Toward the total synthesis of spirastrellolide A. Part 2: Conquest of the northern hemisphere

Full text of DOI:10.1002/anie.200601655

Communications
Natural Products (2)
DOI: 10.1002/anie.200601655
Toward the Total Synthesis of Spirastrellolide A.
Part 2: Conquest of the Northern Hemisphere**
Alois Fürstner,* Michal D. B. Fenster,
Bernhard Fasching, CØdrickx Godbout, and
Karin Radkowski
The novel antimitotic agent spirastrellolide A (1), isolated
from the Caribbean sponge Spirastrella coccinea, is endowed
with potent and selective phosphatase inhibitory properties.[1]
Although the relative stereochemistry of each individual
domain embedded into the macrocyclic frame of this marine
natural product has been elucidated by spectroscopic means,
the relationship between these stereoclusters remains elusive
and the absolute configuration of 1 is equally unknown.[1]
Scheme 1 therefore depicts only one of 16 possible isomers
that might represent the correct stereostructure of spirastrel-
lolide A.
Intrigued by the exquisite structural complexity of this
macrolide and the prospect of contributing to a synthesis-
driven mapping of its promising biological profile,[2] we
Scheme 1. One of the 16 possible stereostructures that might repre-
sent spirastrellolide A. Note that the relative stereochemistry within
the color-coded segments has been established, whereas the stereo-
chemical relationship between any pair of them is still unknown.
[*] Prof. A. Fürstner, Dr. M. D. B. Fenster, Dipl.-Ing. B. Fasching,
Dr. C. Godbout, K. Radkowski
Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung
45470 Mülheim/Ruhr (Germany)
Fax: (+49)208-306-2994
E-mail: fuerstner@mpi-muelheim.mpg.de
[**] Generous financial support from the MPG, the Fonds der
Chemischen Industrie, the Alexander-von-Humboldt Foundation
(fellowship to M.D.B.F.), and the Fonds de Recherche sur la Nature
et les Technologies (QuØbec; fellowship to C.G.) is gratefully
acknowledged. We thank Mrs B. Gabor, Mrs C. Wirtz, and Dr.
R. Mynott for their invaluable help with the structural analysis of
several key intermediates.
Supporting information for this article is available on the WWW
under http://www.angewandte.org or from the author.
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embarked on a program aimed at the development of a
flexible access route that must allow the unsolved stereo-
chemical issues to be addressed in an unambiguous yet
concise fashion. The preceding Communication outlines the
overall strategy and reports the conquest of the southern
hemisphere, which extends from C1 to C25 in a fully
functional form.[3] Outlined below is the preparation of the
complementary northern domain, which consists of the
intricate chlorinated [5,6,6]-bis-spiroacetal entity and the
lateral chain bearing the remote C46 chiral center of unknown
configuration.[4]
In view of the potentially labile character of the skipped
E,Z diene unit, it seems advisable to attach the side chain to
the macrocyclic core only in the final stages of the envisaged
total synthesis by a methodology that is likely compatible with
the displayed array of functional groups. As palladium-
This route allowed the convenient preparation of either
enantiomer of A in multigram quantities from commercially
available starting materials.
Inspection of the conspicuous bis-spiroacetal motif[9]
embedded into the C26–C40 backbone of spirastrellolide A
(fragment B) suggests that a thermodynamically controlled
cyclization of a suitable acyclic precursor of type I should be
productive as a result of the reigning double anomeric effect
and the all-equatorial disposition of the substituents displayed
on this particular structural motif (Scheme 3). Despite such a
seemingly favorable arrangement, however, the preparation
of this intriguing substructure posed significant challenges
that could only be mastered after we had acquired intelli-
gence on its chemical disposition.
ꢀ
catalyzed C C bond formations should qualify for this
purpose, the side-chain surrogate (fragment A) was designed
as a vinyl stannane amenable to cross-coupling with retention
of its Z configured double bond.
The enantioselective synthesis of A was based on the
glycolate allylation methodology concurrently reported by
Danishefsky and Crimmins (Scheme 2).[5] In the event,
allylation of the sodium enolate derived from 2 with the
bifunctional reagent 4[6] effectively delivered compound 5 as a
single diastereomer. Removal of the auxiliary furnished
methyl ester 6 (> 99% ee) in good yield,[7] which was trans-
formed into stannane 7 by a palladium-catalyzed reaction
with hexamethylditin in the presence of the Hünig base.[8]
Scheme 3. Unfolding of the [5,6,6]-bis-sprioacetalic entity B into a
linear precursor I; for the segment numbering see Ref. [3].
