Efficient lewis acid ionic liquid-catalyzed synthesis of the key intermediate of coenzyme Q10 under microwave irradiation

Article abstract of DOI:10.3390/molecules15129486

An efficient synthesis of a valuable intermediate of coenzyme Q10 by microwave-assisted Lewis acidic ionic liquid (IL)-catalyzed Friedel-Crafts alkylation is reported. The acidity of six [Etpy]BF₄-based ionic liquids was characterized by means

Full text of DOI:10.3390/molecules15129486

Molecules 2010, 15, 9486-9495; doi:10.3390/molecules15129486
OPEN ACCESS
molecules
ISSN 1420-3049
www.mdpi.com/journal/molecules
Article
Efficient Lewis Acid Ionic Liquid-Catalyzed Synthesis of the
Key Intermediate of Coenzyme Q10 under Microwave
Irradiation
Yue Chen 1,2, Yuangang Zu 1,2,*, Yujie Fu 1,2,*, Xuan Zhang 1,2, Ping Yu 1,2, Guoyong Sun 1,2 and
Thomas Efferth 3
1
Key Laboratory of Forest Plant Ecology, Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University,
Harbin 150040, China; E-Mails: chenyuezds@yahoo.com.cn (Y.C.); 350330842@163.com (X.Z.);
yup2010@163.com (P.Y.); shikong120@yahoo.com.cn(G.S.)
2
Engineering Research Center of Forest Bio-preparation, Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry
University, Harbin 150040, China
3
Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Institute of Pharmacy, University of Mainz, 55099 Mainz,
Germany; E-Mail: t.efferth@dkfz.de (T.E.)
* Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mails: zygorl@vip.hl.cn (Y.Z.);
yujie_fu2002@yahoo.com (Y.-J.F.); Tel./Fax: +86-451-82190535.
Received: 15 November 2010; in revised form: 13 December 2010 / Accepted: 20 December 2010 /
Published: 22 December 2010
Abstract: An efficient synthesis of a valuable intermediate of coenzyme Q10 by
microwave-assisted Lewis acidic ionic liquid (IL)-catalyzed Friedel-Crafts alkylation is
reported. The acidity of six [Etpy]BF4-based ionic liquids was characterized by means of
the FT-IR technique using acetonitrile as a molecular probe. The catalytic activities of
these ionic liquids were correlated with their Lewis acidity. With increasing Lewis acid
strength of the ionic liquids, their catalytic activity in the Friedel-Crafts reaction increased,
except for [Etpy]BF4-AlCl3. The effects of the reaction system, the molar fraction of Lewis
acid in the Lewis acid ILs and heating techniques were also investigated. Among the six
Lewis acid ionic liquids tested [Etpy]BF4-ZnCl2 showed the best catalytic activity, with a
yield of 89% after a very short reaction time (150 seconds). This procedure has the
advantages of higher efficiency, better reusability of ILs, energy conservation and eco-
friendliness. The method has practical value for preparation of CoQ10 on an industrial scale.

Molecules 2010, 15
Keywords: ionic liquids; FT-IR; acidity; microwave irradiation
9487
1. Introduction
Isoprenoid natural products containing a p-quinone groups play an important role in biological
processes and display many interesting biological properties including anticancer, anti-oxidative,
antifungal, antiviral, and anti-inflammatory activities [1-3]. For example, coenzyme Q10, also known as
ubiquinone, is widely used as a drug against many diseases [4,5]. Although many methods for the
synthesis of this indispensable natural product have been described [6-8], the key step is the direct
coupling method of the quinone core and the prenyl side chain by a Friedel–Crafts (F-C) reaction to
afford the key intermediate 1-[(E)-3-methyl-4-benzenesulfonyl-3-methylbut-2-enyl]-2,3,4,5-tetra-
methoxy-6-methylbenzene (3, Scheme 1) [9]. However, this reaction has always suffered from low
yields, long reaction times, high temperatures, use of solvents hazardous to the environment and so on.
