Enantioselective total synthesis of batzelladine A

Article abstract of DOI:10.1002/anie.200353200

One-step formation of an enone from a primary alcohol has been effectively applied in the total synthesis of batzelladine A (1). Successive 1,3-dipolar cycloadditions with a subsequent cyclization were used to form the tricyclic guanidine subunit of this

Full text of DOI:10.1002/anie.200353200

Angewandte
Chemie
Natural Product Synthesis
succeeded in the total synthesis of batzelladines D (2) and F,
in which a tethered Biginelli reaction was applied effectively
as a key step.[7] These syntheses led to structural revisions of
batzelladines E (3) and F. In the case of batzelladine A (1),
the absolute configuration was determined recently with the
aid of synthetic efforts. The right-hand tricyclic guanidine
subunit of 1 has the same structure as that in batzelladine D
(2), the absolute configuration of which was established by
the total synthesis of 2 by Overman and co-workers.[7a] The
left-hand bicyclic guanidine subunit of 1 has one stereogenic
center at C13. Duron and Gin recently synthesized the left-
hand bicyclic guanidine moiety of 1, which was also obtained
by the methanolysis of natural 1, and determined the absolute
stereochemistry at C13 to be R by comparing the optical
rotation values.[8] As we are interested in the unique structure
of the batzelladines and the mechanism through which they
modulate protein–protein interactions, we planned to synthe-
size the batzelladines and their derivatives for potential use as
tools in biological studies. Herein, we report an enantiose-
lective total synthesis of batzelladine A (1) based upon a
strategy involving successive 1,3-dipolar cycloadditions.[11a]
As an approach to the synthesis of batzelladines A (1) and
D (2)and their derivatives, it seemed reasonable to couple the
side-chain alcohol 4 or 5 with the tricyclic guanidine
carboxylic acid 6 by means of an esterification at the final
stage of the synthesis (Scheme 1). However, the tricyclic
guanidine carboxylic acid 6 did not undergo esterification or
transesterification because of its axially oriented carboxylic
acid group, as had already been noted by Snider and Chen, as
well as Overman and co-workers, in the synthesis of 3[5b] and
2.[7a] In an effort to overcome this problem, we found that the
Enantioselective Total Synthesis of
Batzelladine A**
Jun Shimokawa, Koji Shirai, Aya Tanatani,
Yuichi Hashimoto, and Kazuo Nagasawa*
Batzelladines A–I are members of a class of polycyclic
guanidine alkaloids that were isolated from Bahamian and
Jamaican sponges by scientists at SmithKline Beecham in
[1,2]
1995and 1997.
The batzelladines are of much interest, as
batzelladines A (1), B, and D (2) inhibit the binding of the
HIV glycoprotein gp120 to the human CD4 receptor,[1a]
whereas batzelladines F–I were found to dissociate the
protein tyrosine kinase p56lck from CD4.[1b] The unique
structures of the batzelladines and their potential clinical
importance in AIDS treatment have inspired considerable
synthetic attention.[3–11] In 1998, Snider and Chen reported the
total synthesis of batzelladine E (3) by a biomimetic synthetic
route; this was the first synthetic success in this class of
molecules.[5b] In 1999 and 2001, Overman and co-workers
[*] J. Shimokawa, K. Shirai, Dr. A. Tanatani, Prof. Y. Hashimoto,
Prof. K. Nagasawa
Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biosciences
University of Tokyo
Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0032 (Japan)
Fax: (+81)3-5841-8495
E-mail: nagasawa@iam.u-tokyo.ac.jp
[**] We thank Prof. T. Nakata (Tokyo University of Science) and Dr. H.
Koshino (RIKEN) for helpful discussions. This work has been
supported by grants from the Pharmacy Research Encouragement
Foundation, the Uehara Memorial Foundation, and the Mochida
Memorial Foundation for Medical and Pharmaceutical Research.
Scheme 1. Synthetic strategy toward batzelladines A and D. Boc=tert-
butoxycarbonyl, Cbz=carbobenzyloxy, MPM=4-methoxyphenylmethyl,
TBS=tert-butyldimethylsilyl.
Supporting information for this article is available on the WWW
under http://www.angewandte.org or from the author.
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DOI: 10.1002/anie.200353200
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esterification of the bicyclic guanidine carboxylic acid 7 (an
Cyclization of 16 under the Mitsunobu reaction conditions
in the presence of DEAD and triphenylphosphane[14] pro-
vided the bicyclic guanidine 17 stereoselectively. Finally,
removal of the TBS group with TBAF gave the primary
alcohol 9 in 81% yield from 16.
