Direct arylation of sydnones with aryl chlorides toward highly substituted pyrazoles

Article abstract of DOI:10.1021/acs.joc.5b00143

The direct arylation of the C4 position of both N-alkyl- and N-arylsydnones with aryl/heteroaryl chlorides has been realized. The reaction is quite general and allows access to a wide range of 4-substituted sydnones. Yields of more challenging substrates can be improved through the use of aryl bromides.

Full text of DOI:10.1021/acs.joc.5b00143

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Note
Direct Arylation of Sydnones with Aryl
Chlorides towards Highly-Substituted Pyrazoles
Andrew W. Brown, and Joseph P.A. Harrity
J. Org. Chem., Just Accepted Manuscript • DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.5b00143 • Publication Date (Web): 30 Jan 2015
Downloaded from http://pubs.acs.org on February 1, 2015
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Direct Arylation of Sydnones with Aryl Chlorides towards Highly-Substituted Pyrazoles
Andrew W. Brown and Joseph P. A. Harrity*
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Department of Chemistry, University of Sheffield, Brook Hill, S3 7HF, UK
j.harrity@sheffield.ac.uk
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Abstract: The direct arylation of the C4 position of both N-alkyl- and N-arylsydnones with
aryl/heteroaryl chlorides has been realized. The reaction is quite general and allows access to a
wide range of 4-substituted sydnones. Yields of more challenging substrates can be improved
through the use of aryl bromides.
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Pyrazoles are common fragments in biologically active molecules, and their presence in a number
of blockbuster drugs1 and agrochemicals2 has led to widespread interest in developing new
strategies to access these valuable structures. Recent studies in our labs have focused on the use of
sydnones for the preparation of functionalized pyrazoles via alkyne cycloadditions, with a
particular focus on understanding the underlying reasons for reaction regioselectivity.3, 4, 5 From a
synthetic standpoint, a diverse range of pyrazoles can, in principle, be made available by a
sequence involving sydnone functionalization followed by cycloaddition. As shown in Scheme 1,
this strategy allows pyrazoles to be generated in two steps with the introduction of new substituents
at all carbon atoms on the heteroaromatic ring.
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Scheme 1: Strategy for the Preparation of Highly-Functionalized Pyrazoles
We have reported preliminary attempts to realize this idea by implementing a Suzuki-Miyaura
cross-coupling reaction of 4-bromosydnones, followed by cycloaddition with a series of terminal
alkynes and alkynylboronates.6, 7 Our method was superseded however by Moran and Rodriguez
who described a palladium-catalyzed direct arylation approach that avoided the need for
bromination of the parent sydnone.8, 9
In connection with our interest in developing modular approaches to bioactive N-arylpyrazoles, we
set out to employ a sequential sydnone direct arylation – cycloaddition for the synthesis of ER-
34122, a potent dual 5-lipoxygenase/cyclooxygenase inhibitor with anti-inflammatory activity.10 As
shown in Scheme 2, employing Moran’s conditions for the direct arylation provided the expected
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product 2 in good yield. Surprisingly however, this compound was accompanied by a small amount
of the corresponding 4-Ph sydnone 5 which proved difficult to separate from 2. Further
investigation showed that this competing side reaction could become quite significant; direct
arylation of 1b provided a 3:1 mixture of 6 and 7, albeit in high yield.
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Scheme 2: Proposed Route to ER-34122
We speculated that by-products 5 and 7 formed as a result of aryl-aryl interchange from the
triphenylphosphine ligand (via I/II/III) because of a slow transmetallation step in the cross-
coupling reaction (Scheme 3). This hypothesis was based on the mechanistic studies of related aryl-
aryl interchange of phosphine ligands in palladium-catalyzed cross coupling reactions reported by
Novak et al.11
Scheme 3 Proposed Mechanistic Pathway
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To overcome the issue of aryl-aryl interchange we decided to focus our optimization studies on the
nature of the ligand, our results are shown in Table 1. Removing phosphine altogether resulted in a
poor yield of sydnone (entry 1), while tributylphosphine furnished 2 in moderate yield (entry 2). As
we had identified the transmetallation step as problematic, we postulated that Buchwald’s
biarylphosphine ligands could promote the cross-coupling and ultimately lead to a more general set
of conditions.12 Indeed, we were pleased to find that employing 10 mol % of XPhos with 5 mol %
Pd(OAc)2 afforded 2 in excellent yield (entry 3). Moreover, this catalyst system permitted
previously unreactive aryl chlorides to participate in direct arylation quite smoothly under these
new conditions with only a small erosion of yield (entry 4). Finally, we found the reaction to be
amenable to scale up, delivering 2 on gram scale in almost quantitative yield.
Table 1: Optimization of Reaction Conditionsa
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Entrya
Yield 2b
28%
Ligand
None
Ar-X
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4-MeOC6H4Br
4-MeOC6H4Br
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PBu3 (50 mol %)
50%
XPhos (10 mol %) 4-MeOC6H4Br
XPhos (10 mol %) 4-MeOC6H4Cl
86%
79%
97%c
aReaction conditions: 1a (0.5 mmol), 4-MeOC6H4Cl/Br (0.8 mmol), Pd(OAc)2 (0.025 mmol), Ligand and K2CO3 (1.0 mmol) in DMF (2 mL) stirred
at 120 οC for 16 hours under N2. bIsolated yields of purified compounds. c5 mmol scale.
Using optimized conditions, we next decided to explore the scope of the direct arylation using 4-
chlorotoluene, and a series of sydnones, our results are shown in Table 2. A range of N-aryl groups
were well tolerated in the coupling (entries 1 – 5). However, it should be noted that 4-fluorophenyl
sydnone 12 (entry 5) was unstable in solution and decomposed in chloroform and dichloromethane.
We were also pleased to find that N-alkylsydnones coupled smoothly (entries 6-8) when a reduced
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reaction temperature of 80 C was used. This was consistent with Moran’s observations that lower
temperatures were required for the coupling of N-alkylsydnones, due to thermal instability.8
Table 2: Sydnone Direct Arylation Scopea
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Yieldb
83%
Entry
R
4-MeOC6H4; 1a
3,4,5-(MeO)3C6H2; 1b
4-EtOC6H4; 1c
Ph; 1d
Product
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96%
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77%
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83%
4-FC6H4; 1e
Me; 1f
68%
67% c
72% c
61% c
Et; 1g
Bn; 1h
aReaction conditions: 1a (0.5 mmol), 4-MeC6H4Cl (0.8 mmol), Pd(OAc)2 (0.025 mmol), XPhos (0.05 mmol) and K2CO3 (1.0 mmol) in DMF (2 mL)
stirred at 120 οC for 16 hours. bIsolated yields of purified compounds. cReaction conducted at 80 οC.