Although a detailed report on our model studies must
await a forthcoming full paper, the results summarized in
Scheme 4 are representative and illustrate some key obser-
vations that provided valuable guidance for the development
ꢀ
of the successful route. Specifically, cleavage of the N O bond
in isoxazoline 8a (R = TES)[10] with [Mo(CO)6][11] followed by
attempted acetalization of the released hydroxy ketone
resulted in exclusive aromatization with formation of furan
9, even though exceptionally mild conditions were chosen. In
stark contrast, however, the model gains validity if the
seemingly labile TES ether protecting the tertiary alcohol at
C31 is removed prior to cyclization. Under identical con-
ditions, the reaction of 8b (R = H) now delivers the truncated
C31–C40 spirocycle 10 in an unoptimized yield of 51%. The
much more elaborate model 11[10] is similarly instructive:
treatment of this particular spirocyclization precursor bearing
hydroxy groups yet to be liberated from the isopropylidene
acetals with an assortment of Lewis or Bronsted acids under
different experimental conditions invariably led to a complex
mixture, with the bisfuran 12 being the only product that
could be identified.
These results advocate the notion that a free hydroxy
group at C31 must be ready to lock the incipient tetrahy-
drofuran ring; otherwise, aromatization, which is thought to
be driven by the release of transannular strain caused by the
all-cis orientation of the substituents on the five-membered
ring (cf. compound 10), will prevail. Therefore, it is likely that
proper phasing of protecting-group cleavage versus acetal
formation will be decisive for the success of the synthesis,
Scheme 2. Enantioselective synthesis of fragment A. Reagents and
conditions: a) dibal-H, THF, ꢀ78!08C (68%); b) MsCl, Et3N , CHCl2,
2
ꢀ788C!RT; c) (nBu)4NI, acetone (83%; 2 steps); d) NaHMDS, THF,
then iodide 4, ꢀ78!ꢀ458C (87%); e) MeOMgBr, MeOH/CH2Cl2,
508C (73%); f) Me6Sn2, [Pd(PPh3)4] (4.5 mol%), (iPr)2NEt (30 mol%),
benzene, reflux (78%). dibal-H=diisobutyl aluminium hydride,
MsCl=methanesulfonyl chloride, NaHMDS=sodium hexamethyldisi-
lazide, TBS=tert-butyldimethylsilyl.
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Scheme 4. Model studies concerning the bis-spiroacetal segment.
Reagents and conditions: a) 1. [Mo(CO)6], MeCN/H2O (5:1), 908C;
2. SiO2 (9: 66%; 10: 51%); b) catalytic amounts of CSA, PTSA,
TMSOTf, aq. HCl, or FeCl3/SiO2, in MeOH, acetone, or CH2Cl2 (12: 5–
35%, see the text). CSA=camphorsulfonic acid, PTSA=p-toluenesul-
fonic acid, TMSOTf=trimethylsilyl triflate.
Scheme 5. Preparation of the C32–C40 segment. Reagents and condi-
tions: a) Me3S+ Iꢀ, nBuLi, THF, ꢀ108C!RT (84%); b) 1. TPAP, NMO,
CH2Cl2, MS 4Š; 2. hydroxyamine hydrochloride, Et3N, EtOH (78%;
2 steps); c) 1. tBuOCl, ꢀ788C, CH2Cl2, then alkene 14, EtMgBr, iPrOH;
2. TBAF, THF (76%; 2 steps); d) I2, imidazole, PPh3, THF (83%);
e) TESOTf, 2,6-lutidine, THF (92%). MS=molecular sieves, NMO=N-
methyl-morpholine-N-oxide, TBAF=tetra-n-butylammonium fluoride,
TES=triethylsilyl, TIPS=triisopropylsilyl, TPAP=tetra-n-propylammo-
nium perruthenate.
whereas extensive equilibration must be avoided during
attempted spirocyclization. Hence, we concluded that the
synthesis of the northern hemisphere should not rely on
thermodynamic but rather kinetic control.
