (MgSO4), and concentrated. Purification by
flash column chromatography (EtOAc/hexanes 1:4) gave pyr-
roloimidazole 13a (98.4 mg, 0.26 mmol) in 13% overall yield
through eight steps from Merrifield resin.
Solid -P h a se P r oced u r es. P r ep a r a tion of Resin 14.
Sodium hydride (264.0 mg, 11.0 mmol) was added to a solution
of 1,3-propanediol (760.1 mg, 10.0 mmol) in cold (0 °C) DMF
(50.0 mL). The solution was stirred at ambient temperature
for 2 h and Merrifield resin (chloromethylated 2% vinylben-
zene-styrene copolymer; 1.0 g, 2.0 mmol) was added. The
resulting suspension was stirred for 48 h at 100 °C. Resin 14
was isolated by filtration, washed (sequentially with THF,
DMF/H2O 1:1, DMF, THF, CH2Cl2, and MeOH), and dried: IR
13a : overall yield (eight steps) ) 13%; mp 203-204 °C; IR
1
(KBr), H NMR, 13C NMR, and EA as above.
13b: overall yield (eight steps) ) 14%; mp 197-198 °C; IR
1
(KBr), H NMR, 13C NMR, and EA as above.
13c: overall yield (eight steps) ) 10%; mp 176-177 °C; IR
(CDCl3) 1725, 1475, 1400, 1193 cm-1 1H NMR δ 7.66-7.25
;
(KBr), 3462(OH) cm-1
.
(m, 7H), 6.71 (d, 1H, J ) 9 Hz), 4.87 (d, 1H, J ) 9 Hz), 4.54
P r epar ation of Resin 15. Dicyclohexylcarbodiimide (DCC;
1.24 g, 6.0 mmol) and N,N-(dimethylamino)pyridine (DMAP;
122.2 mg, 1.0 mmol) were added to a suspension of Boc-glycine
(1.05 g, 6.0 mmol) and resin 14 (1.00 g, 2.0 mmol) in dry CH2-
Cl2 (50.0 mL). The mixture was stirred for 24 h at ambient
temperature and the resin isolated by filtration. Resin 15 was
washed (CH2Cl2, THF, and MeOH) and dried: IR (KBr) 1753
(m, 2H), 4.32 (m, 3H), 2.97 (m, 2H), 1.32 (t, 3H, J ) 7 Hz); 13
C
NMR δ 169.82, 168.24, 160.64, 151.74, 132.12, 129.09, 128.85,
128.40, 125.82, 125.68, 117.91, 112.90, 68.16, 66.97, 63.02,
61.66, 47.21, 46.57, 14.11. Anal. Calcd for C22H19BrN2O5: C,
56.07; H, 4.06; N, 5.94. Found: C, 56.27; H, 4.19; N, 5.86.
13d : overall yield (eight steps) ) 9%; mp 187-188 °C; IR
(CDCl3) 1723, 1496, 1397, 1202 cm-1 1H NMR δ 7.58-6.83
;
(ester CdO), 1722 (Boc CdO) cm-1
.
(m, 8H), 4.92 (d, 1H, J ) 10 Hz), 4.56 (m, 2H), 4.35 (t, 1H, J
) 11 Hz), 3.85 (s, 3H), 3.01-3.08 (m, 2H); 13C NMR δ 169.82,
168.88, 160.29, 152.63, 134.23, 130.09, 129.34, 126.82, 126.06,
123.70, 120.81, 116.15, 68.01, 67.02, 62.24, 53.03, 47.61, 46.48.
Anal. Calcd for C21H17ClN2O5: C, 61.10; H, 4.15; N, 6.79.
Found: C, 61.33; H, 4.22; N, 6.64.
P r ep a r a tion of Resin 16. Trifluoroacetic acid (7.40 g, 5.0
mL, 65.0 mmol) was added to a suspension of 15 (1.0 g, 2.0
mmol) in dry CH2Cl2 (5.0 mL) at 0 °C. After stirring of the
mixture at 0 °C for 2 h, the resin was isolated by filtration to
give the TFA salt (washed with CH2Cl2): IR (KBr) 3441
(NH3+), 1752 (ester CdO), 1679 (CF3CO2-) cm-1
.
13e: overall yield (eight steps) ) 6%; IR (CDCl3) 1714, 1440,
1414, 1214 cm-1; 1H NMR δ 7.45-6.73 (m, 4H), 4.67 (d, 1H, J
) 10 Hz), 4.48 (dd, 1H, J ) 10.4 Hz), 4.36 (d, 1H, J ) 10.8
Hz), 4.25 (t, 1H, J ) 9 Hz), 3.75 (s, 3H), 3.47 (dt, 2H, J ) 7, 4
Hz), 2.84-2.77 (m, 2H), 1.62-1.52 (m, 2H), 1.32-1.27 (m, 2H),
0.94-0.85 (t, 3H, J ) 7 Hz); 13C NMR δ 171.51, 169.07, 162.17,
152.64, 129.22, 126.16, 123.97, 120.74, 116.02, 68.09, 67.20,
61.92, 52.68, 47.61, 46.36, 39.22, 29.92, 19.97, 13.55. Anal.
Calcd for C19H22N2O5: C, 63.68; H, 6.19; N, 7.82. Found: C,
63.42; H, 6.40; N, 7.52.
This TFA salt (1.0 g, 2.0 mmol) was added to a solution of
triethylamine (5.0 mL) in dry THF (5.0 mL) at room temper-
ature. After stirring for 15 min, the resin was isolated by
filtration and washed with CH2Cl2 and dried to give 16: IR
(KBr) 3391(-NH2), 1739 (ester CdO) cm-1
.