We next explored the scope of the direct arylation reaction using a selection of aryl chlorides and
our results are summarized in Table 3. The cross-coupling was successful for a series of aryl
(entries 1-7) and heteroaromatic substrates (entries 8, 9), although 4-chloroaniline and 4-
chlorophenol provided the corresponding sydnones (19 and 20, respectively) in poorer yields.
Fortunately however, these sydnones could be obtained in much higher yields when the
corresponding aryl bromides were used instead (scheme 4). We were also pleased to find that the
use of an aryl bromide improved the yield of direct arylation with N-benzylsydnone, in the one
example studied (scheme 4).
Table 3: Scope of Direct Arylation of Aryl Chloridesa
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Yieldb
83%
85%
94%
79%
22%
Trace
89%
78%c
Entry
ArCl
Ph
Product
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3-O2NC6H4
2-ClC6H4
3-ClC6H4
4-H2NC6H4
4-HOC6H4
2-thiophenyl
4-pyridyl
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aReaction conditions: 1a (0.5 mmol), 2a(Br/Cl) (0.8 mmol), Pd(OAc)2 (0.025 mmol), XPhos (0.05 mmol) and K2CO3 (1.0 mmol) in DMF (2 mL)
stirred at 120 οC for 16 hours. bIsolated yields of purified compounds. c3 equivalents of K2CO3 used.
Scheme 4: Improved Yields Obtained with Aryl Bromides
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The incorporation of substituents at the sydnone C4 position can often reduce the efficiency of
these substrates in cycloaddition reactions,7b and so we decided to explore the reaction of 3a with a
small selection of alkynes to evaluate the applicability of this method to access ER-34122 and
analogs. As shown in Scheme 5, compound 2 reacted with ethyl propiolate to give the
corresponding pyrazole as a mixture of regioisomers 24a,b in low yield. The temperatures required
in this case resulted in significant polymerization of the alkyne leading to contaminated products
that could not be easily purified. In contrast, ynone 313 underwent efficient cycloaddition but again
provided pyrazoles 4a,b an equal mixture of regioisomers. However, aldehyde 26, a known
precursor of ER-34122, was generated in good overall yield and regioselectivity by carrying out a
cycloaddition reaction of 2 and propargyl alcohol, followed by oxidation by the Dess-Martin
reagent. The minor isomer of the aldehyde was separated from 26 after column chromatography.
Scheme 5: Cycloaddition Reactions of 2
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Finally, we have also found this chemistry to be applicable to the synthesis of aryl-linked sydnones.
Specifically, the coupling reaction of 1a with 1,4-dichlorobenzene provided sydnone dimer 27 in
excellent yield. Moreover, the cycloaddition of 27 with phenylacetylene proceeded smoothly to
1
afford 28 as a single regioisomer (as judged by 400 MHz H NMR spectroscopy), albeit in
moderate yield (Scheme 6). Interestingly, aryl-linked pyrazoles 28 are established organic
electroluminescent molecules.14 Therefore, aryl-linked sydnones such as 27 provide direct access to
a range of these compounds, with significant potential for diversification.
Scheme 6: Preparation and Cycloaddition of Aryl-Linked Sydnone Dimer 27
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In conclusion, we have developed a highly versatile and general method for the direct arylation of
the sydnone C4 position. The reaction has a broad scope with respect to both coupling partners and
allows aryl chlorides to be employed. The utility of the products was demonstrated in cycloaddition
reactions with alkynes to form a drug compound precursor and an established class
electroluminescent molecules. This robust two-step sydnone direct arylation - cycloaddition should
permit the rapid construction of diverse pyrazole libraries.
Experimental Section
General Procedure for the Direct Arylation of Sydnones. A flask equipped with a reflux
condenser was charged with a mixture of sydnone (1 eq.), aryl halide (1.5 eq.), palladium acetate (5
mol %), XPhos (10 mol %) and potassium carbonate (2-3 eq.) in DMF (0.1 – 0.5 M) under an
atmosphere of nitrogen, and heated at 80 - 120 °C for 16 hours. The reaction was allowed to cool to
ambient temperature and water was added. The resulting mixture was extracted with ethyl
acetate:40-60 petroleum ether (9:1) and the combined organic layers dried over MgSO4 and
concentrated in vacuo. Flash silica chromatography (eluting solvent 20%-100% ethyl acetate in 40-
60 petroleum ether) afforded the target 3,4-disubstituted sydnones. The compounds could be
further purified by recrystallization from ethanol or dichloromethane/petrol.
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3,4-Bis(4-methoxyphenyl)sydnone (2).15 Sydnone 1a (1.00 g, 5.21 mmol) and 4-chloroanisole (0.99
g, 7.8 mmol) were subjected to the general conditions affording 2 as a tan solid (1.51 g, 97%).
M.p.: 136-137 °C (dec.) (lit.15 139–140 °C); 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ 3.78 (3H, s), 3.89 (3H,
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s), 6.79 – 6.86 (2H, m), 6.98 – 7.06 (2H, m), 7.20– 7.26 (2H, m), 7.35 – 7.43 (2H, m); C NMR
(101 MHz, CDCl3) δ 55.4, 55.9, 108.0, 114.4, 115.2, 117.0, 126.3, 127.4, 129.0, 159.8, 162.1,
167.4.