In response to this analysis, the convergent route to the
cyclization precursor summarized in Schemes 5–8 was
designed. Thus, transformation of the known alcohol 15[12]
to oxime 16 followed by exposure to tBuOCl[13] at low
temperature gave nitrile oxide 17 (Scheme 5), which under-
went a smooth 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition[14] with the magne-
sium salt of alcohol 14 under conditions originally described
by Kanemasa et al.[15] The required olefin 14 was conveniently
prepared in enantiopure form by hydrolytic kinetic resolu-
tion[16] of rac-13 followed by reaction of the resulting optically
pure epoxide (S)-13 with dimethylsulfonium methylide.[17]
The outcome of the cycloaddition reaction developed by
Kanemasa et al.[15] was highly rewarding, thus exclusively
furnishing the syn-configured 2-isoxazoline 18 in 76% yield
on a multigram scale after fluoride-induced cleavage of the
terminal TIPS ether to facilitate purification. Regioselective
conversion of the primary hydroxy group in 18 into the
corresponding iodide 19 followed by silylation of the remain-
ing secondary alcohol provided the suitably protected C32–
C40 surrogate 20 in excellent overall yield. As mentioned
above, all steps that led to this valuable building block were
scalable and are therefore considered highly adequate.
The preparation of the required coupling partner
(Scheme 6) commenced with an asymmetric chloroallylation
of aldehyde 21, a variant of Brownꢀs reliable method
developed by Oehlschlager and co-workers.[18] The reaction
afforded chlorohydrine 23 in good yield with virtually
quantitative syn selectivity and respectable optical purity
(93% ee) and could be performed on a > 11-g scale, provided
that the reagent 22 was generated from freshly prepared (ꢀ)-
(ipc)2BOMe (icp = isopinocampheyl).[19] Methylation of alco-
hol 23 followed by asymmetric dihydroxylation[20] of the
resulting product 24 gave diol 25[4] in 73% yield over both
steps. Compound 25 was then converted into epoxide 26 by
reaction with tosyl chloride and treatment of the resulting
crude sulfonate with K2CO3 in MeOH. As in the case of 13
described above, homologation of this epoxide with dime-
thylsulfonium methylide in THF led to the desired allylic
alcohol 27 in 92% yield, thus attesting to the excellent
application profile of this valuable transformation.[17] This
particular example is quite challenging because the alkoxide
primarily formed upon opening of the oxirane by the
nucleophile can undergo an intramolecular nucleophilic
substitution of the adjacent chlorine center with formation
of a new epoxide ring. This undesirable pathway, however,
could be suppressed by using an excess of the sulfur ylide and
quenching of the mixture at low temperature after a reaction
time of only 10 minutes. Attachment of a TBDPS group to the
allylic alcohol in 27, removal of the more labile primary TBS
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Scheme 7. Model study. Reagents and conditions: a) Compound 32,
nBuLi, (nBu)2Mg, THF, RT; then iodide 20, ꢀ788C (33: 87%).
dithiane might be advantageous for the envisaged “umpo-
lung” alkylation, as the deprotonation step should be easier
because of the enolate character of the resulting reactive
intermediate.[22]
This plan could be reduced to practice as shown in
Scheme 8. Exposure of aldehyde 29 to TMSCN and NMO[23]
readily furnished cyanohydrin 31 (Scheme 6), which was
deprotonated with LDA at low temperature and treated with
iodide 20 to give the desired product 34 in respectable yield
Scheme 6. Preparation of the C26(25)–C31 segment. Reagents and
conditions: a) Et2O, ꢀ788C (85%; 93% ee); b) Me3OBF4, proton
sponge (86%); c) [OsO4] (1 mol%). K3Fe(CN)6, (DHQ)2Pyr (2.5
mol%), tBuOH/H2O (85%); d) 1. tosyl chloride, pyridine; 2. K2CO3,
MeOH (73%; 2 steps); e) Me3S+ Iꢀ, nBuLi, THF,
08C (92%); f) TBDPSCl, imidazole (quant.);
g) 1. PPTS cat., MeOH (96%); 2. DMSO, (COCl)2,
Et3N , CHCl2, ꢀ788C!RT (96%); h) 1,3-propane-
2
dithiol, BF3·Et2O, CH2Cl2 (86%); i) TMSCN, NMO,
CH2Cl2 (82%). DMSO=dimethyl sulfoxide,
(DHQ)2Pyr=hydroquinine 2,5-diphenyl-4,6-pyrimidi-
nediyl diether, PPTS=pyridinium p-toluene sulfo-
nate, TBDPSCl=tert-butyldiphenylsilyl chloride,
TMSCN=trimethylsilanecarbonitrile.
ether in 28, and oxidation of the resulting
alcohol afforded aldehyde 29, which is ame-
nable to “umpolung” alkylation with iodide
20.
