RSC Advances
Paper
2
3
4
K. C. Gupta and A. K. Sutar, Coord. Chem. Rev., 2008, 252,
1420–1450.
E. Rose, B. Andrioletti, S. Zrig and M. Quelquejeu-Etheve,
Chem. Soc. Rev., 2005, 34, 573–583.
R. A. Sheldon, Homogeneous and heterogeneous catalytic
oxidations with peroxide reagents, Springer, 1993, vol. 164.
pp. 21–43.
5
6
7
I. V. Khavrutskii, D. G. Musaev and K. Morokuma, Proc. Natl.
Acad. Sci. U. S. A., 2004, 101, 5743–5748.
S. Bhor, M. K. Tse, M. Klawonn, C. D ¨o bler, W. M ¨a gerlein and
M. Beller, Adv. Synth. Catal., 2004, 346, 263–267.
J. Sun, Q. Kan, Z. Li, G. Yu, H. Liu, X. Yang, Q. Huo and
J. Guan, RSC Adv., 2014, 4, 2310–2317.
Fig. 8 (a) Kinetic profile of aerobic epoxidation of styrene and (b)
leaching experiment of ZC-700 (continuing the reaction after the
catalysts removing after 2 h).
8 L. Ma, F. Su, X. Zhang, D. Song, Y. Guo and J. Hu,
Microporous Mesoporous Mater., 2014, 184, 37–46.
9
Q. Tang, Q. Zhang, H. Wu and Y. Wang, J. Catal., 2005, 230,
84–397.
3
1
1
1
1
0 Q. Tang, Y. Wang, J. Liang, P. Wang, Q. Zhang and H. Wan,
Chem. Commun., 2004, 440–441.
1 J. Sebastian, K. M. Jinka and R. V. Jasra, J. Catal., 2006, 244,
solution, and the reaction proceeded for another 4 h (Fig. 8). No
visible improvement in styrene conversion was observed. In
addition, the result of ICP-AES analysis revealed that the
concentration of Co(II) ions in the supernatant corresponds to
negligible catalyst leaching (0.32 ppm). These results indicate
that ZC-700 catalyst is rather stable in the catalytic process.
2
08–218.
2 H. Cui, Y. Zhang, L. Zhao and Y. Zhu, Catal. Commun., 2011,
2, 417–420.
1
3 K. M. Jinka, S. M. Pai, B. L. Newalkar, N. V. Choudary and
R. V. Jasra, Catal. Commun., 2010, 11, 638–642.
1
1
4 G. Ferey, Chem. Soc. Rev., 2008, 37, 191–214.
5 S. Achmann, G. Hagen, J. Kita, I. M. Malkowsky, C. Kiener
and R. Moos, Sensors, 2009, 9, 1574–1589.
6 N. L. Rosi, J. Eckert, M. Eddaoudi, D. T. Vodak, J. Kim,
M. O'Keeffe and O. M. Yaghi, Science, 2003, 300, 1127–
Conclusions
In summary, in this contribution, we successfully established a
simple and efficient strategy for the fabrication of well-struc-
tured nitrogen–cobalt catalysts with
1
1
1
a signicantly and
uniformly distributed catalytic center. Appropriate calcination
temperature has been demonstrated to be the principal factor
for achieving nitrogen–cobalt macrocyclic catalysts with high
selectivity and conversion. ZC-700 catalyst exhibits extraordi-
nary good properties in styrene epoxidation under relatively
mild conditions thanks to the effective active sites. Moreover,
air as a nal oxidant is suitable and offers practical benets for
this process. It highlights that the ferromagnetic characteristics
of nitrogen–cobalt catalysts can be used for magnetic separa-
tion of catalysts, and they can be reused 5 times with little or no
loss in catalytic activity and epoxide selectivity. These results
undoubtedly prove that MOFs-templated synthetic strategy
could be facilely extended to the preparation of other porous
catalysts with well-dened structures and high-performance.
This process is easily scalable for the catalyst industry.
1
129.
7 M. Latroche, S. Surble, C. Serre, C. Mellot-Draznieks,
P. L. Llewellyn, J. H. Lee, J.-S. Chang, S. H. Jhung and
G. Ferey, Angew. Chem., Int. Ed., 2006, 45, 8227–8231.
8 A. C. McKinlay, R. E. Morris, P. Horcajada, G. Ferey, R. Gref,
P. Couvreur and C. Serre, Angew. Chem., Int. Ed., 2010, 49,
6260–6266.
1
2
2
9 J. Lee, O. K. Farha, J. Roberts, K. A. Scheidt, S. T. Nguyen and
J. T. Hupp, Chem. Soc. Rev., 2009, 38, 1450–1459.
0 F. Llabresixamena, O. Casanova, R. Galiassotailleur,
H. Garcia and A. Corma, J. Catal., 2008, 255, 220–227.
1 P. Horcajada, S. Surble, C. Serre, D.-Y. Hong, Y.-K. Seo,
J.-S. Chang, J.-M. Greneche, I. Margiolaki and G. Ferey,
Chem. Commun., 2007, 2820–2822.
2
2 C.-D. Wu, A. Hu, L. Zhang and W. Lin, J. Am. Chem. Soc.,
2005, 127, 8940–8941.
23 A. Dhakshinamoorthy, M. Alvaro and H. Garcia, Catal. Sci.
Technol., 2011, 1, 856–867.
Acknowledgements
We are grateful to the nancial supports from National Basic 24 A. Dhakshinamoorthy, M. Opanasenko, J. Cˇ ejka and
Research Program of China (973 Program, grant
H. Garcia, Catal. Sci. Technol., 2013, 3, 2509–2540.
no.2012CB821700), and NSFC project (grant no. 21120102034, 25 J. Zhang, A. V. Biradar, S. Pramanik, T. J. Emge, T. Asefa and
20831002).
J. Li, Chem. Commun., 2012, 48, 6541–6543.
2
2
6 M. A. Gotthardt, A. Beilmann, R. Schoch, J. Engelke and
W. Kleist, RSC Adv., 2013, 3, 10676–10679.
7 C. M. Granadeiro, A. D. S. Barbosa, P. Silva, F. A. A. Paz,
V. K. Saini, J. Pires, B. de Castro, S. S. Balula and
L. Cunha-Silva, Appl. Catal., A, 2013, 453, 316–326.
Notes and references
1
Q.-H. Xia, H.-Q. Ge, C.-P. Ye, Z.-M. Liu and K.-X. Su, Chem.
Rev., 2005, 105, 1603–1662.
38810 | RSC Adv., 2014, 4, 38804–38811
This journal is © The Royal Society of Chemistry 2014