[1,5-Bis(4-methoxyphenyl)-1H-pyrazol-3-yl](3-cyano-4-chlorophenyl)-methanone (4a) and [1,5-
Bis(4-methoxyphenyl)-1H-pyrazol-4-yl](3-cyano-4-chlorophenyl)-methanone (4b). A flask was
charged with 2 (183 mg, 0.614 mmol) and 3 (233 mg, 1.23 mmol) in 1,2-dichlorobenzene (4 mL)
and heated at 140 οC for 24 hours. After cooling to RT, the mixture was directly loaded onto a short
silica plug and 1,2-dichlorobenzene removed by elution with 100% petroleum ether, the crude
material was then eluted with 100% ethyl acetate. The material was further purified by flash silica
chromatography (eluting solvent: 10%– 40% EtOAc) affording 4a as a yellow solid (130 mg, 48%)
and 4b as an orange oil (128 mg, 47%). 4a: M.p.: 141-142 °C; 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3): δ 3.82
(3H, s), 3.85 (3H, s), 6.86 (2H, d, J = 8.5 Hz), 6.91 (2H, d, J = 9.0 Hz), 7.15 (1H, s), 7.17 (2H, d, J
= 9.0 Hz), 7.22-7.33 (2H, m), 7.64 (1H, d, J = 8.5 Hz), 8.56 (1H, dd, J = 8.5 and 2.0 Hz), 8.83 (1H,
d, J = 2.0 Hz). 13C NMR (101 MHz, CDCl3): δ 55.4, 55.7, 109.7, 113.5, 114.3, 114.5, 115.8, 121.7,
126.9, 130.1, 130.3, 132.8 135.8, 136.3, 136.7, 141.0, 145.0, 150.2, 159.7, 160.2, 184.3; FTIR: νmax
2932 (w), 2841 (w), 2098 (w), 1651 (s), 1611 (m), 1517 (s), 1447 (m), 1430 (m), 1253 (s), 1180
(m), 1058 (m), 1025 (m); HRMS (ESI-TOF) m/z [M + H]+ calcd for C25H1935ClN3O3 444.1115,
found 444.1113. 4b: 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3): δ 3.77 (3H, s), 3.79 (3H, s), 6.75 (2H, d, J = 8.5
Hz), 6.83 (2H, d, J = 8.5 Hz), 7.06 (2H, d, J = 8.5 Hz), 7.16 (2H, d, J = 8.5 Hz), 7.48 (1H, d, J =
13
8.5 Hz), 7.86 (1H, dd, J = 8.5 and 2.0 Hz), 7.92 (1H, d, J = 2.0 Hz), 8.02 (1H, s). C NMR (101
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MHz, CDCl3): δ 55.4, 55.6, 113.3, 114.1, 114.3, 115.2, 120.0, 120.4, 126.8, 130.0, 131.9, 132.1
134.1, 134.8, 137.9, 140.1, 142.5, 145.7, 159.4, 160.4, 186.7; FTIR: νmax 2960 (w), 2838 (w), 1646
(m), 1610 (m), 1513 (s), 1455 (m), 1248 (s), 1177 (m), 1056 (m), 1026 (m); HRMS (ESI-TOF) m/z
[M + H]+ calcd for C25H1935ClN3O3 444.1115, found 444.1109.
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4-Phenyl-N-(4-methoxyphenyl)sydnone (5).15 Sydnone 1a (105 mg, 0.547 mmol) and
chlorobenzene (92 mg, 0.82 mmol) were subjected to the general conditions affording 5 as a pink
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solid (122 mg, 83%). M.p.: 106-107 °C (dec); H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ 3.89 (3H, s), 7.02
13
(2H, d, J = 9.0 Hz), 7.30 (5H, s), 7.39 (2H, d, J = 9.0 Hz); C NMR (101 MHz, CDCl3) δ 55.9,
107.8, 115.3, 124.8, 126.3, 127.4, 127.5, 128.7, 128.9, 162.2, 167.3.
4-(4-Methoxyphenyl)-N-(3,4,5-trimethoxyphenyl)sydnone
(6)
and
4-Phenyl-N-(3,4,5-
trimethoxyphenyl)sydnone (7). A mixture of sydnone 1b (150 mg, 0.595 mmol), 4-bromoanisole
(166 mg, 0.888 mmol), palladium acetate (7 mg, 0.03 mmol), triphenylphosphine (18 mg, 0.61
mmol) and potassium carbonate (163 mg, 1.18 mmol) in DMF (5 mL) under an atmosphere of
nitrogen was heated at 120 °C for 12 hours before the reaction was allowed to cool to ambient
temperature and water was added. The resulting mixture was extracted with ethyl acetate:40-60
petroleum ether (9:1) and the combined organic layers dried over MgSO4 and concentrated in
vacuo. Flash silica chromatography (eluting solvent 20%-100% ethyl acetate in 40-60 petroleum
ether) afforded 6 as a yellow solid (117 mg, 55%) and 7 as a colorless solid (33 mg, 17%). Both 6
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and 7 could be further purified by recrystallization from EtOH. 6: M.p.: 165-168 °C (dec.); H
NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ 3.78 (6H, s), 3.79 (3H, s), 3.92 (3H, s), 6.67 (2H, s), 6.85 (2H, d, J =
13
9.0 Hz), 7.29 (2H, d, J = 9.0 Hz); C NMR (101 MHz, CDCl3) δ 55.4, 56.6, 61.2, 102.5, 108.0,
114.3, 116.8, 128.9, 129.9, 140.6, 154.1, 159.9, 167.2; FTIR: νmax 2945 (w), 1723 (s), 1505 (s),
1232 (s), 1121 (s), 1019 (m) 987 (m); HRMS (ESI-TOF) m/z [M + H]+ calcd for C18H19N2O6
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359.1243, found 359.1226. 7: M.p.: 146-147 °C (dec.); 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ 3.77 (6H, s),
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3.93 (3H, s), 6.66 (2H, s), 7.28-7.40 (5H, m); C NMR (101 MHz, CDCl3) δ 56.6, 61.3, 102.4,
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107.8, 124.6, 127.4, 128.8, 128.9, 129.9, 140.8, 154.1, 167.1; FTIR: νmax 2945 (w), 2165 (w), 1746
(m), 1603 (m), 1506 (m), 1232 (s), 1125 (s), 977 (m); HRMS (ESI-TOF) m/z [M + H]+ calcd for
C17H17N2O5 329.1137, found 329.1125.
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4-(4-Tolyl)-N-(4-methoxyphenyl)sydnone (8). Sydnone 1a (99 mg, 0.52 mmol) and 4-chlorotoluene
(98 mg, 0.77 mmol) were subjected to the general conditions affording 8 as a tan solid (121 mg,
83%). M.p.: 106 °C (dec.); 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ 2.30 (3H, s), 3.88 (3H, s), 7.02 (2H, d, J
= 9.0 Hz), 7.09 (2H, d, J = 8.0 Hz), 7.18 (2H, d, J = 8.0 Hz), 7.38 (2H, d, J = 9.0 Hz); 13C NMR
(101 MHz, CDCl3) δ 21.4, 55.9, 108.0, 115.2, 121.8, 126.3, 127.4, 127.5, 129.5, 138.9, 162.1,
167.3; FTIR: νmax 3076 (w), 2840 (w), 1736 (s), 1110 (s), 1002 (w), 968 (m); HRMS (ESI-TOF)
m/z [M + H]+ calcd for C16H14N2O3 283.1083, found 283.1085.