In order to overcome these disadvantages and to meet the considerable market demands for the end
product, a new more efficient and eco-friendly synthesis method of compound 3 is desirable.
Scheme 1. The Friedel–Crafts reaction for the synthesis of compound 3.
O
O
O
H
O
S
O
O
O
O
Lewis acid ILS
Cl
O
S
O
O
O
3
1
2
Ionic liquids (ILs) have attracted growing academic and industrial interest because of their special
properties including excellent thermal and chemical stability, low vapor pressure, good tunable
solubility and reusability [10-12]. Especially in F-C alkylation reactions, ionic liquids have been
applied successfully as a way of avoiding corrosive and polluting catalyst systems such as HF or AlCl3
in chloroform or benzene [13,14]. Although numerous investigations on the application of ILs in
alkylation reactions have been carried out, studies of the acidity–activity relationships of Lewis acid
ionic liquids are still rather rare [15,16].
In addition, microwave–assisted synthesis has attracted much attention in recent years in promoting
efficiency, decreasing reaction times and saving energy in many organic reactions [17-20]. The strong
polar nature of ILs makes them an ideal reaction medium under microwave irradiation [21-23].
However, to our knowledge, the combined use of ionic liquids and microwave technology to
accomplish the synthesis of intermediate 3 of coenzyme Q10 has not been reported as yet.
Herein, we report the solvent-free synthesis of compound 3 using various [Etpy]BF4-based Lewis
acid ILs under microwave irradiation (Figure 1). We focused on the efficient application of Lewis acid
ILs in F-C alkylation reactions and demonstrated the acidity-activity relationship of [Etpy]BF4-based
Lewis acidic ILs in these reactions. We used acetonitrile as a molecular probe to measure the Lewis
acidity of different [Etpy]BF4-based ILs by means of IR spectroscopy. The influence of different

Molecules 2010, 15
9488
reaction conditions was also investigated. Lewis acid ILs play an important role in avoiding the use of
toxic or flammable organic solvents, and microwave irradiation can significantly enhance the reaction
rates. This procedure, followed by an eco-friendly and simple workup procedure, gave the
corresponding products in good yields.
Figure 1. The structure of [Etpy] BF4-MClm ionic liquids.
BF4
N
MClm
MClm = AlCl3, FeCl3, ZnCl2, SnCl2, SnCl4, CuCl
2. Results and Discussion
2.1. FT-IR characterization of Lewis acid ionic liquids
In order to study the relationship of acidity and activity of Lewis acid ILs, their acidities need to be
characterized first. Several techniques, for example UV, NMR and electrochemical methods, have
been used to monitor the interactions between donors and anionic species [24-26]. However, all of
these techniques have disadvantages such as strong medium-specificity, little available reference
information and/or difficulties in manipulation. We used a method for measuring the Lewis acidity as
described by Yang [27]. Acetonitrile, a weak base, is used as a base probe molecule to determine the
acidity of ionic liquids. As a result, the IR absorption bands of C≡N are weakened and shift in the blue
direction [27]. This method is easy to perform and an efficient way to characterize the acidity of ILs.