Although
a model study (Scheme 7)
showed that 20 undergoes a high-yielding
alkylation with deprotonated dithiane 32, all
attempts to engage the much more elaborate
dithiane 30 (Scheme 6) derived from alde-
hyde 29 met with failure. Deuteration experi-
ments indicated that it was the deprotonation
step that did not occur even though various
bases and fairly forcing conditions were
applied. Although these puzzling results
require further investigation, they must be
seen in the light of a report that suggested
that tethered olefins can substantially alter
the kinetic acidity of a dithiane by through-
space orbital interactions (p!s* dona-
tion).[21] Under this premise, we considered
that the use of a cyanohydrin rather than a
Scheme 8. Assembly of the northern hemisphere of spirastrellolide A. Reagents and conditions:
a) LDA, THF, ꢀ788C (52%); b) TASF, aq. DMF (35: 99%); c) [Mo(CO)6], MeCN/H2O, 908C (36:
66%); d) 1. TASF, aq. DMF; 2. PPTS cat., CH2Cl2 (37: 96%; d.r. =4.1:1.7:1; see text). DMF=di-
methylformamide, LDA=lithium diisopropyl amide, TASF=tris(dimethylamino)sulfonium difluoro-
trimethylsilicate.
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(52%; 73% based on recovered starting material)[24] as a
Prinz, H. Waldmann, ChemBioChem 2004, 5, 1575 – 1579; e) M.
Manger, M. Scheck, H. Prinz, J. P. von Kries, T. Langer, K.
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single diastereomer.[25] With 34 in hand, the stage was set for
the final spirocyclization.
With the information gathered in the model studies in
mind (see above), 34 was first subjected to exhaustive
desilylation with TASF in aqueous DMF,[26] which resulted
in the quantitative formation of hemiacetal 35. Unfortunately,
[3] A. Fürstner, M. D. B. Fenster, B. Fasching, C. Godbout, K.
Radkowski, Angew. Chem. 2006, 118, 5632 – 5636; Angew.
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[4] The only other synthesis of the [5,6,6]-bis-spirocyclic entity of 1:
I. Paterson, E. A. Anderson, S. M. Dalby, O. Loiseleur, Org.
Lett. 2005, 7, 4121 – 4224.
ꢀ
however, cleavage of the remaining N O bond in 35 with the
aid of [Mo(CO)6][11] was prohibited by the presence of the free
alcohols. Therefore, the order of events was inverted, thus
starting with the reductive cleavage of the isoxazoline unit in
34 followed by treatment of the resulting product 36 with
TASF,[26] which simultaneously removed the silyl ethers and
unmasked the ketone from the cyanohydrin precursor. It was
gratifying to see that stirring of the trihydroxy diketone,[27]
thus formed with catalytic amounts of PPTS in CH2Cl2,
triggered an almost quantitative bis-spirocyclization event
and delivered the desired product 37 together with two minor
isomers in a 96% yield of the combined products with a
diastereomeric ratio of 4.1:1.7:1. No furan formation was
detected under these conditions. Routine flash chromato
graphy allowed the isolation of 37 in respectable 61% yield in
analytically pure form; this compound represents the intact
and suitably protected northern half of spirastellolide A.
Detailed spectroscopic analyses leave no doubt about its
constitution and relative configuration. Most characteristic
are the strong NOE interactions (indicated in Scheme 8) that
reflect the doubly anomeric bis-spiroacetal substructures and
the coupling constants that confirm the all-equatorial ori-
entation of the substituents residing on the pyranose rings
(see the Supporting Information).
In summary, this investigation outlines a reliable approach
to the northern hemisphere of spirastrellolide A (1); as the
complementary southern domain has also been obtained,[3]
the entire carbon frame of this remarkably complex marine
macrolide is now covered. Nevertheless, we are well aware
that this venture is no more but an auspicious start for the
conquest of this challenging natural product because of the as
of yet unanswered stereochemical issues delineated in the
introduction. Undaunted, however, we are now actively
pursuing possible end games with the hope of reaching this
monumental target soon.
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Received: April 26, 2006
Keywords: cycloaddition · macrolides · natural products ·
.
phosphatase inhibitors · total synthesis
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[24] The time for deprotonation must be < 5 minutes; otherwise,
significant decomposition of the cyanohydrin part was observed.
Likewise, the use of KHMDS as the base and hexamethyl
phosphoramide (HMPA) as a cosolvent were detrimental.
[25] The configuration of the cyanohydrin center C31 has not been
determined.
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[27] NMR spectroscopic analysis suggests that the compound mainly
exists as a pyranoid hemiacetal analogous to that found in 35.
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