With the bicyclic guanidine alcohol 9 in hand, we next
examined the conversion of 9 into the a,b-unsaturated
carbonyl compound 5 through introduction of a double
bond at C7–C8. Initially, we envisaged that oxidation of the
primary alcohol 9 to the corresponding methyl ester and
subsequent oxidation by the Sharpless method with an
organoselenium reagent[15] or by the Saegusa–Tsuji
method[16] would afford the a,b-unsaturated ester 8. Thus,
the alcohol 9 was oxidized to the corresponding carboxylic
acid by means of a Swern oxidation followed by further
oxidation with sodium chlorite[17] (Scheme 3). The carboxylic
analogue of 6) with the side-chain alcohol 4 proceeded well,
and this finding was applied to the synthesis of 2.[11c] We
planned to synthesize batzelladine A (1) based upon this
strategy (Scheme 1). The left- and right-hand cyclic guanidine
subunits 9 and 7 can be synthesized through a 1,3-dipolar
cycloaddition strategy, and therefore the introduction of the
required double bond at C7–C8 of 9 by means of oxidation
was addressed at the outset of the synthesis of 1.
The synthesis of the bicyclic guanidine 9 began with a 1,3-
dipolar cycloaddition reaction of the optically active nitrone
10 reported by Goti et al. (Scheme 2).[12] The 1,3-dipolar
Scheme 3. Oxidation of 9 to 19: a) (COCl)2, DMSO, Et3N, CH2Cl2;
b) NaClO2, NaH2PO4, 2-methyl-2-butene, tBuOH/H2O; c) TMSCHN2,
benzene/MeOH (71%, three steps); e) TPAP, NMO, molecular sieves
(4 Š), CH2Cl2 (47%); f) IBX, DMSO/toluene (19: 13%, 20: 11%).
DMSO=dimethyl sulfoxide, IBX=2-iodoxybenzoic acid, NMO=4-
methylmorpholine N-oxide, TMS=trimethylsilyl,
Scheme 2. Synthesis of the bicyclic guanidine fragment: a) 11, toluene,
908C; b) LiAlH4, Et2O, 08C; c) CsF, EtOH, 908C (59%, three steps);
d) TBSCl, pyridine (81%); e) ClC(S)OPh, pyridine, DMAP (58%);
f) nBu3SnH, AIBN (94%); g) Pd(OH)2, H2; h) 15, HgCl2, Et3N, DMF
(71%, two steps); i) PPh3, DEAD, toluene (100%); j) TBAF, THF
(81%). AIBN=azobisisobutyronitrile, DEAD=diethyl azodicarboxylate,
DMAP=4-dimethylaminopyridine, DMF=N,N-dimethylformamide,
TIPS=triisopropylsilyl.
TPAP=tetrapropylammonium perruthenate.
acid obtained was treated with (trimethylsilyl)diazome-
thane[18] to give the methyl ester 18 in 71% overall yield.
However, neither subsequent reaction with phenylselenenyl
bromide in the presence of LDA nor attempted ketene silyl
acetal formation afforded the desired product. We therefore
examined direct formation of the a,b-unsaturated aldehyde
19 from the primary alcohol 9 with IBX, a reaction developed
by Nicolaou et al.,[19] but only poor conversion into 19 was
observed (13% yield), along with formation of the a-
hydroxyaldehyde 20 (11% yield). Studies of various oxidation
reagents for this conversion led to the interesting finding that
TPAP–NMO oxidation of 9 gave 19 in 47% yield with
complete regioselectivity. The mechanism and the basis of the
selectivity of this reaction are not clear. We are attempting to
elucidate the generality and mechanism of this oxidation
reaction.[20]
cycloaddition reaction between 10 and the ester 11 proceeded
stereoselectively to give the isoxazolidine 12 as a single
diastereomer. The ester group in 12 was reduced with LiAlH4
to give the corresponding alcohol, and subsequent removal of
the TIPS group with CsF gave the diol 13 in 59% yield from
10. Selective protection of the primary alcohol as its TBS
ether, followed by deoxygenation of the secondary alcohol at
C9 by the Barton–McCombie method gave 14 in 44% yield
À
from 13. Reductive cleavage of the N O bond of 14 with
hydrogen in the presence of Pd(OH)2, followed by guanidi-
nation of the resulting pyrrolidine with bis(Boc)-2-methyl-2-
thiopseudourea (15) and mercury(ii) chloride,[13] afforded the
bis(Boc)-protected guanidine 16 in 71% yield from 14.
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Chemie
The aldehyde 19 was further oxidized with sodium
chlorite to the corresponding carboxylic acid, and then
treatment with (trimethylsilyl)diazomethane gave the
methyl ester 8 in 86% yield (based on recovered aldehyde;
Scheme 4). Hydrolysis of the methyl ester 8 with nPrSLi and
subsequent condensation with the guanidine alcohol 4
provided the desired ester in 54% yield from 8. Finally, the
MPM group was removed with DDQ to give the alcohol 5 in
66% yield.
Scheme 4. Synthesis of 5: a) NaClO2, NaH2PO4, 2-methyl-2-butene,
tBuOH/H2O, TMSCHN2 (53%; 86% based on recovered 19);
b) nPrSLi, HMPA; c) 4, BOPCl, Et3N, CH2Cl2 (54%, two steps);
d) DDQ, CH2Cl2/H2O (66%). BOP=bis(2-oxo-3-oxazolidinyl)phos-
phinic chloride, DDQ=2,3-dichloro-5,6-dicyano-1,4-benzoquinone,
HMPA=hexamethyl phosphoramide.