As shown in Figure 2, two IR bands at 2,252 and 2,292 cm−1, due to C≡N stretching vibrations, can
be observed for pure acetonitrile (Figure 2a). When mixed with the ionic liquid [Etpy]BF4, these two
IR bands were essentially unchanged, and no new band was observed (Figure 2b), which implies that
[Etpy]BF4 has no Lewis acidity. However, the addition of acetonitrile to [Etpy]BF4-MClm (with the
apparent mole fraction of MClm, x, is 0.67 in each case) results in the appearance of a new bands at
higher wave numbers occurring at 2,308 cm−1 for [Etpy]BF4-CuCl, 2,310 cm−1 for [Etpy]BF4-FeCl3,
2,320 cm−1 for [Etpy]BF4-SnCl2, 2,320 cm−1 for [Etpy]BF4-SnCl4, 2,319 cm−1 for [Etpy]BF4-ZnCl2,
and 2,337 cm−1 for [Etpy]BF4-AlCl3，respectively (Figures 1c–h). The stronger Lewis acid ILs led to
a stronger Lewis acid–base interaction between the ionic liquid and acetonitrile [28], and therefore, the
C≡N stretching region shifts to higher wave numbers so based on the wave numbers of the blue shift of
the new IR band for [Etpy]BF4-based ILs their Lewis acidity increased in the following order:
[Etpy]BF4-AlCl3 > [Etpy]BF4-ZnCl2 > [Etpy]BF4-FeCl3 > [Etpy]BF4-CuCl. Additionally, the Lewis
acidity of [Etpy]BF4-ZnCl2 was similar to that of [Etpy]BF4-SnCl2 and [Etpy]BF4-SnCl4. From the
intensity of the new IR band for [Etpy]BF4-based ILs, it was noted that the intensity of the new bands
of [Etpy]BF4-AlCl3, [Etpy]BF4-ZnCl2, [Etpy]BF4-SnCl2, and [Etpy]BF4-SnCl4 were greater than those
of the [Etpy]BF4-FeCl3 and [Etpy]BF4-CuCl, also indicating that number of acid sites on the former
was higher.

Molecules 2010, 15
Figure 2. FT-IR spectra of ionic liquid using acetonitrile as IR probe.
9489
(a) pure acetonitrile; (b) acetonitrile + [Etpy]BF4 (1:5 by vol.); (c) acetonitrile + [Etpy]BF4/CuCl
(x = 0.67) (1:5 by vol.); (d) [Etpy]BF4/FeCl3 (x = 0.67) (1:5 by vol); (e) acetonitrile +
[Etpy]BF4/SnCl2; (f) acetonitrile + [Etpy]BF4/SnCl4; (g) acetonitrile + [Etpy]BF4/ZnCl2 (x = 0.67)
(1:5 by vol.); (h) acetonitrile + [Etpy]BF4/AlCl3 (x =0.67) (1:5 by vol.).
2.2. Comparison of the Friedel–Crafts reaction in organic solvents with in ionic liquids
We chose two moderate Lewis acid ILs ([Etpy]BF4-FeCl3, [Etpy]BF4-ZnCl2) as models to
investigate the influence of normal organic solvents and ILs on the reaction. Table 1 summarizes the
results of a comparative study of synthesis of compound 3 in [Etpy]BF4-FeCl3, [Etpy]BF4-ZnCl2 and
in organic solvent systems, respectively.
Table 1. Comparative results of Friedel–Crafts reactions in different solvent.
Reaction
Temperature(°C ) Time (hrs)
Reaction
Entry
Catalyst/Solvent
Yield c (%)
a
1
2
3
4
FeCl3/C2H2Cl2
ZnCl2/C2H2Cl2
80
80
60
60
7
8
2
2
51
75
60
89
a
b
[Etpy]BF4-FeCl3
[Etpy]BF4-ZnCl2
b
a Reaction conditions: n(MClm):n(compound 1) = 1.5:1, n(compound 1):n(compound 2) = 1:1.2, the
b
mixture of reactants was stired in the presence of MClm (FeCl3 or ZnCl2) at 80 °C; Reaction
conditions: n(MClm/[Etpy]BF4):n(compound 1) = 1.5:1, n(compound 1):n(compound 2) = 1:1.2.
The molar fraction of MClm in ILs was 0.67 and the mixture of reactants was stirred at 60 °C;
c Isolated yield.

Molecules 2010, 15
9490
In organic solvents, the F–C alkylations catalyzed by simple Lewis acids required longer reaction
times (up to 7 hrs) and gave lower yields (entries 1–2). Compared with the organic solvent systems,
the reactions performed in [Etpy]BF4-based Lewis acid ILs produced the corresponding products in the
shorter times and higher yields (entries 3–4). [Etpy]BF4-ZnCl2 showed outstanding catalytic activity,
with a high yield (89%) in shorter time (2 hrs). Furthermore, in the presence of [Etpy]BF4-based Lewis
acid ILs, the isolation and purification for the target products was much easier and the alkylation
reaction mixture was free of any volatile organic solvent. [Etpy]BF4-ZnCl2 appeared to be a suitable
dual functional Lewis acid catalyst and solvent for F–C alkylation reactions.