4-(4-Tolyl)-N-(3,4,5-trimethoxyphenyl)sydnone (9). Sydnone 1b (151 mg, 0.599 mmol) and 4-
chlorotoluene (114 mg, 0.901 mmol) were subjected to the general conditions affording 9 as a
1
colorless solid (196 mg, 96%). M.p.: 140-141 °C (dec.); H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ 2.31 (3H,
13
s), 3.75 (6H, s), 3.91 (3H, s), 6.67 (2H, s), 7.10 (2H, d, J = 8.0 Hz), 7.22 (2H, d, J = 8.0 Hz); C
NMR (101 MHz, CDCl3) δ 21.4, 56.6, 61.2, 102.5, 108.0, 121.7, 127.3, 129.5, 130.0, 139.0, 140.7,
154.1, 167.1; FTIR: νmax 2942 (w), 2840 (w), 1749 (s), 1128 (s), 984 (m); HRMS (ESI-TOF) m/z
[M + H]+ calcd for C18H18N2O5 343.1294, found 343.1283.
4-(p-Tolyl)-N-(4-ethoxyphenyl)sydnone (10). Sydnone 1c (127 mg, 0.616 mmol) and 4-
chlorotoluene (117 mg, 0.924 mmol) were subjected to the general conditions affording 10 as a tan
1
solid (140 mg, 77%). M.p.: 123-124 °C (dec.); H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ 1.45 (3H, t, J = 7.0
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Hz), 2.29 (3H, s,), 4.09 (2H, q, J = 7.0 Hz), 6.94-7.02 (2H, m), 7.08 (2H, d, J = 8.0 Hz), 7.18 (2H,
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6
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d, J = 8.0 Hz), 7.30-7.39 (2H, m); C NMR (101 MHz, CDCl3) δ 14.7, 21.4, 64.3, 108.0, 115.6,
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121.9, 126.2, 127.2, 127.3 129.5, 138.8, 161.5, 167.3; FTIR: νmax 2981 (w), 2934 (w), 1737 (s),
1115 (m), 1041 (m), 1002 (m); HRMS (ESI-TOF) m/z [M + H]+ calcd for C17H16N2O3 297.1239,
found 297.1249.
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4-(p-Tolyl)-N-phenylsydnone (11).6 Sydnone 1d (102 mg, 0.629 mmol) and 4-chlorotoluene (119
mg, 0.940 mmol) were subjected to the general conditions affording 11 as a tan solid (131 mg,
83%). M.p.: 134-136 °C (dec.) (Lit.6 141-143 °C) 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ 2.30 (3H, s), 7.08
(2H, d, J = 8.0 Hz), 7.16 (2H, d, J = 8.0 Hz), 7.47 (2H, d, J = 7.5 Hz), 7.57 (2H, t, J = 7.5 Hz),
13
7.60-7.70 (1H, m); C NMR (101 MHz, CDCl3) δ 21.4, 108.2, 121.6, 125.0, 127.4, 129.5, 130.2,
132.1, 134.8, 139.0, 167.3.
4-(p-Tolyl)-N-(4-fluorophenyl)sydnone (12). Sydnone 1e (100 mg, 0.555 mmol) and 4-
chlorotoluene (105 mg, 0.830 mmol) were subjected to the general conditions affording 12 as an
1
orange solid (102 mg, 68%). M.p.: 150-151 °C ; H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ 2.32 (3H, s), 7.12
(2H, d, J = 8.0 Hz), 7.17 (2H, d, J = 8.0 Hz), 7.22-7.30 (2H, m), 7.46-7.54 (2H, m); 13C NMR (101
MHz, CDCl3) δ 21.4, 108.3, 117.5 (d, J = 24.0 Hz), 121.3, 127.2 (d, J = 9.0 Hz), 128.6 (d, J =
223.0 Hz), 130.8 (d, J = 3.0 Hz), 139.3, 163.0, 165.5, 167.1; 19F NMR (376 MHz, CDCl3) δ -107.3;
FTIR: νmax 3080 (w), 2158 (w), 1738 (s), 1507 (s), 1234 (s), 1006 (m); HRMS (ESI-TOF) m/z [M +
H]+ calcd for C15H12N2O2F 271.0883, found 271.0891.
4-(p-Tolyl)-N-(methyl)sydnone (13). Sydnone 1f (129 mg, 1.29 mmol) and 4-chlorotoluene (245
mg, 1.94 mmol) were subjected to the general conditions affording 13 as a colorless solid (164 mg,
1
67%). M.p.: 98-99 °C; H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ 2.40 (3H, s), 4.11 (3H, s), 7.30 (2H, d, J =
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8.0 Hz), 7.46 (2H, d, J = 8.0 Hz); 13C NMR (101 MHz, CDCl3) δ 21.4, 38.9, 108.2, 121.4, 127.6,
129.9, 139.5, 167.4; FTIR: νmax 3024 (w), 2924 (w), 1719 (s), 1536 (m), 1445 (m), 1311 (m), 1087
(m), 986 (s); HRMS (ESI-TOF) m/z [M + H]+ calcd for C10H11N2O2 191.0821, found 191.0813.
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4-(p-Tolyl)-N-(ethyl)sydnone (14). Sydnone 1g (129 mg, 1.29 mmol) and 4-chlorotoluene (173 mg,
1.37 mmol) were subjected to the general conditions affording 14 as a colorless solid (134 mg,
72%). Note: product was not stable and began to decompose after isolation. M.p.: 165-167 °C; 1H
NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ 1.53-1.59 (3H, m), 2.40 (3H, s), 4.46 (2H, q, J = 7.5 Hz), 7.30 (2H, d, J
= 8.0 Hz), 7.41 (2H, d, J = 8.0 Hz); 13C NMR (101 MHz, CDCl3) δ 13.8, 21.4, 47.6, 107.2, 121.5,
128.0, 130.0, 139.3, 167.7; FTIR: νmax 2820 (br), 2537 (br), 1668 (s), 1611 (m), 1417 (m), 1283 (s),
960 (m) 945 (s); HRMS (ESI-TOF) m/z [M + H]+ calcd for C11H13N2O2 205.0977, found 205.0981.
4-(p-Tolyl)-N-(benzyl)sydnone (15). Sydnone 1h (100 mg, 0.568 mmol) and 4-chlorotoluene (107
mg, 0.845 mmol) were subjected to the general conditions affording 15 as a yellow solid (93 mg,
1
61%). M.p.: 81 °C; H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ 2.36 (3H, s), 5.49 (2H, s), 7.14-7.19 (2H, m),
7.21 (2H, d, J = 8.0 Hz), 7.27 (2H, d, J = 8.0 Hz), 7.31-7.40 (3H, m); 13C NMR (101 MHz, CDCl3)
δ 21.5, 55.3, 108.1, 121.3, 127.7, 128.5, 129.4, 129.5, 130.0, 131.6, 139.8, 167.7; FTIR: νmax 3039
(w), 2994 (w), 2958 (w), 1724 (s), 991 (s), 960 (m); HRMS (ESI-TOF) m/z [M + H]+ calcd for
C16H15N2O2 267.1134, found 267.1143.
