Photocatalytic decarboxylative alkenylation of α-amino and α-hydroxy acid-derived redox active esters by NaI/PPh3 catalysis

Article abstract of DOI:10.1039/c9cc09654j

Herein, we report the photocatalytic decarboxylative alkenylation reactions of N-(acyloxy)phthalimide derived from α-amino and α-hydroxy acids with 1,1-diarylethene, and with cinnamic acid derivatives through double decarboxylation, using sodium iodide and triphenylphosphine as redox catalysts. The reaction proceeds under mild irradiation conditions with visible blue light (440 nm or 456 nm) in an acetone solvent without recourse to transition-metal or organic dye based photoredox catalysts. The reaction proceeds via photoactivation of a transiently self-assembled chromophore from N-(acyloxy)phthalimide and NaI/PPh₃. Solvation plays a crucial role in the reactivity.

Full text of DOI:10.1039/c9cc09654j

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DOI: 10.1039/C9CC09654J
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Photocatalytic Decarboxylative Alkenylation of -Amino and -
Hydroxy Acid-derived Redox Active Esters by NaI/PPh3 Catalysis
Ya-Ting Wang,a Ming-Chen Fu,a Bin Zhao,a Rui Shang,*,a,b and Yao Fu*,a
Received 00th January 20xx,
Accepted 00th January 20xx
DOI: 10.1039/x0xx00000x
Herein we report photocatalytic decarboxylative alkenylation NaI/PPh3 system is in advantage of its easy accessibility, low
reactions of N-(acyloxy)phthalimide derived from -amino and - cost, as well as the green solvent system using low boiling-point
hydroxy acids with 1,1-diarylethene, and with cinnamic acid acetone.11
derivatives through double decarboxylation, using sodium iodide
and triphenylphosphine as redox catalyst. The reaction proceeds
under mild irradiation condition with visible blue light (440 nm or
456 nm) in acetone solvent without recourse to transition-metal or
organic dye based photoredox catalyst. The reaction proceeds via
photoactivation of transiently self-assembled chromophore from
N-(acyloxy)phthalimide and NaI/PPh3. Solvation plays crucial role
for the reactivity.
While most of the currently reported photoredox catalysis1
entails the use of transition-metal-2 or organic dye-3 based
photoredox catalysts to harvest photon energy of visible light,
our recent work revealed that sodium iodide and triphenyl
phosphine in combination with suitable substrates [e.g. N-
(acyloxy)phthalimide or redox active esters (RAEs)]4 forms a
Figure 1. Working Hypothesis of Photocatalytic Decarboxylative Alkenylation
using NaI/PPh3 Catalysis.
transiently assembled chromophore in suitable solvent system,
which absorbs visible light to deliver high energy radical species
useful for organic synthesis.5 We recently reported
Our working hypothesis using NaI/PPh3 photoredox system
photocatalytic decarboxylative alkylation of silyl enol ether and
for decarboxylative alkenylation of -amino acid-derived RAEs
N-heteroarene using NaI/PPh3 photoredox catalytic system
is depicted in Figure 1. It is reported that NaI, PPh3, and RAEs
with broad substrate scope. In this work we report the
assemble to form a chromophore that absorbs visible light of
application of NaI/PPh3 photoredox catalysis for direct
blue range in acetone solvent.5 We envisaged that
photoactivation of this transiently formed chromophore will
induce electron transfer from iodide to N-phthalimide moiety
to further generate -amino alkyl radical through extrusion of
carbon dioxide for alkenylation reaction. PPh3 will stabilize
iodine radical to generate •I–PPh3 species,12 which resembles a
photoredox catalyst in its oxidized form. The formed -amino
alkyl radical attacks 1,1-diarylethene and cinnamic acid to
generate relatively stable benzylic radicals which were
subsequently oxidized by •I–PPh3 to produce alkenylation
products after proton elimination and to regenerate NaI/PPh3.