2.3. Effect of molar fraction of Lewis acid in ionic liquid on the reaction yields
The influence of varying molar fractions of Lewis acid [x(MClm)] in the ionic liquid catalyst on the
alkylation was studied next (Table 2). The molar fractions of ZnCl2 and FeCl3 in [Etpy]BF4-base ionic
liquid had a crucial influence on the reactions. The yield of the product changed with various molar
fractions of x (MClm) from 0.33 to 0.75 under identical reaction conditions. The ionic liquid exhibited
no catalytic activity, when x(FeCl3) was 0.5 and x(ZnCl2) was 0.33 (entry 1, 2). Because ILs are
stoichiometrically neutral, the reaction yields remarkably increased with an increase of x from 0.5 to
0.67 (entry 2, 3, 4). The yield of target product was highest, when the molar fraction of MClm(x) was
0.67 (entry 4), while the yield decreased when x > 0.67 due to promoting undesirable side reactions. As
has been discussed, ILs are basic, when the molar fraction of most Lewis acids (FeCl3, AlCl3) in ILs
are less than 0.5 (ZnCl2 is 0.33). Above this point, however, the ILs would be acidic [25,29]. With
increasing of the molar percentage of Lewis acid, acidity of ILs became stronger [30]. Since F–C
reactions are promoted by Lewis acid catalysts, the elevated acidic strength will improve the reaction
yield. Meanwhile, it should be noted that excess Lewis acidity of ILs appeared to be detrimental to the
reaction presented here. This phenomenon implies that Lewis acid ILs had the best suitable acid
strength when the molar fraction of Lewis acid in Lewis acid ILs was 0.67. This result was in accord
with other reports [28].
Table 2. Effect of molar fraction of Lewis acid in ionic liquid on the Friedel–Crafts reactiona.
Yield b (%)
Entry
x(ZnCl2)
n(ZnCl2):n([Etpy]BF4)
ZnCl2
0
51
75
89
FeCl3
0
1
2
3
4
5
0.33
0.50
0.60
0.67
0.71
0.5:1.0
1.0:1.0
1.5:1.0
2.0:1.0
2.5:1.0
0
50
60
58
86
a Reaction conditions: n (ZnCl2/[Etpy]BF4):n(compound1) = 1.5:1, n(compound 1):n(compound 2)
= 1:1.2, the mixture of reactants was stired at 60 °C for 2 hrs; b Isolated yield.
2.4. Catalytic activities of various Lewis acid ionic liquids
Further, we studied the influence of various ILs of different acidic strengths on the reaction (Table 3).
Pure [Etpy]BF4 did not reveal any catalytic activity (entry 1). [Etpy]BF4-CuCl also showed no catalytic

Molecules 2010, 15
9491
activity, even after prolonged time (entry 2), probably because it is too weakly acidic, as can be seen
from Figure 2. [Etpy]BF4-FeCl3 exhibited moderate results, and a yield of 60% was obtained after 2
hrs (entry 3); [Etpy]BF4-ZnCl2 showed the best catalytic activity with a high yield (89%) (entry 6). The
catalytic effects of [Etpy]BF4-SnCl2 and [Etpy]BF4-SnCl4 approached that of [Etpy]BF4–ZnCl2, giving
85% and 86% yields, respectively (entries 4,5). The catalytic activity in the F-C reaction increased
with increasing acidity strength of Lewis acid ILs. However, the reaction time in [Etpy]BF4- SnCl2 and
[Etpy]BF4-SnCl4 catalyzed reactions were both longer than with [Etpy]BF4-ZnCl2, because the
catalytic performance of Lewis acid ILs in F-C alkylation was not only related to the acidic strength,
but was also affected by the metal ions. In addition, other side reactions occurred and the
corresponding product was not observed when using [Etpy]BF4-AlCl3 as catalyst (entry 7); the reaction
product mixture was complex and there was no main product, probably owing to its too high acid
strength and/or sensitivity to moisture. To summarize, the suitable acidity of Lewis acid ILs may play
an important role in the order of alkylation capability. In our experience, [Etpy]BF4–ZnCl2 was the
best catalytic system for the F-C alkylation reaction to synthesize compound 3. Our results indicate
that the catalytic capability of [Etpy]BF4-based Lewis acid ILs for this F-C alkylation is essentially
correlated with the acid strength of the catalytic procedure.