Scheme 5. Synthesis of the precursor 7 to the tricyclic guanidine
subunit and conversion into 1: a) 1-undecene (21), toluene, 908C
(75%); b) CsF, EtOH, 908C (98%); c) ClC(S)OPh, pyridine, DMAP;
d) nBu3SnH, AIBN (51%, two steps); e) TBAF, THF (97%); f) Jones
reagent, acetone; g) 5, EDCI, DMAP, CH2Cl2 (60%, two steps); h) HF–
pyridine, THF (80%); i) Pd/C, H2; j) PPh3, DEAD, toluene; k) TFA/
CH2Cl2 (24%, three steps). EDCI=3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)-1-ethyl-
carbodiimide, TBAF=tetrabutylammonium fluoride.
The synthesis of the optically active bicyclic guanidine
carboxylic acid 7, a precursor of the right-hand tricyclic
guanidine, and the final stage of the synthesis of 1 were
performed as illustrated in Scheme 5. Three components, the
chiral nitrone 10, 1-undecene (21), and methyl crotonate,
were combined in successive 1,3-dipolar cycloadditions as
reported previously to give the TBS ether 24, which was then
oxidized to give 7 in optically pure form.[11c] Treatment of the
carboxylic acid 7 with the bicyclic guanidine alcohol 5 in the
presence of EDCI and DMAP at room temperature gave the
desired ester 25, but epimerization at C24 occurred under
these conditions to give an approximately 1:1 mixture of
diastereomers. When the esterification reaction was per-
formed at 08C we found that the epimerization was sup-
pressed and obtained 25 in 60% yield. The masked secondary
alcohol functionality in 25 was deprotected with HF–pyridine
to furnish 26 in 80% yield. The Cbz protecting groups were
then cleaved with hydrogen in the presence of Pd/C, and
cyclization of the resulting bicyclic guanidine to the desired
tricyclic guanidine was carried out under the Mitsunobu
reaction conditions. Finally, the four Boc groups were cleaved
with TFA. The crude mixture obtained was purified by HPLC
(PEGASIL-ODS, eluant: 50% MeCN/H2O, 0.1% TFA) to
give batzelladine A (1) as the trifluoroacetate salt in 24%
yield from 26. All of the data for synthetic 1 were in good
agreement with reported values.[21]
sive 1,3-dipolar cycloadditions was a key feature of the
synthesis. During the course of these studies we discovered
that the primary alcohol 9 could be converted into the a,b-
unsaturated aldehyde 19 by reaction with TPAP/NMO, and
this novel oxidation was applied effectively in the synthesis of
the left-hand bicyclic guanidine fragment of 1. The synthesis
described should make it possible to prepare substantial
amounts of batzelladines and their derivatives, and should
thus aid efforts toward the elucidation of the mechanism
through which these relatively small molecules modulate
protein–protein interactions.
Received: October 30, 2003 [Z53200]
Keywords: alkaloids · cycloaddition · natural products ·
.
oxidation · total synthesis
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batzelladine A (1) has been described. A strategy of succes-
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[21] Spectral data for synthetic 1: [a]2D5 = +4.29 (c = 0.25, MeOH)
(lit:[1a] [a]2D5 = +8.9 (c = 2.3, MeOH)); IR (neat): n˜ = 2925, 2854,
1732, 1697, 1683, 1648, 1637, 1558, 1347, 1092 cmÀ1 1H NMR
;
(500 MHz, CD3OD): d = 4.39 (t, J = 6.1 Hz, 1H), 4.21 (t, J =
6.4 Hz, 2H), 4.13 (t, J = 6.7 Hz, 2H), 3.93 (m, 1H), 3.83 (m,
2H), 3.66 (m, 1H), 3.52 (m, 1H), 3.32 (m, 1H), 3.22 (t, J =
7.3 Hz, 2H), 3.12 (dd, J = 4.6, 3.5Hz, 1H), 2.98 (m, 1H), 2.35(m,
1H), 2.28–2.17 (m, 3H), 2.10 (m, 1H), 1.76 (m, 2H), 1.72–1.52
(m, 9H), 1.48–1.23 (m, 29H), 1.27 (t, J = 6.7 Hz, 3H), 0.89 ppm
(t, J = 6.7 Hz, 3H); 13C NMR (125MHz, CD 3OD): d = 170.7,
166.2, 158.7, 153.1, 152.7, 151.5, 103.3, 66.0, 65.1, 57.7, 57.3, 53.2,
51.2, 49.9, 48.8, 45.6, 42.0, 37.5, 36.9, 34.2, 33.0, 31.9, 31.4, 29.7,
29.3, 27.0, 26.6, 26.2, 25.2, 23.7, 22.9, 18.4, 14.4 ppm; HRMS
(FAB, MH+): calcd for C42H74N9O4: 768.5864, found: 768.5866.
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