4-(3-Nitrophenyl)-N-(4-methoxyphenyl)sydnone (16).15 Sydnone 1a (104 mg, 0.542 mmol) and 1-
chloro-3-nitrobenzene (128 mg, 0.812 mmol) were subjected to the general conditions affording 16
as a yellow solid (144 mg, 85%). M.p.: 152-153 °C (dec.); 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ 3.92 (3H,
s), 7.09 (2H, d, J = 9.0 Hz), 7.43 (2H, d, J = 9.0 Hz), 7.50 (1H, t, J = 8.0 Hz), 7.75 (1H, d, J = 8.0
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Hz), 8.02-8.12 (2H, m); C NMR (101 MHz, d6-DMSO) δ 56.9, 106.5, 115.4, 121.2, 122.8, 126.5,
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126.6, 127.1, 130.2, 132.8, 147.6, 161.9, 166.2.
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4-(2-Chlorophenyl)-N-(4-methoxyphenyl)sydnone (17). Sydnone 1a (102 mg, 0.531 mmol) and 1,2-
dichlorobenzene (117 mg, 0.796 mmol) were subjected to the general conditions affording 17 as an
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orange oil (151 mg, 94%). H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ 3.82 (3H, s), 6.91 (2H, d, J = 9.0 Hz),
13
7.27-7.40 (6H, m); C NMR (101 MHz, CDCl3) δ 55.8, 105.8, 115.0, 120.4, 124.0, 125.2, 127.5,
130.4, 131.5, 133.0, 135.4, 162.0, 167.2; FTIR: νmax 3066 (w), 2936 (w), 2843 (w), 1757 (s), 1743
(s), 1028 (m), 1002 (m); HRMS (ESI-TOF) m/z [M + H]+ calcd for C15H12N2O3 Cl 303.0536,
35
found 303.0524.
4-(3-Chlorophenyl)-N-(4-methoxyphenyl)sydnone (18). Sydnone 1a (100 mg, 0.521 mmol) and 1,3-
dichlorobenzene (115 mg, 0.782 mmol) were subjected to the general conditions affording 18 as a
yellow solid (125 mg, 79%). M.p.: 118 °C (dec.); 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ 3.90 (3H, s), 7.05
13
(2H, d, J = 9.0 Hz), 7.10 (1H, dt, J = 7.5, 1.5 Hz), 7.17-7.25 (2H, m), 7.36-7.42 (3H, m); C NMR
(101 MHz, CDCl3) δ 56.0, 106.4, 115.5, 125.2, 126.2, 126.5, 127.0, 127.1, 128.7, 130.0, 134.9,
162.4, 166.9; FTIR: νmax 3078 (w), 2937 (w), 2842 (w), 1749 (s), 1735 (s), 1125 (s), 1028 (m);
HRMS (ESI-TOF) m/z [M + H]+ calcd for C15H12N2O3Cl35 303.0536, found 303.0535.
4-(4-Aminophenyl)-N-(4-methoxyphenyl)sydnone (19). Sydnone 1a (100 mg, 0.521 mmol) and 4-
bromoaniline (134 mg, 0.779 mmol) were subjected to the general conditions affording 19 as a
1
yellow solid (137 mg, 93%). M.p.: 158 °C; H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ 3.85 (2H, s), 3.88 (3H,
s), 6.56 (2H, d, J = 9.0 Hz), 7.00 (2H, d, J = 9.0 Hz), 7.08 (2H, d, J = 9.0 Hz), 7.38 (2H, d, J = 9.0
Hz); 13C NMR (101 MHz, CDCl3) δ 55.9, 108.7, 114.2, 115.0, 115.2, 126.3, 127.6, 129.0, 147.1,
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162.0, 167.5; FTIR: νmax 3461 (w), 3359 (m), 3232 (w), 1732 (s), 1607 (m), 1249 (s), 1182 (m);
HRMS (ESI-TOF) m/z [M + H]+ calcd for C15H13N3O3 284.1035, found 284.1045.
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4-(4-Hydroxyphenyl)-N-(4-methoxyphenyl)sydnone (20). Sydnone 1a (100 mg, 0.521 mmol) and 4-
bromophenol (135 mg, 0.780 mmol) were subjected to the general conditions affording 20 as a tan
solid (86 mg, 58%). Note: product was not stable and began to decompose after isolation. M.p.:
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212-214 °C; H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ 3.89 (3H, s), 5.08 (1H, br), 6.76 (2H, d, J = 9.0 Hz),
7.02 (2H, d, J = 9.0 Hz), 7.19 (2H, d, J = 9.0 Hz), 7.39 (2H, d, J = 9.0 Hz); 13C NMR (101 MHz,
d6-DMSO) δ 55.8, 108.5, 115.1, 115.5, 117.6, 127.0, 129.2, 132.0, 157.9, 161.5, 166.5; FTIR: νmax
3254 (br), 1710 (s), 1603 (m), 1513 (s), 1249 (s), 1171 (s), 1026 (m), 998 (m), 834 (s); HRMS
(ESI-TOF) m/z [M + H]+ calcd for C15H13N2O4 285.0875, found 285.0873.
4-(Thiophen-2-yl)-N-(4-methoxyphenyl)sydnone (21). Sydnone 1a (101 mg, 0.526 mmol) and 2-
chlorothiophene (93 mg, 0.78 mmol) were subjected to the general conditions affording 21 as an
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orange solid (128 mg, 89%). M.p.: 129 °C; H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ 3.93 (3H, s), 6.98 (1H,
dt, J = 5.0, 4.0 Hz), 7.11 (2H, d, J = 9.0 Hz), 7.23 (1H, dd, J = 5.0, 1.0 Hz), 7.33 (1H, dd, J = 4.0,
13
1.0 Hz), 7.46 (2H, d, J = 9.0 Hz); C NMR (101 MHz, CDCl3) δ 57.0, 106.6, 115.4, 125.8, 126.1,
126.2, 126.4, 127.3, 127.5, 162.8, 165.9; FTIR: νmax 3080 (w), 2941 (w), 2840 (w), 1756 (s), 1735
(s), 1176 (m), 1017 (s), 991 (m); HRMS (ESI-TOF) m/z [M + H]+ calcd for C13H10N2O3S
275.0490, found 275.0503.