Table 3. Catalytic activities of Friedel–Crafts alkylation reaction with various ionic liquids a.
Entry
Ionic Liquid
[Etpy]BF4
Reaction Time (hrs)
Yield c (%)
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
20
20
2
8
4
0
0
[Etpy]BF4-CuCl
[Etpy]BF4-FeCl3
[Etpy]BF4-SnCl2
[Etpy]BF4-SnCl4
[Etpy]BF4-ZnCl2
60
85
86
89
0
2
1
b
[Etpy]BF4-AlCl3
a
Reaction conditions: n(MClm/[Etpy]BF4):n(compound 1) = 1.5:1, n(compound 1):n(compound 2)
= 1:1.2, the molar fraction of MClm in ILs is 0.67, the mixture of reactants was stirred at 60 °C in
b
oil heating; The reaction system was complex and there were not the corresponding product and
other main products; c Isolated yield.
2.5. Catalytic activities of various ionic liquids in microwave heating
In the microwave irradiation method, the substrates were reacted in the presence of different Lewis
acid IL catalysts at 60 °C (Table 4.). The reactions performed using microwave heating gave the target
product in considerably shorter times (150 s~180 s) than by means of conventional heating (2 hr~8 hr;
see Table 3), although the yields did not change significantly. Thus, the influence of various ILs on the
reaction yields obtained by microwave heating was in accord with the ones obtained by conventional
heating. [Etpy]BF4-ZnCl2 showed the best catalytic activity, providing the highest yield of the desired
compound (89%) after a shorter reaction time (150s). Microwave-enhanced chemistry is based on the
efficient heating of materials by “microwave dielectric heating” effects. Here, the energy can be
transferred to the reaction media by two mechanisms - dipole rotation and ionic conduction [31]. The
rates of reactions involving polar components are usually very fast in microwave irradiation. The high

Molecules 2010, 15
9492
polarity of the IL makes it an efficient reaction medium for rapid heating under microwave irradiation
[32]. Our experiments indicated that reaction mixtures exposed to microwaves allowed an easy and
rapid reaction to obtain compound 3 by F-C reactions in Lewis acid ILs. The result was in agreement
with the mechanism of microwave heating.
Table 4. Catalytic activities of alkylation reactions with various ionic liquids in microwave heating a.
Entry
Catalyst/Solvent
[Etpy]BF4-FeCl3
[Etpy]BF4-SnCl2
[Etpy]BF4-SnCl4
[Etpy]BF4-ZnCl2
Reaction Time (s)
Yield b(%)
1
2
3
4
150
180
180
150
60
85
84
89
a
Reaction conditions: n(MClm/[Etpy]BF4):n(compound 1) = 1.5:1, n(compound 1):n(compound 2) = 1:1.2.
The molar fraction of MClm in ILs was 0.67 and the mixture of reactants was stirred at 60 °C by 300W
microwave heating; b Isolated yield.
2.6. Recycling and reuse of [Etpy]BF4-ZnCl2
Recycling of Lewis acid ILs is clearly important in the context of economic feasibility. In view of
the efficiency of the reaction in [Etpy]BF4-ZnCl2, we examined its recyclability. Once product had
been extracted as described in the Experimental, the IL was evaporated under vacuum. [Etpy]BF4-
ZnCl2 was reused at the same reaction after extracting out the organic phase under vacuum and drying
at 80–100 °C for 30 min. These results are shown in Figure 3. The yield was only slightly decreased
after the fifth cycle, indicating that the catalyst possessed an excellent reusability under the same
reaction conditions.