Gen er a l P r oced u r e for th e P r ep a r a tion of Resin -
Bou n d Ben zylid en e Glycin a tes 17. Salicylicaldehyde de-
rivative 9a (1.32 g, 6.0 mmol) was added to a stirred suspen-
sion of resin 16 (1.0 g, 2.0 mmol) in dry THF (10.0 mL) at
ambient temperature. Trimethyl orthoformate (11.0 mL, 100.0
mmol) was added and stirring was continued for 24 h. The
resulting resin was isolated by filtration, washed (THF, CH2-
Cl2, and MeOH), and dried. IR (KBr): 17a , 1729 (ester CdO),
1639 (imine CdN) cm-1; 17b, 1723 (ester CdO), 1639 (imine
13f: overall yield (eight steps) ) 11.7%; mp 199-200 °C;
1
IR (CDCl3) 1722, 1401, 1210 cm-1; H NMR δ 8.26-6.95 (m,
11H), 4.75 (d, 1H, J ) 9 Hz), 4.50 (dd, 2H, J ) 15, 6 Hz), 4.22-
4.04 (m, 3H), 3.20 (dd, 1H, J ) 9, 9 Hz), 3.01 (m, 1H); 1.23 (t,
3H, J ) 6 Hz); 13C NMR δ 169.72, 169.68, 157.74, 152.36,
133.12, 131.36, 130.35, 128.87, 128.66, 128.29, 128.04, 126.65,
126.21, 125.14, 123.84, 118.54, 111.44, 67.24, 64.54, 62.25,
61.09, 47.87, 46.36, 14.13. X-ray crystallographic data avail-
able; see Supporting Information.
CdN) cm-1; 17c, 1725 (ester CdO), 1646 (imine CdN) cm-1
17d , 1731 (ester CdO), 1641 (imine CdN) cm-1
;
.
Gen er a l P r oced u r e for th e P r ep a r a tion of Resin -
Bou n d 1,3-Dip ola r Cycloa d d u ct [Sp ecific for 18a ]. N,N-
Diisopropylethylamine (722.0 mg, 6.0 mmol) was added to a
suspension of resin 17a (1.0 g, 2.0 mmol) in dry acetonitrile
(30.0 mL) at ambient temperature. Silver acetate (1.0 g, 6.0
mmol) was added and stirring was continued for 48 h. The
resin was isolated by filtration, washed (CH3CN, 3 N aqueous
HNO3, THF, CH2Cl2, and MeOH), and dried. IR (KBr) showed
a disappearance of the imine CdN peak: 18a , 1741 (ester
CdO) cm-1; 18b, 1739 (ester CdO) cm-1; 18c, 1735 (ester
13h : overall yield (eight steps) ) 3.3%; mp 185-186 °C; IR
(CDCl3) 1721, 1472, 1404, 1226 cm-1 1H NMR δ 8.35-6.96
;
(m, 11H), 6.01 (d, 1H, J ) 9 Hz), 4.27-4.07 (m, 5H), 3.73 (t,
1H, J ) 9 Hz), 3.25 (t, 1H, J ) 6 Hz), 1.20 (t, 3H, J ) 9 Hz);
13C NMR δ 171.97, 170.32, 158.744, 154.12, 132.42, 131.82,
130.78, 130.03, 129.14, 128.57, 128.36, 127.44, 126.23, 124.42,
123.37, 118.65, 111.61, 68.16, 66.97, 62.02, 61.66, 47.21, 46.57,
14.11. X-ray crystallographic data available; see Supporting
Information.
CdO) cm-1; 18d , 1733 (ester CdO) cm-1
.
Gen er a l P r oced u r e for th e P r ep a r a tion of Resin -
Bou n d Ur ea [Sp ecific for 19a ]. Phenyl isocyanate (71.4 mg,
6.0 mmol) was added to a suspension of resin 18a (1.0 g, 2.0
mmol) in dry CH2Cl2 at ambient temperature and the reaction
mixture was stirred for 24 h. The resin was isolated by
filtration, washed (CH2Cl2 and MeOH), and dried. IR (KBr)
showed a disappearance of the imine CdN peak: 19a , 1740
(ester CdO), 1680 (urea CdO) cm-1; 19b, 1734 (ester CdO),
1681 (urea CdO) cm-1; 19c, 1739 (ester CdO), 1681 (urea
Ack n ow led gm en t. We are grateful to the National
Science Foundation and Novartis Crop Protection AG
for financial support of this research.
Su p p or tin g In for m a tion Ava ila ble: 1H NMR, 13C NMR,
and FT-IR spectra as well as X-ray crystallographic data for
compounds 13f and 13h ; X-ray crystallographic data for
compounds 12a and 13a (10 pages). This material is contained
in libraries on microfiche, immediately follows this article in
the microfilm version of the journal, and can be ordered from
the ACS; see any current masthead page for ordering
information.
CdO) cm-1; 19d , 1747 (ester CdO), 1673 (urea CdO) cm-1
19e, 1734 (ester CdO), 1687 (urea CdO) cm-1; 19f, 1734 (ester
CdO), 1679 (urea CdO) cm-1
;
.
Gen er a l P r oced u r e for th e P r ep a r a tion of P yr r o-
loim id a zoles [Sp ecific for 13a ]. N,N-Diisopropylethylamine
(2.41 g, 20.0 mmol) was added to a suspension of resin 19a
J O9800210