Thus, the process delivers product of decarboxylative
alkenylation, in which the carboxylate group in a carboxylic acid
derivative is replaced by an alkene moiety.6a In this work, we
successfully developed this transformation with substantial
substrate scope and good functional group compatibility. The
decarboxylative alkenylation6 of α-amino and α-hydroxy acid-
derived redox active esters with 1,1-diarylethenes,7 and with
cinnamic acid derivatives via double decarboxylation.8 These
transformations generate structure motifs of allylic amine9 and
allylic ether without using any transition metal under redox
neutral conditions. Compared with previously reported catalytic
condition using ruthenium-, iridium-, or organic dye-based
photoredox catalysts for similar transformations,10 the
a. Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, CAS Key
Laboratory of Urban Pollutant Conversion, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of
Biomass Clean Energy, iChEM, University of Science and Technology of China,
Hefei 230026, China.
b. Department of Chemistry, School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1
Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan.
E-mail: rui@chem.s.u-tokyo.ac.jp; fuyao@ustc.edu.cn.
Electronic Supplementary Information (ESI) available: [details of any supplementary
information available should be included here]. See DOI: 10.1039/x0xx00000x
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reaction reported herein further extended the synthetic scope absorb blue light under the reaction condition (see the
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of NaI/PPh3 catalytic system for low-cost photoredox catalysis. supplementary materials Figure S2 forDfOuIr:t1h0e.1r03d9e/Ct9aCilCs)0.96It54iJs
interesting to note that tetrabutylammonium iodide, which is
entirely ineffective in decarboxylative alkylation of silyl enol
NaI (10 mol%)
PPh3 (10 mol%)
H
N
Ph
Ph
H
ethers,5 also produced the desired product in 70% yield.
Although we could not fully rationalize the observed cation
effect on reaction efficiency, we speculate that the cation
affects assembly of transient chromophore, electron transfer,
and further diffusion of radical pair in a solvent cage. The
reaction can be easily scaled up to gram scale without reducing
its efficiency.
Cbz
+
N
COONPhth
acetone (0.1 M)
blue LEDs (456 nm)
r.t., 15 h
Cbz
Ph
Ph
3
2
1
84%
87% (5.0 mmol)
standard condition
(0.3 mmol)
control experiments
NaI/PPh3 (20 mol%)
91
(0.2 mmol)
w/o NaI
w/o PPh3
w/o light, 50 o
C
3 (%)
< 5
< 5
0
different solvents instead of acetone
dioxane
PhCF3 CH2Cl2
DMF DMA MeCN THF
42 64 16 66
NMP
EtOAc
42
0
0
0
3 (%)
56
different phosphines instead of PPh3 (NaI 20 mol%, phosphine 20 mol%)
O
P
PCy3
70
P
F
BINAP
0
P
OMe
3
3
3
3 (%)
90
89
0
Scheme 1 Key reaction parameters. Reaction conditions: 1 (0.2 mmol, 1.0
eq.), 2 (0.3 mmol, 1.5 eq.), NaI (10 mol%), PPh3 (10 mol%), acetone (2.0 mL),
irradiation with blue LEDs (456 nm) at room temperature for 15 h under argon
atmosphere. Yield of isolated product.
Decarboxylative alkenylation was first performed using 1,1-
diphenylethylene (1) and RAEs of Cbz-protected alanine (2) as
coupling partners. After careful optimization of all reaction
parameters, the desired product 3 was obtained in 84% isolated
yield using a combination of NaI (10 mol%) and PPh3 (10 mol%)
as photocatalyst in acetone under 456 nm blue LEDs irradiation
at room temperature. Measuring UV-Vis absorption spectrum
revealed that
a chromophore with absorption onset
overlapping with wavelength of blue LEDs was formed in the
reaction mixture (see the supplementary materials Figure S2 for
details). Control experiments revealed that iodide, phosphine,
and irradiation were all essential parameters. As noted in
previous report,5,13 solvation has heavy influence on the
assembly of charge-transfer complex (CTC) through non-
covalent interactions. As shown in Scheme 1 (second row), the
reaction also proceeded in THF, NMP, DMA or DMF, albeit in
lower yields. 1,4-Dioxane and PhCF3, which were suitable
solvent in NaI/PPh3-catalyzed decarboxylative alkylation of N-
heterocycles,5 were totally ineffective. Because phosphine
stabilizes iodine radical in the form of R3P–I• species and
facilitates intermolecular charge transfer,
a series of
phosphines with different electronic nature were examined
(Scheme 1, third row). Tris(4-methoxyphenyl)phosphine and
tris(4-fluorophenyl)phosphine gave no significant change in the
yield of 3 compared with PPh3. When tricyclohexylphosphine
was used instead of PPh3, the isolated yield of 3 was reduced to
70%. The reaction did not proceed when BINAP or tri(2-
furanyl)phosphine was used as the catalyst. Investigation of
other alkali iodides (see the supplementary materials for further
details) showed that LiI, KI, RbI, and CsI gave slightly lower yields
compared to NaI. ZnI2 failed to serve as catalyst for this
transformation as ZnI2 did not form chromophore with 2 to
Scheme 2 Decarboxylative alkenylation of -amino acid-derived RAEs.