Figure 3. Recyclability of the [Etpy]BF4-ZnCl2 catalyst.
100
80
60
40
20
0
1st
2nd
3rd
4th
5th
Runs
'
3. Experimental
3.1. General
All analytical grade chemicals were purchased from the Shanghai Chemical Reagent Co. Ltd. and
used without further purification. The IR spectra were recorded on a Shimadzu IR Affinity-1 FTIR
1
spectrophotometer at room temperature. H-NMR analyses were run in CDCl3 on a Bruker-300

Molecules 2010, 15
9493
instrument with TMS as internal standard. MS analysis was carried out on an API-3000 LC-MS- MS
instrument.
3.2. Preparation and FT-IR characterization of Lewis acid ionic liquids
[Etpy]BF4–AlCl3, [Etpy]BF4–FeCl3, [Etpy]BF4–ZnCl2, [Etpy]BF4–CuCl, [Etpy]BF4–SnCl2 and
[Etpy]BF4–SnCl4 were prepared by the reported procedure [16]. The appropriate anhydrous Lewis
acid salt was slowly added to a solution of [Etpy]BF4, and the mixture was stirred at 65 °C until the
Lewis acid was completely dissolved to give the [Etpy]BF4–MClm ionic liquids. FT-IR
characterization of ionic liquids was performed by using acetonitrile at a specific volume ratio
(acetonitrile to ionic liquids = 1:5) as a molecular probe, and spreading the samples on a KBr wafer.
3.3. Synthesis of 1-[(E)-3-methyl-4-benzenesulfonyl-3-methylbut-2-enyl]-2,3,4,5-tetra-methoxy-6-
methylbenzene (3) and analysis
Reactants were directly added to a solution of [Etpy]BF4-MClm ILs (with the apparent mole fraction
of MClm, x is 0.67 in each case). Then stirring was started at a desired temperature achieved by means
of conventional heating or microwave irradiation. After the reaction ended, the reaction mixture was
extracted with warm (about 40~50 °C) chloroform and the reaction mixture became two liquid phases,
an organic phase and an ionic liquid phase. The product was extracted in the organic phase, and then
the product was purified by crystallization. The ionic liquid phase was evaporated, dried in vacuum
and reused again. Data for compound 3 are: 1H-NMR: δ (ppm): 1.94 (3H, s, CH3), 1.98 (3H, s, CH3),
2.40 (3H, s, CH3), 3.24 (2H, d, CH2), 3.70–3.91 (12H, 4s, 4 × OCH3), 3.69 (2H, s, -CH2-SO2), 4.91
(1H, t, -CH=), 7.21–7.24 (2H, d, J = 9.0 Hz, Hb-Ph), 7.64–7.67 (2H, d, J = 9.0 Hz, Ha-Ph). MS (ESI):
[M+H]+435.3, [M+Na]+457.1. IRυ /cm1: 2,933, 1,470, 1,406, 1,352, 1,312, 1,162, 1,132, 1,109, 1,087,
1,069, 1,040, 965, 892, 742, 623, 581, 532, 510.
4. Conclusions
In the present paper, we have developed a Lewis acid IL-catalyzed synthesis of compound 3, the
key intermediate in the synthesis of Co-Q10, by means of microwave irradiation. The relationships
between acidity and catalytic activity of six [Etpy]BF4-based Lewis acid ILs were studied. Their Lewis
acidity was characterized by means of IR using acetonitrile as a molecular probe. We demonstrated
that the catalytic behavior of these Lewis acid ILs was correlated with their Lewis acidity strength.