4-(4-Pyridyl)-N-(4-methoxyphenyl)sydnone (22). Sydnone 1a (100 mg, 0.521 mmol) and 4-
chloropyridine hydrochloride (119 mg, 0.780 mmol) were subjected to the general conditions
affording 22 as a pink solid (109 mg, 78%). M.p.: 108-110 °C; 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ 3.92
(3H, s), 7.09 (2H, d, J = 9.0 Hz), 7.20 (2H, d, J = 9.0 Hz), 7.42 (2H, d, J = 9.0 Hz), 8.50 (2H, br);
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13C NMR (101 MHz, CDCl3) δ 56.0, 105.0, 115.7, 119.9, 126.3, 126.9, 132.5, 150.2, 162.8, 166.4;
FTIR: νmax 2934 (w), 2841 (w), 1742 (s), 1596 (m), 1510 (s), 1258 (s), 1026 (m); HRMS (ESI-
TOF) m/z [M + H]+ calcd for C14H12N3O3 270.0879, found 270.0871.
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4-(4-Methoxyphenyl)-N-benzylsydnone (23).16 Sydnone 1j (100 mg, 0.568 mmol) and 4-
bromoanisole (159 mg, 0.850 mmol) were subjected to the general conditions affording 23 as a
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colorless solid (139 mg, 87%). M.p.: 107 °C. (Lit.16 102-104 °C); H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ
3.79 (3H, s), 5.45 (2H, s), 6.91 (2H, d, J = 9.0 Hz), 7.12-7.18 (2H, m), 7.27 (2H, d, J = 9.0 Hz),
7.30-7.36 (3H, m); 13C NMR (101 MHz, CDCl3) δ 55.2, 55.4, 107.9, 114.7, 116.3, 127.6, 129.3,
129.4, 130.2, 131.5, 160.5, 167.8.
1-(4-Methoxyphenyl)-3-(methylalcohol)-5-(4-methoxyphenyl)pyrazole
(25a)
and
1-(4-
methoxyphenyl)-4-(methylalcohol)-5-(4-methoxyphenyl)pyrazole (25b). A Schlenk tube was
charged with 2 (200 mg, 0.670 mmol), propargyl alcohol (150 mg, 2.68 mmol) and xylenes (0.67
ο
mL) and sealed. The mixture was heated at 160 C for 16 hours before being allowed to cool to
ambient temperature. The mixture was directly loaded on to a short silica plug and xylenes
removed by elution with 100% petroleum ether, the crude material was then eluted with 100%
ethyl acetate. The material was further purified by flash silica chromatography (eluting solvent:
100% petrol – 100% EtOAc) affording 25a and 25b as an inseparable mixture (93:7) as an orange
1
oil (202 mg, 97%). Only characterization data for the major isomer is reported. H NMR (400
MHz, CDCl3) δ 3.79 (3H, s), 3.80 (3H, s), 4.76 (2H, d, J = 6.0 Hz), 6.43 (1H, s), 6.79-6.87 (4H, m),
7.13 (2H, d, J = 9.0 Hz), 7.19 (2H, d, J = 9.0 Hz); 13C NMR (101 MHz, CDCl3) δ 55.4, 55.6, 59.3,
106.3, 114.0, 114.2, 123.0, 126.8, 130.1, 133.4, 144.1, 152.6, 158.9, 159.6; FTIR: νmax 3352 (br),
2934 (w), 2837 (w), 1612 (m), 1518 (s), 1251 (s), 1179 (m), 1033 (m); HRMS (ESI-TOF) m/z [M +
H]+ calcd for C18H19N2O3 311.1396, found 311.1406.
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1,5-Bis(4-methoxyphenyl)-1H-pyrazole-3-carboxaldehyde (26). To a solution of 25a and 25b (93:7,
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424 mg, 1.37 mmol) in CH2Cl2 (6 mL) at 0 C was added Dess-Martin periodinane (638 mg, 1.50
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mmol). The mixture was allowed to warm to room temperature and stirred for one hour. Water was
added and extracted with CH2Cl2. The combined organic layers were dried over MgSO4, filtered
and volatiles removed in vacuo. The crude material was purified by flash silica chromatography
(eluting solvent 10%-40% ethyl acetate) affording 26 as an orange oil (285 mg, 73%). 26. 1H NMR
(400 MHz, CDCl3): δ 3.79 (3H, s), 3.82 (3H, s), 6.83 (2H, d, J = 9.0 Hz), 6.88 (2H, d, J = 9.0 Hz),
6.92 (1H, s), 7.12 (2H, d, J = 9.0 Hz), 7.24 (2H, d, J = 9.0 Hz), 10.03 (1H, s); 13C NMR (101 MHz,
CDCl3): δ 55.3, 55.6, 106.8, 114.1, 114.4, 121.7, 126.7, 130.2, 132.7, 145.3, 151.4, 159.6, 160.0,
187.0; FTIR: νmax 3055 (w), 3005 (w), 2936 (m), 2960 (m), 2838 (m), 1696 (s), 1613 (s), 1515 (s),
1434 (s), 1252 (s), 1179 (s), 1031 (s); HRMS (ESI-TOF) m/z [M + H]+ calcd for C18H17N2O3
309.1239, found 309.1254.
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4,4’-(1,4-phenylene)-bis-N-(4-methoxyphenyl)sydnone (27). Sydnone 1a (102 mg, 0.531 mmol) and
1,4-dichlorobenzene (117 mg, 0.796 mmol) were subjected to the general conditions affording 27
as a yellow solid (104 mg, 86%). M.p.: 247-250 °C (dec.); 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ 3.91 (6H,
s), 7.04 (4H, d, J = 9.0 Hz), 7.25 (4H, s), 7.37 (4H, d, J = 9.0 Hz); 13C NMR (101 MHz, CDCl3) δ
56.0, 104.3, 107.0, 115.6, 124.7, 126.3, 127.1, 162.5, 167.1; FTIR: νmax 3082 (w), 2940 (w), 2838
(w), 1712 (s), 1021 (m), 998 (s); HRMS (ESI-TOF) m/z [M + H]+ calcd for C24H19N4O6 459.1305,
found 459.1319.
5,5'-(1,4-phenylene)bis[1-(4-methoxyphenyl)-3-phenyl]-1H-pyrazole (28). A Schlenk tube was
charged with 27 (33 mg, 0.072 mmol), phenylacetylene (59 mg, 0.58 mmol) and xylenes (72 ꢀL)
and sealed. The mixture was heated at 160 οC for 16 hours before being allowed to cool to ambient
temperature. The mixture was directly loaded on to a short silica plug and xylenes removed by
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elution with 100% petroleum ether, the crude material was then eluted with 100% ethyl acetate.