Reaction conditions: 1,1-diarylethylenes (0.2 mmol, 1.0 eq.), RAEs (0.3 mmol,
1.5 eq.), NaI (10 mol%), PPh3 (10 mol%), acetone (2.0 mL), irradiation with
blue LEDs (456 nm) at room temperature for 24 h under argon atmosphere.
a
Yield of isolated product. NaI (20 mol%), PPh3 (20 mol%). b NaI (20 mol%),
PPh3 (20 mol%), THF (2.0 mL).
With the optimized reaction condition in hand, the scope of
the reaction was investigated. As shown in Scheme 2, a wide
range of natural and unnatural -amino acid-derived RAEs and
1,1-diarylethylenes exhibited as suitable substrates with
2 | J. Name., 2012, 00, 1-3
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moderate to good yields obtained. A variety of functional
groups, such as phthalimide (4), benzyloxycarbonyl (5, 13), tert-
butyloxycarbonyl (6), ester (7), aryl halides (8, 20, 21, 22), and
sulfide (9) were all well-tolerated. Terminal alkyne could also be
tolerated affording the desired product (14) in 61% yield. RAs
derived from proline (10, 11) and 2-azetidinecarboxylic acid (12)
reacted smoothly. 1,1-Diarylethylenes of different electronic
properties were examined. Both electron-rich (19) and
electron-deficient (20, 21) alkenes could be used. It's worth
noting that dipeptide-derived RAEs generated desired
alkenylation products in good yields (16, 17, 23), suggesting the
potential to use this method for modification of bioactive
peptides.14 For certain substrates, the catalyst loading was
increased to 20 mol% (4) and the solvent was modified (6) to
improve yields. The reaction did not proceed well with styrene
and 1,1-dialkylethylene, probably because of much slower rate
of radial addition to double bond of these alkenes compared
with 1,1-diarylethylene.
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DOI: 10.1039/C9CC09654J
O
NaI (20 mol%)
PPh3 (20 mol%)
R2
R1
Ph
X
NPhth
Ar
Ar
X
R1
Scheme 4 NaI/PPh3-catalyzed alkenylation of -amino-acid derived RAEs via
double decarboxylation. Reaction conditions: RAEs (0.2 mmol, 1.0 eq.),
cinnamic acid derivatives (0.3 mmol, 1.5 eq.), NaI (20 mol%), PPh3 (20 mol%),
acetone (2.0 mL), irradiation with blue LEDs (440 nm) at room temperature
for 24 h under argon atmosphere. Yield of isolated product. DMA (2 mL)
instead of acetone (2 mL).
+
O
acetone (0.1 M)
r.t., 24 h
blue LEDs (456 nm)
R2
Ph
X = O, S
0.3 mmol
0.2 mmol
I
a
Cl
O
Ph
O
Ph
O
O
Ph
Ph
Ph
Ph
Ph
24, 70%
25, 86%
26, 88%
Ph
As shown in the working hypothesis, alkenylation between
α-amino acid-derived RAEs and cinnamic acids via dual
decarboxylation also proceeded successfully without further
optimization of the reaction condition. As shown in Scheme 4,
cinnamic acid and its analogues reacted readily with RAEs
derived from N-Boc-protected phenylalanine furnishing the
desired products in moderate to good yields. Methoxy
substituent on para- (33), meta- (34), and ortho-position (35) of
cinnamic acid has no obvious effect on the reaction outcome.