Among the six Lewis acid ILs tested, [Etpy]BF4-ZnCl2 showed outstanding catalytic activity in this
F-C reaction. The reactions provided the products in higher yields and in much shorter reaction times
than reported in the previous literature. Our method incorporates the dual advantages of IL catalysis
and the use of microwave irradiation. Thus, the procedure is effective, eco-friendly and requires lower
energy input. The isolation of the product is easy, and the IL catalyst has an excellent reusability. This
method should prove valuable for the industrial synthesis of CoQ10.

Molecules 2010, 15
9494
Acknowledgements
The authors gratefully acknowledge the financial supports by Heilongjiang Province Science
Foundation for Excellent Youths (JC200704), Agricultural Science and Technology Achievements
Transformation Fund Program (2009GB23600514), Project for Distinguished Teacher Abroad,
Chinese Ministry of Education (MS2010DBLY031), Fundamental Research Funds for the Central
Universities (DL09EA04) and the Special Fund of Forestry Industrial Research for Public Welfare of
China (201004040).
References and Notes
1. Thomson, R.H. Naturally Occurring Quinones; Academic Press: New York, NY, USA, 1971.
2. Mitchell, P.; Moyle, J. Coenzyme Q; Lenaz, G., Ed.; Wiley: Chichester, UK, 1985.
3. Melvyn, G. Pigments of fungi (Macromycetes). Nat. Prod. Rep. 1999, 16, 301-317.
4. Folkers, K. Coenzyme Q: Biochemistry, Bioenergetics and Clinical Applications of Ubiquinone,
Lenaz, G., Ed.; Wiley-Interscience: New York, NY, USA, 1985.
5. Frederick, L. Crane Discovery of ubiquinone (coenzyme Q) and an overview of function.
Mitochondrion 2007, 7, S2-S7.
6. Lipshutz, B.H.; Mollard, P.; Pfeiffer, S.S.; Chrisman, W. A Short, Highly Efficient Synthesis of
Coenzyme Q10. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2002, 124, 14282-14283.
7. Mohri, M.; Kinoshita, H. Palladium-catalyzed Regio- and Stereoselective reduction of allylic
compounds with LiHBEt3. Chem. Lett. 1986, 5, 1177-1179.
8. Sato, K.; Myamoto, O.; Inoue, S.; Yamamoto, T.; Hirasawa, Y. An efficient stereoselective
synthesis of coenzyme Q10. J. Chem. Soc. Chem. Commun. 1982, 1, 153-154.
9. Min, J.H.; Lee, J.S.; Yang, J.D.; Koo, S. The Friedel-Crafts Allylation of a Prenyl Group
Stabilized by a Sulfone Moiety: Expeditious Syntheses of Ubiquinones and Menaquinones. J.
Org. Chem. 2003, 68, 7925-7927.
10. Malhotra, S.V. Ionic Liquids in Organic Synthesis; ACS Symposium Series 950, ACS:
Washington, DC, USA, 2007.
11. Chiappe, C.; Pieraccini, D. Ionic liquids: Solvent properties and organic reactivity. J. Phys.
Org.Chem. 2005, 18, 275-297.
12. Handy, S.T. Room Temperature Ionic Liquids: Different Classes and Physical Properties.
Curr.Org. Chem. 2005, 9, 959-988.
13. Blanco, C.G.; Banciella, D.C.; Azpiroz, M.D.G. Alkylation of naphthalene using three different
ionic liquids. J. Mol. Catal. A 2006, 253, 203-206.
14. Zhao, Z.; Li, Z.; Wang, G.; Qiao, W.; Cheng, L. Friedel–Crafts alkylation of 2-methylnaphthalene
in room temperature ionic liquids. Appl. Catal. A 2004, 262, 69-73.
15. Li, C.; Liu, W.; Zhao, Z. Efficient synthesis of benzophenone derivatives in Lewis acid ionic
liquids. Catal. Commun. 2007, 8, 1834-1837.
16. Cao, F.; Tian, L.; Luo, N.; Fang, D.; Ying, W.; Wang, J. FT-IR characterization of [bupy]BF4-
MCl3 (M = Al, Fe) ionic liquids using new molecular probe and their alkylation performance.