The material was further purified by flash silica chromatography (eluting solvent: 20-40% EtOAc)
affording 28 (>98:2 regioselectivity) as a yellow solid (24 mg, 58%). The product could be further
purified by recrystallization from CH2Cl2/40-60 petroleum ether. M.p.: 258-259 °C; 1H NMR (400
MHz, CDCl3): δ 3.83 (6H, s), 6.84 (2H, s), 6.88 (4H, d, J = 9.0 Hz), 7.22 (4H, s), 7.28 (4H, d, J =
9.0 Hz), 7.34 (2H, t, J = 7.5 Hz), 7.43 (4H, t, J = 7.5 Hz), 7.89-7.94 (4H, m); 13C NMR (101 MHz,
CDCl3): δ 55.6, 104.8, 114.3, 125.9, 126.9, 128.1, 128.7, 128.8, 130.3, 133.1, 133.4, 143.7, 151.9,
159.1; FTIR: νmax 3009 (w), 2936 (w), 2838 (w), 1606 (w), 1512 (s), 1485 (m), 1461 (s), 1249 (s),
843 (s); HRMS (ESI-TOF) m/z [M + H]+ calcd for C38H30N4O2 575.2447, found 575.2432.
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Ethyl 2-((3,4,5-trimethoxyphenyl)amino)acetate. To a suspension of 3,4,5-trimethoxyaniline (10.0
g, 54.6 mmol) and sodium acetate (17.8 g, 217 mmol) in ethanol (100 mL) was added ethyl
bromoacetate (18.2 g, 109 mmol) and the mixture heated at reflux for 4 hours. The solvent was
then removed in vacuo, followed by the addition of CH2Cl2 and filtration. The solvent was removed
in vacuo. Flash silica chromatography (eluting solvent 30% ethyl acetate) afforded ethyl 2-((3,4,5-
1
trimethoxyphenyl)amino)acetate as a colorless solid (12.1 g, 82%). M.p.: 73-75 °C; H NMR (400
MHz, CDCl3): δ 1.30 (3H, t, J = 7.0 Hz), 3.75 (3H, s), 3.82 (6H, s), 3.88 (2H, s), 4.25 (2H, q, J =
13
7.0 Hz), 5.84 (2H, s); C NMR (101 MHz, CDCl3): δ 14.4, 46.5, 56.1, 61.2, 61.5, 90.8, 130.8,
144.0, 154.1, 171.2; FTIR: νmax 3374 (m), 2979 (w), 2937 (w), 1727 (s), 1012 (s); HRMS (ESI-
TOF) m/z [M + H]+ calcd for C13H20NO5 270.1341, found 270.1331.
2-((3,4,5-trimethoxyphenyl)amino)acetic acid. To a suspension of the ethyl 2-((3,4,5-
trimethoxyphenyl)amino)acetate (12.1 g, 44.9 mmol) in water:ethanol (150 mL, 9:1) was added
sodium hydroxide (2.7g, 67.5 mmol) and the mixture heated at reflux for 1 hour. The reaction was
allowed to cool to RT before acidifying to pH 4-6 with concentrated hydrochloric acid, leading to
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product precipitation. The brown solid was isolated and dried in vacuo before recrystallization from
4
5
6
ethanol affording 2-((3,4,5-trimethoxyphenyl)amino)acetic acid as an orange solid (9.9 g, 91%
7
8
9
1
yield). M.p.: 111-114 °C; H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3): δ 3.76 (3H, s), 3.82 (6H, s), 3.96 (2H, s),
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5.86 (2H, s). C NMR (101 MHz, CDCl3): δ 46.3, 56.2, 61.2, 91.1, 131.2, 143.5, 154.2, 175.3;
FTIR: νmax 3400 (w), 2945 (w), 2837 (w), 1730 (s), 997 (s); HRMS (ESI-TOF) m/z [M + H]+ calcd
for C11H15NO5 242.1028, found 242.1017.
N-(3,4,5-trimethoxyphenyl)sydnone
(1b).
To
a
suspension
of
2-((3,4,5-
trimethoxyphenyl)amino)acetic acid (4.37 g, 18.1 mmol) in DME (40 mL) was added isopentyl
nitrite (IAN) (2.33 g, 19.9 mmol) and the reaction stirred for 3 hours at room temperature. The
mixture was concentrated in vacuo followed by the addition of petroleum ether:diethyl ether(15:1)
and the liquor decanted to provide the crude nitrosamine precipitate. CAUTION: Nitrosamine
intermediates are highly toxic and suspected carcinogens. The crude material was suspended in
CH2Cl2 (40 mL) under nitrogen and trifluoroacetic anhydride (TFAA) (5.70 g, 27.1 mmol) was
carefully added at 0 °C. The reaction allowed to warm to room temperature and stirred for 90
minutes, after which the reaction was carefully quenched with saturated sodium bicarbonate
solution followed by solid sodium bicarbonate and extracted with CH2Cl2. The combined organic
layers were dried over MgSO4 and volatiles removed in vacuo affording the crude sydnone. The
crude material was purified by recrystallization from ethanol affording 1b as an orange solid (4.05
g, 89%). M.p.: 179-182 °C; 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3): δ 3.90 (3H, s), 3.93 (6H, s), 6.75 (1H, s),
13
6.93 (2H, s). C NMR (101 MHz, CDCl3): δ 56.8, 61.2, 94.1, 99.2, 130.4, 141.3, 154.3, 169.0;
FTIR: νmax 3136 (w), 2944 (w), 1752 (s), 1604 (s), 1241 (s), 1126 (s), 999 (s); HRMS (ESI-TOF)
m/z [M + H]+ calcd for C11H12N2O5 253.0824, found 253.0817.
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3-cyano-4-chloro-α-ethynylbenzenemethanol. A suspension of 2-chloro-5-methylbenzonitrile (1.42
5
g, 9.35 mmol), freshly recrystallized N-bromosuccinamide (5.49 g, 30.9 mmol) and AIBN (9 mg
0.05 mmol) in CH2Cl2 (18 mL) was irradiated with a tungsten lamp for 2 hours at room
temperature. The resulting mixture was filtered, aqueous sodium bisulfite added and the mixture
extracted with CH2Cl2. The combined aqueous layers were dried over MgSO4, filtered and the
solvent removed in vacuo. The crude material was suspended in DMSO (100 mL) and water (20
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mL) and heated at 120 C for 16 hours. The reaction was allowed to cool to room temperature
before being poured into water and extracted with ethyl acetate. The combined organic layers were
dried over MgSO4, filtered and the solvent removed in vacuo. The crude material was dissolved in
THF (10 mL), cooled at -78 οC before the dropwise addition of ethynyl magnesium bromide (0.5 M
in THF) (20 mL, 10 mmol). The reaction was allowed to warm to room temperature and stirred for
a further 2 hours. The mixture was then poured in aqueous NH4Cl and extracted with ethyl acetate.