Dimethylamino (36) and diphenylamino (37) groups, which are
sensitive to oxidant, were also compatible. This protocol is also
applicable to acrylic acids possessing -heteroarene-
substituents, such as thiophene (38), benzothiophene (39),
benzofuran (40), pyridine (41), and furan (42).
Ph
O
Ph
Ph
Ph
O
Ph
O
B
Ph
28, 66%
29, 73%
27, 80%
O
O
O
Ph
S
Ph
Ph
Ph
Ph
Ph
Ph
O
31, 95% (75%a)
32, 42%
72%a (5.0 mmol)
30, 68%
Scheme 3 Decarboxylative alkenylation of -hydroxy acid and thioglycolic
acid derivatives. Reaction conditions: 1,1-diphenylethylenes (0.2 mmol, 1.0
eq.), RAEs (0.3 mmol, 1.5 eq.), NaI (20 mol%), PPh3 (20 mol%), acetone (2.0
mL), irradiation by blue LEDs (456 nm) at room temperature for 24 h under
argon atmosphere. Yield of isolated product. a NaI (10 mol%), PPh3 (10 mol%).
Besides α-amino acids, α-hydroxy acids were also amenable
coupling partners (Scheme 3). RAEs derived from various O-
protected α-hydroxy acids, including O-aryl, O-alkyl and O-
benzyl substituents, reacted readily with 1,1-diphenylethylene
to give alkenylation product in moderate to good yields (66-
95%). Functionalities such as aryl chloride, aryl iodide, and even
aryl pinacol boronate, which were useful for subsequent cross-
coupling reactions,15 were well tolerated as shown in entries 25,
26, and 27. Cyclic α-alkoxy acids (30, 31) also reacted well. This
reaction is easily scaled up to gram scale without decreasing the
yield. Thioglycolic acid-derived redox-active ester was also
suitable for this transformation to construct allylic sulphide
structure (32).
Scheme 5 Radical-clock Experiment
The reaction in Scheme 1 was totally suppressed when
2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperding-1-oxyl (TEMPO) was added in 2
equivalent amounts as radical scavenger (see the
supplementary materials). A radical-clock experiment was
performed as shown in Scheme 5. A ring-closed product (43)
was obtained in 57% yield. These results indicated that the
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A. DiRocco, I. W. Davies, S. L. Buchwald and D. W. C.
decarboxylative alkenylation proceeds through a free radical
pathway.16 Finally, besides reaction with tertiary alkyl
demonstrated in our previous work,5 the reaction also
proceeded well with RAEs that deliver secondary and primary
normal alkyls (eq. 2 and 3), though the reaction with primary
normal alkyl proceeded in relatively lower yield. The reaction
did not proceed well with RAE derived from phenyl acetic acid.
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5
6
In conclusion, NaI/PPh3 works as an easily accessible and
low-cost redox catalyst for decarboxylative alkenylation of
various RAEs derived from -amino acids, -hydroxy acids, and
also thioglycolic acid with 1,1-diarylethenes. Cinnamic acid and
its analogues were also used as alkenylation reagents through
double decarboxylation. The reactions reported herein offers a
low-cost and operationally simple method to synthesize
compounds containing allylic amine and allylic ether structures
from biomass-derived carboxylic acids.
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We are grateful for the support from National Key R&D
Program of China (2018YFB1501600), National Natural Science
Foundation of China (21572212, 21732006, 51821006,
51961135104), Strategic Priority Research Program of CAS
(XDB20000000), HCPST (2017FXZY001), KY (2060000119), China
Postdoctoral Science Foundation (2018M642519), the
Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities
(WK2060120005) and USTC Research Funds of the Double First-
Class Initiative (YD2060002003).
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Conflicts of interest
The authors declare no competing interests.
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TOC
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DOI: 10.1039/C9CC09654J
R1
X
Ar
R1
X
O
R2
Ar
O
Ar
Ar
or
cat. NaI/PPh3
R2
O N
+
or
R1
X
acetone, r.t.
blue LEDs
O
COOH
(Het)Ar
R2
(Het)Ar
X = O, S, N
Photocatalytic Decarboxylative Alkenylation of -Amino and α-Hydroxy Acid-derived Redox Active Esters by NaI/PPh3 Catalysis
This journal is © The Royal Society of Chemistry 20xx
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