Catal. Commun. 2009, 10, 1310-1312.

Molecules 2010, 15
9495
17. Landge, S.M.; Török, B. Synthesis of Condensed Benzo[N,N]-Heterocycles by Microwave-
Assisted Solid Acid Catalysis. Catal. Lett. 2008, 122, 338-343.
18. Lidström, P.; Tierney, J.; Wathey, B.; Westman, J. Microwave assisted organic synthesis- a
review. Tetrahedron 2001, 57, 9225-9283.
19. Bazin, M.A.; Kihel, L.E.; Lancelot, J.C.; Rault, S. Original one-pot microwave- promoted
Hunsdiecker–Suzuki strategy: stra$ightforward access to trans-1,2-diarylethenes from cinnamic
acids. Tetrahedron Letters. 2007, 48, 4347-4351.
20. Hakala, U.; Wähälä; K. Microwave-promoted synthesis of polyhydroxydeoxy-benzoins in ionic
liquids. Tetrahedron Lett. 2006, 47, 8375-8378.
21. Kantevari, S.; Mahankhali, V.C.; Das, A.P.R.; Srinivasu, V.N.; Vuppalapati, N. L. Catalysis by an
ionic liquid: Highly efficient solvent-free synthesis of aryl-14H-dibenzo [a.j] xanthenes by molten
tetrabutylammonium bromide under conventional and microwave heating. Catal. Commun. 2008,
9, 1575-1578.
22. Xia, M.; Lu, Y. A novel neutral ionic liquid-catalyzed solvent-free synthesis of 2,4,5-trisubstituted
imidazoles under microwave irradiation. J. Mol. Catal.A 2007, 265, 205-208.
23. Li, X.; Eli, W.; Li, G. Solvent-free synthesis of benzoicesters and benzyl esters in novel Brønsted
acidic ionic liquids under microwave irradiation. Catal. Commun. 2008, 9, 2264-2268.
24. Thomas, A.; Zawodzinski, J.; Osteryoung, R.A. Donor-Acceptor Properties of Ambient
Temperature Chloroaluminate Melts. Inorgan. Chem. 1989, 28, 1710-1715.
25. Hsiu, S.I.; Huang, J.F.; Sun, I.W.; Yuan, C.H.; Jantaie S. Lewis acidity dependency of the
electrochemical window of zinc chloride/1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride ionic liquids.
Electrochim. Acta 2002, 47, 4367-4372.
26. Angell, C.A.; Bennett, P.D. Optical vs. Thermodynamic Basicities: Probe Pb2+ Ion Spectra in
Thermodynamically Characterized Molten Chloroaluminate Solutions. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1982,
104, 6304-6309.
27. Yang, Y.L.; Kou. Y. Determination of the Lewis acidity of ionic liquids by means of an IR
spectroscopic probe. Chem. Commun. 2004, 226-227.
28. Yin, D.; Li, C.; Tao, L.; Yu, N.; Hu, S.; Yi, D. Synthesis of diphenylmethane derivatives in Lewis
acidic ionic liquids. J. Mol. Catal. 2006, 245, 260-265.
29. Seddon, K.R. Ionic liquids for clean technology. J. Chem. Tech. Biotechnol. 1997, 68, 351-356.
30. Wasserscheid, P.; Keim, W. Ionic liquids—new “solutions” for transition metal catalysis. Angew.
Chem. Int. Ed. 2000, 39, 3772-3789.
31. Kappe. C.O. Controlled Microwave Heating in Modern Organic Synthesis. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed.
2004, 43, 6250-6284.
32. Xia, M.; Lu, Y.; A novel neutral ionic liquid-catalyzed solvent-free synthesis of 2,4,5-
trisubstituted imidazoles under microwave irradiation. J. Mol. Catal. A 2007, 265, 205-208.
Sample Availability: Samples of the compounds are available from the authors.
© 2010 by the authors; licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article
distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution license
(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/).