The combined organic layers were dried over MgSO4, filtered and volatiles removed in vacuo. The
crude material was purified by flash silica chromatography (eluting solvent 10%-40% ethyl acetate)
affording 3-cyano-4-chloro-α-ethynylbenzenemethanol as a colorless solid (874 mg, 49%). M.p.:
57-59 °C; 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3): δ 2.73 (1H, d, J = 2.0 Hz), 3.22 (1H, d, J = 5.5 Hz), 5.47
(1H, br), 7.50 (1H, d, J = 8.5 Hz), 7.71 (1H, dd, J = 8.5 and 2.0 Hz), 7.86 (1H, d, J = 2.0 Hz). 13C
NMR (101 MHz, CDCl3): δ 62.6, 76.1, 82.2, 113.2, 115.9, 130.2, 132.1, 132.4, 136.7, 140.0; FTIR:
νmax 3466 (s), 3256 (m), 3102 (w), 2235 (m), 1475 (s), 1404 (m), 1051 (s), 967 (m); HRMS (ESI-
TOF) m/z [M + H]+ calcd for C10H6 ClNO 191.0132, found 191.0124.
35
1-(3-cyano-4-chlorophenyl)-2-propyn-1-one (3). To
a
solution of 3-cyano-4-chloro-α-
o
ethynylbenzenemethanol (300 mg, 1.57 mmol) in CH2Cl2 (6 mL) at 0 C was added the Dess-
Martin periodinane (730 mg, 1.72 mmol). The mixture was allowed to warm to room temperature
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and stirred for one hour. Water was added and extracted with CH2Cl2. The combined organic layers
were dried over MgSO4, filtered and volatiles removed in vacuo. The crude material was purified
by flash silica chromatography (eluting solvent 10%-20% ethyl acetate) affording 3 as a colorless
solid (251 mg, 84%). M.p.: 82-83 °C; 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3): δ 3.62 (1H, s), 7.68 (1H, d, J =
8.5 Hz), 8.27 (1H, dd, J = 8.5 and 2.0 Hz), 8.43 (1H, d, J = 2.0 Hz). 13C NMR (101 MHz, CDCl3):
δ 79.2, 83.1, 114.4, 115.0, 130.8, 134.0, 135.1, 135.3, 143.1, 174.1; FTIR: νmax 2967 (w), 2839 (w),
2098 (w), 1697 (s), 1515 (m), 1463 (m), 1245 (s), 1024 (s); HRMS (ESI-TOF) m/z [M + H]+ calcd
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for C10H4 ClNO 188.9976, found.
Acknowledgement. The authors are grateful to the Cancer Research UK and Yorkshire Cancer
Research for financial support.
1
Supporting Information Available: H, 13C, 19F NMR spectra for selected compounds. This
material is available free of charge via the Internet at http://pubs.acs.org.
1. Singh, P.; Kaur, J.; Kaur, P.; Kaur, S. Bioorg. Med. Chem. 2009, 17, 2423-2427.
2. Lamberth, C. Heterocycles 2007, 71, 1467-1502.
3. (a) Browne, D. L.; Helm, M. D.; Plant, A.; Harrity, J. P. A. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2007, 46,
8656-8658; (b) Browne, D. L.; Vivat, J. F.; Plant, A.; Gomez-Bengoa, E.; Harrity, J. P. A. J.
Am. Chem. Soc. 2009, 131, 7762-7769.
4. (a) Foster, R. S.; Jakobi, H.; Harrity, J. P. A. Org. Lett. 2012, 14, 4858-4861; (b) Foster, R.
S.; Adams, H.; Jakobi, H.; Harrity, J. P. A. J. Org. Chem. 2013, 78, 4049-4064; (c) Comas-
Barceló, J.; Foster, R. S.; Fiser, B.; Gomez-Bengoa, E.; Harrity, J. P. A. Chem. Eur. J. 2015,
21, DOI: 10.1002/chem.201406118.
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5. (a) Kolodych, S.; Rasolofonjatovo, E.; Chaumontet, M.; Nevers, M.-C.; Créminon, C.;
Taran, F. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2013, 52, 12056 –12060; (b) Specklin, S.; Decuypere, E.;
Plougastel, L.; Aliani, S.; Taran, F. J. Org. Chem. 2014, 79, 7772 –7777.
6. Browne, D. L.; Taylor, J. B.; Plant, A.; Harrity, J. P. A. J. Org. Chem. 2008, 74, 396-400.
7. An alternative sequence comprising the cycloaddition of 4-halosydnones and subsequent
elaboration of the halide has also been reported: (a) Browne, D. L.; Taylor, J. B.; Plant, A.;
Harrity, J. P. A. J. Org. Chem. 2009, 75, 984-987; (b) Decuypere, E.; Specklin, S.; Gabillet,
S.; Audisio, D.; Liu, H.; Plougastel, L.; Kolodych, S.; Taran, F. Org. Lett. 2015, 17, 362-
365.
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8. Rodriguez, A.; Moran, W. J. Synthesis 2009, 4, 650-654.
9. For alkenylation and alkynylation of sydnones see: (a) Yang, Y.; Kuang, C. Eur. J. Org.
Chem. 2014, 7810-7813; (b) Rodriguez, A.; Fennessy, R.; Moran, W. Tetrahedron Lett.
2009, 50, 3942-3944; (c) Turnbull, K.; Krein, D. M.; Tullis, S.A. Synth. Commun. 2003, 33,
2209-2214; (d) Kalinin, V. N.; Min, S. F. J. Organomet. Chem. 1988, 352, C34-C36.
10. Numata, H.; Okamoto, Y.; Shinoda, M.; Kobayashi, N.; Miyazawa, S.; Kawahara, T.;
Shirota, H.; Nagakura, N.; Horizoe, T.; et al. WO 9614302, 1996.
11. Goodson, F. E.; Wallow, T. I.; Novak, B. M. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1997, 119 , 12441-12453.
12. Surry, D. S.; Buchwald, S. L. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2008, 47, 6338-6361.
13. Ynone 3 was prepared in a 4 step process in 41% overall yield, details are provided in the
experimental section.
14. Yoshitake, O.; D. Miyazaki, H.; Suzaki, D.; Yamada, Y. US Patent 7,582364, 2005.
15. Yang, Y.; Gong, H.; Kuang, C. Synthesis 2013, 45, 1469-1474.
16. Kholodov, L. E. Dokl. Akad. Nauk SSSR 1968, 179, 366-369.
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